security of wireless home automation … · now’usesz iwave’for’home ... home automation...
TRANSCRIPT
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SECURITY OF WIRELESS HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEMS – A WORLD BESIDE TCP/IP
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Tobias Zillner
Senior IS Auditor @Cognosec in Vienna
– Penetration Testing, Security Audits, Security Consulting
– Breaking stuff
Owner of a ZigBee based home automation system :D
Sebastian Strobl
Principal Auditor @Cognosec in Vienna
– Plans and leads various types of IT audits
Still trying to get his HD drone vision to work
Now uses Z-Wave for home automation until we manage to break it too
WHO ARE WE?
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1. Introduction
2. Problems
3. Standards
4. Practical Demonstration
5. Summary
AGENDA
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SECURITY OF WIRELESS HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
WHAT IT’S ABOUT?
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EVOLUTION
Stage 1:Personification of Dumb
Stage
Stage 2:Partially Autonomous Sensor Networks
Stage 3: Autonomous
Independent Devices
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HOME AUTOMATION
Home Automation
– the introduction of technology within the home to enhance the quality of life of its occupants
Goals
– Save energy
– Increase comfort
– Remote monitoring
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SMART HOMES
© https://cdn.hackaday.io/images/2596161408899944332.png
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WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?
2 http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/28397173 http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/26360734 http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/CES-‐Internet-‐der-‐Dinge-‐komfortabel-‐vernetzt-‐2512856.html
Trend is wireless connections
Samsung CEO BK Yoon:
– “Every Samsung device will be part of IoT till 2019” 4
Over 500 smart device per household in 2022 20.9
billion
26 billion
0
5,000,000,000
10,000,000,000
15,000,000,000
20,000,000,000
25,000,000,000
30,000,000,000
2009 2020
Number of IoT DevicesNumber of IoT Devices
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FUTURE OF WIRED SMART HOMES
https://hivizme.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/cable-‐mess.jpg
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HOME automation has high privacy requirements
Huge source of personalized data
Items of interest will be located, identified, monitored, and remotely controlled through technologies such as radio-frequency identification, sensor networks, tiny embedded servers, and energy harvesters - all connected to the next-generation internet1
-Former CIA Director David Petraeus
WHY SECURITY?
1 http://www.wired.com/2012/03/petraeus-‐tv-‐remote/
"
"
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SECURITY OF WIRELESS HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
PROBLEMS
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PROBLEMS
ProblemsPhysical
protection not enough
Similar to SCADA
problematic
Unsecure devices are roled out
Now getting connected
Not managed
CIO of the house
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UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS
Limited Resources
Interconnectivity
Heterogeneity
Dynamic Changes / Topology
Limited Reliability
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REQUIREMENTS
Interoperability
Future proof
Moderate costs
Usability
– Installation overhead
– User interaction
– Configuration effort
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SECURITY OF WIRELESS HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
STANDARDS
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STANDARDS
HomeMatic
ZigBee
Z-‐Wave Bluetooth LE / Smart
EnOcean
KNX
BidCoS Insteon
Wave2m (Wavenis)
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THE ZIGBEE STANDARD
ZigBee
Based on IEEE 802.15.4
Low-cost
Low-power
Two-way
Reliable
Purely wireless
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ZigBeeApplication Domains
Remote Control
Building Automation
Home Automation
Health Care Smart
Energy
Retail Services
Telecom Services
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ZIGBEE
Focused on sporadic real time communication
– No constant communication
Remote Control
Home Automation
Building Automation
Smart Energy
Health Care
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ZIGBEE SECURITY
ZigBee Security
Symmetric Encryption
Message Authentication Integrity Freshness
AES-‐CCM* 128bit
Frame Counter4 Byte
MIC0 -‐ 128 bit
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ZIGBEE SECURITY
One security level per network
Security based on encryption keys– Network Key• Used for broadcast communication
• Shared among all devices
– Link Key• Used for secure unicast communication
• Shared only between two devices
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HOW ARE KEYS EXCHANGED?
Preinstalled Devices Key Transport• Out of band recommended
Key Establishment• Derived from other keys• Also requires preinstalled keys
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HOME AUTOMATION PUBLIC PROFILE
Default Trust Center Link Key– 0x5A 0x69 0x67 0x42 0x65 0x65 0x41 0x6C 0x6C 0x69 0x61 0x6E 0x63 0x65 0x30 0x39
– ZigBeeAlliance09
Use Default Link Key Join – 0x01(True)
– This flag enables the use of default link key join as a fallback case at startup time.
Return to Factory Defaults – In support of a return to factory default capability, HA devices shall implement the ZDO Management Leave server service.
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LIGHT LINK
Devices in a ZLL shall use ZigBee network layer security.
“The ZLL security architecture is based on using a fixed secret key, known as the ZLL key, which shall be stored in each ZLL device. All ZLL devices use the ZLL key to encrypt/decrypt the exchanged network key. “
nwkAllFresh
– False
– Do not check frame counter
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LIGHT LINK
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THE KNX STANDARD
KNX
KNX is a bus system for home and building
automation
Shared bus used for communication
No Security at the moment
Security not a real concern
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KNX
It is quite unlikely that legitimate users of a network would have the means to intercept, decipher, and then tamper with the KNXnet/IP without excessive study of the KNX Specifications. Thus the remaining security threat is considered to be very low and does not justify mandating encryption, which would require considerable computing resources. 5
"
"5 KNX System Specifications -‐ KNXnet/IP, Version 01.04.02
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KNX WEBINAR
... you will learn how to develop KNX devices that guarantee secure communication and that protect data, within a KNX installation. 6
Featuring:
– Authentication
– Data integrity
– Installation freshness
– Confidentiality
" "
6 http://www.knx.org/knx-‐en/training/knx-‐eacademy/webinars/Secure-‐KNX-‐Installations/index.php
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KNX
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KNX
Security specification only in draft state
Security features not included in configuration software
No products that support security available
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SECURITY OF WIRELESS HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION
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SECBEE
– Support of encrypted communication
– Reset to factory
– Join to network
– Test security services
– Command injection
– Scan for weak key transport
https://github.com/zu1na/SecBee
ZigBee security testing toolTarget audience– Security testers
– Developers
Based on scapy-radio, µracoli and killerbeeProvides features for testing of security services as well as weak security configuration and implementation
RaspbeeUSRP B210
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DATA TRANSFER
DIRECT INDIRECT
CoordinatorEnd device End device
ACK
ACK
Data request
DATA
DATAtimeframe
< 8ms
Coordinator
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PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION
NETWORK KEY EXTRACTION
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NETWORK KEY EXTRACTION
Fallback key exchange unsecure
Most vendors only implement fallback solution
Same security level as plaintext exchange
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WHAT DOES THE VENDOR SAY?
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NETWORK KEY EXTRACTION
So, the
1. Timeframe limited
2. Proximity is necessary
3. Key extraction works only at pairing
… what would an attacker do?
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WHAT WOULD AN ATTACKER DO?
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NETWORK KEY EXTRACTION
It is not only about technology :D
Wait for users to re-pair the device
Jam the communication
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PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION
COMMAND INJECTION
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PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION
DEVICE HIJACKING
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DEVICE HIJACKING
Devices are paired and working
1. Reset to factory default settings
2. Setup own network
3. Join the target device to our network
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DEVICE HIJACKING
No physical access is required
No knowledge of the secret key is needed
Usability overrules security
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SECURITY OF WIRELESS HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
SUMMARY
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Security measures provided are good
Requirements due to interoperability weaken the security level drastically
Vendors only implement the absolute minimum to be compliant
Usability overrules security
SUMMARY
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SUMMARY
Last tier communication is, however, still only one part
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SECURITY OF WIRELESS HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
TIME FOR QUESTIONS / LETS TALK ABOUT IT