seeing things 1 eye and brain how your brain works - week 3 dr. jan schnupp...
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Seeing Things 1Eye and Brain
How Your Brain Works - Week 3
Dr. Jan [email protected]
HowYourBrainWorks.net
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Light Wavelength
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Optics of the Eye
BA
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Eye and Retina
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The Blind Spot
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Retinotopy
• Adapted from drawings by Ramon y Cajal
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The Optic Pathway: eye, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, thalamus, optic radiation, visual cortex
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Rene Descartes, Retinotopy and the Seat of the Soul
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Photoreceptors
• The human eye has ca. 10 million rods and ca 120 million cones
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Phototransduction
• Light activated rhodopsin (R) activates G-protein (G) which in turn activates phosphodiesterase (PDE) which cleaves cGMP which closes cGMP-gated Na+ channel.
• What does any of this have to do with carrots?
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Absorption Spectra
• The three different types of cones and the rods have slightly different opsins which are sensitive to different wavelengths.
• “Trichromacy” theory.
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Sensitivity of Receptors
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Rod and Cone Distribution
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Retinal Wiring
• Photoreceptors
• Horizontal cells• Bipolar cells• Amacrine cells
• Retinal ganglion cells
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Centre –Surround Receptive Fields+
-
--
--
++
+
-
--
---
Photo-receptors
HorizontalCell
BipolarCell
RetinalGanglionCell
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On-centre and off-centre Receptive Fields• Lateral inhibition
provided by photoreceptor ribbon synapses, horizontal cell synapses and amacrine cells
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Lateral inhibition for contrast (edge) detection
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RGC receptive fields as “spatial
frequency filters”
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Difference of Gaussians Model of Retinal Ganglion Cells
• The centre-surround structure of Retinal Ganglion Cells turns them into “spatial frequency filters”. Larger RGC receptive fields are tuned to “coarsely grained” structure in the visual scene, while smaller RFs are tuned to fine grain structure.
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Convolving a Penny with DoGs
• The picture of an American cent (left) seen through large (middle) or small (right) difference of Gaussian receptive fields.
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The Fovea
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Eye muscles
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Eye movements
• Eye-movement traces while a subject explores a picture of the bust of Nefertiti. • From "Eye Movements and Vision" by A. L. Yarbus; Plenum Press, New York; 1967
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Dan Simmons’ visual attention task
• Count the number of passes of the white team
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Colour opponency
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Colour Opponency
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The Colour WheelYellow-Blue
Red Green
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Why Colour Vision Does
Not Work Well in Poor
Light
surround
centre
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Cone mosaics
• Cone mosaics for four different individuals
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Colour blindnessRed-green channel broken
Blue-yellow channel broken
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M cells and P cells
• 90% P cells
• 5% M cells
• 5% non-M non-P
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Projections to the Lateral Geniculate
Nucleus
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The Stepping Feet Illusion
• http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/mot_feet_lin/index.html
• What is going on here?• M cells are colour blind, but very sensitive to
brightness (luminance) contrast.• P cells are R-G opponent• Non-M non-P cells are Y-B opponent• Only M cells project to the motion processing
streams in the brain.