section one improved

7/23/2019 Section One Improved

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/section-one-improved 1/11

BY: KATIE MORGAN.

Section One:

Introduction:

In this article I will be exploring the physics of sound and how they work.

I will include: sound waves, pitching forks, frequencies, the DopplerEffect, response and Fletcher Munson curves, envelopes, amplitude,

phase, harmonics, EQ and decibels.

Sound Waves:

Sound is an energy that travels through a medium. For example, it ripples

in the air it is the same as the waves that are created when it is

disturbed. The physics of sound allows different amounts of air to create

other versions of the moment, for example,

These images show us that water can produce sound in many different

ways and that sound can be made by any object. The sound made is

determined on the type of object used to make the water ripple, for

example, a brick’s ripple is very different to a stone’s ripple. This also

depends on the air in the source. The source is where the ripple starts tohappen. As you can see each ripple has its own source. Some ripples go up

and some just split in into different sections.

Linking this to music the direction of the sounds being played is coming

from a source, for example, if the sound is coming from a drum the

drummer is the source. But the sound can come from anywhere.

On the other hand, sound is omnidirectional. The energy is equal and

travels in all directions.



BY: KATIE MORGAN.

A sound wave is a pictured representation of a sound bubble.

This diagram is important because it tells you all

about a sound wave in one picture.

There are many different types of sound wave. Some

are complex and some are not.

A snare drum is complex:

A vocal waveforms look like this (they look like this in Logic):



BY: KATIE MORGAN.

Sound waves go through the air. The air contains gases and they are:

nitrogen and oxygen. This is made of carbon dioxide and atoms. These are

molecules. When this is disturbed these particles cause a chain reaction.

The molecules and atoms go passed each other with force. They do this

through the oscillations and vibrations. Compression and rarefaction is inthe air molecules.

Here is a diagram to show a vibrating string:

Pitching Forks:

Pitching forks (referred to as tuning forks) make low and high pressure

as they vibrate. These are the compressions and rarefactions. The air

molecules produce different frequencies. They have a constant pitch. To

do this it vibrates when it is hit against an object or surface. They emitmusical tones. But, you have wait until the high overtones to disappear.

Frequencies:

Frequencies consist of 1 compression and 1 rarefaction. The cycles in a

second is known as a frequency. This as measured in Hertz (Hz).

Frequencies have their own wavelength. Also reverberation has something

to do with this because it is caused by the undeviating signal that

reflects off an object. The high frequencies absorb quicker than low

frequencies.



BY: KATIE MORGAN.

The frequency spectrum has a wide range of pitch is from 20Hz –

20,000Hz. 20,000Hz is also known as 20KHz. Here is the radio spectrum:

This diagram is important

because it shows whathigh and low frequencies

look like so you can

compare them, as they are

very different. (Music is

about different

frequencies and tones and

this diagram is very

reliable to show this

contrast).On a keyboard the musical notes have its own frequency, for example, D

is 294Hz and B is 494hZ. These notes have different frequencies so they

don’t sound the same. If they sounded the same there would be no point

in having musical notes. Likewise, different instruments have different

frequencies, for example,


because it shows the

frequencies of mostinstruments. So if someone

plays an instrument and

they don’t know what the

frequency of their

instrument is they can look

it up on here.

The Doppler Effect:

This is when the frequency of a wave changes for an object moving to its

source, for example, (Austrian physicist Christian Doppler, made this theory in

1842). This diagram is

important because it shows

you a clear example of the

Doppler Effect. This links to

music because this effect is

about the sound around us.



BY: KATIE MORGAN.

Response and Fletcher Munson Curves:

Response Curves is the response of a fragile apparatus to differing

starting point. Also microphones sounds diff in intensity.

This diagram is importantbecause it shows this topic in

a simple form. This diagram

will make your music

knowledge more wide.

Fletcher Munson Curves are the sets of the equal loudness that is formof the human ear, using headphones.

The tones are at numerous frequencies and intensities! (The reference

tone is 1000Hz) and was modified. It was the same volume as the test

tone.


because it shows you what the

Fletcher Munson Curves are

and how they work. To listen

to music most people would

wear headphones.

Microphone Frequencies:

Dynamic microphones have a low frequency response and less fragile to

low level sound. Meanwhile the condenser microphone is fragile to high

frequencies and to low level frequencies. (We record things to put on

Logic using a dynamic microphone).



BY: KATIE MORGAN.

The speed of sound:

The speed of sound is 6260 m / s.

The speed of sound at sea level is 340.29 m / s.

Envelopes:

You can also use envelopes to create sound. You can change the ADSR.

This stands for attack, decay, sustain and release. (Synthesizers normally

use ADSR). Envelopes are used in Logic like this:

Also envelopes represent the different types of amplitude or even the spectral

content of the sound over a certain amount of time.

Envelopes consider how the sounds starts, continues and ends.

On the diagram you can see that the grey audio regions have no ADSR on them.

Envelopes can be used for different reasons, such as:

Adjusting the ADSR so it fits in with the other sounds used.

This then links all of the sounds together, as the envelopes send signals out to each

other.

Why are envelopes important to the theories of music?

Envelopes can be used on a wide range of different sounds and can make a better

sound quality. (It is a good thing to use).

To correct the envelopes, consider ADSR:

You can change the ADSR in any way you like, for example, zero attack, full decay,

full sustain, little release or full attack, little decay, little sustain, zero release and

many others.



BY: KATIE MORGAN.

Amplitude:

The maximum oscillation or vibration that is measured at the position of

the force.

This diagram is important becauseit shows the different parts of a

wave. In music sound waves are

crated all the time because the

sound travels from source to

source.

Phases:

Adjusting something so it can synchronize with something else. Phases

are used in Logic like this:

Also sounds can cancel each other out, for example, when sound one and two is played

together they could interfere with each other. This causes no sound. (This depends on the

frequency or tone of the sounds played).

On the diagram you can see that the three sounds are similar. However, they are of

different frequencies that’s why the sounds sometimes cancel each other out.

Phasing can be used for different reasons, such as:

Canceling sounds out so you can work on different sounds without listening to the other

sounds.

You can cancel a sound and then un cancel it when you would like to use it in your work.

Why are phases important to the theories of music?

Phases can be used on a wide range of different frequencies and can help improve the

sound of your music. (The quality will be judged on by the properties and elements of a

sound).

To correct the phases, consider this:

+1 is in mono or phase and -1 is out of mono or phase. -1 this because one the channels isplayed backwards rather than forwards. (The Beatles used backward instrumentation when

they recorded their album ‘Revolver’ in 1966; they made this very popular).



BY: KATIE MORGAN.

Harmonics:

This is the component frequency or wave an oscillation. Harmonics are

used in Logic like this:

EQ:

EQ mean equalisation. We use the equaliser to find the EQ. An equaliser

is a technology, track or software that allows you to control the relative

amplitude of the many different frequencies that are in the bandwidth.

This bandwidth is audible.

With the EQ we edit the sound that we recorded to bring it back to itsoriginal tone. We can also change the frequency of the midi or audio

regions. This make it sound better and fuses together the music or sound

effects. Plus, this makes it more imaginative.

There are two key types of EQ and they are:

Shelving EQ is known for the wide frequency response which increases

and decreases. The frequency weakens to a specific level stay like that

until the spectrum ends.



BY: KATIE MORGAN.

The Bell (Peak) EQ is a EQ that most people use. It has a filter that is

known as a peaking filter. The peak can be encouraged or lightened by

frequency’s center.

This EQ can also have a Semi Parametric EQ. However, there is no Q

(The quality factor). So, because of this curve will be doing the same

thing over and over again.

Decibels (dB SPL):

This is a unit that is used to

measure sounds intensity or an

electrical signal (The noise loudness)

that compares level on a scale that

is logarithmic.

That’s it for Section 1. I left you on

a high note! The next is Section 2,

which is about the principles of

musical instruments. I’ll write about

this in a new word document.

SPL stands of Sound Pressure Level.

This diagram is important because it shows what different frequencies

look like in Logic. (Logic is a music making software from Apple).



BY: KATIE MORGAN.

Pictures References:

https://www.reddit.com/r/Cinema4D/comments/30zy6p/need_help_for_a_ripple_effec

t_in_water/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFGyMUNinSM

http://www.hdwallpaperscool.com/ripples-desktop-wallpapers/

http://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-2672522-stock-footage-blue-pool-water-

ripples-and-reflections-hd-video.html

https://sportslawnews.wordpress.com/tag/consent/https://sportslawnews.wordpress.co

m/tag/consent/

http://pixgood.com/underwater-ripples.html

https://www.earthled.com/collections/60-watt-equivalent-led-a19-omni-directional-

light-bulbs

http://www.tokenrock.com/cymatics/cymatics_seeing_sound.php

http://www.planetoftunes.com/sound-audio-theory/complex-

soundwaves.html#.Vmb_37iLTIU

http://www.videomaker.com/community/forums/topic/problems-with-recording-using-a-

lavalier-microphone

http://support.ircam.fr/docs/AudioSculpt/3.0/co/Acoustic%20Notions.html

http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/acoustic_2010.html

http://people.ece.cornell.edu/land/courses/ece4760/FinalProjects/f2012/ajw89_bwj8/

ajw89_bwj8/

http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/87751/do-low-frequency-sounds-really-

carry-longer-distances

http://www.spaceacademy.net.au/spacelink/radiospace.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_response_curve

http://www.uaudio.com/blog/how-the-ear-works/

http://www.cs.unc.edu/Research/assist/et/2005/SoundSynthesizer.html

http://www.henrys.com/Audio-Video-Overview.aspx

http://pages.uoregon.edu/stanm/PHYS152SUMMER2011/LECTURES3and4-WAVES.html

My own screen shot

http://www.frankswebspace.org.uk/ScienceAndMaths/physics/physicsGCSE/amplitude

WavelengthFrequency.htm

My own screen shot

https://www.reddit.com/r/Cinema4D/comments/30zy6p/need_help_for_a_ripple_effect_in_water/




https://www.earthled.com/collections/60-watt-equivalent-led-a19-omni-directional-light-bulbs





http://www.planetoftunes.com/sound-audio-theory/complex-soundwaves.html#.Vmb_37iLTIU



http://www.videomaker.com/community/forums/topic/problems-with-recording-using-a-lavalier-microphone







http://people.ece.cornell.edu/land/courses/ece4760/FinalProjects/f2012/ajw89_bwj8/ajw89_bwj8/



http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/87751/do-low-frequency-sounds-really-carry-longer-distances















http://www.frankswebspace.org.uk/ScienceAndMaths/physics/physicsGCSE/amplitudeWavelengthFrequency.htm





























BY: KATIE MORGAN.

My own screen shot

http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/may03/articles/sequencereq.asp


http://www.themusicespionage.co.uk/mixing/studio-fx-plug-ins/eq/

http://www.bestearplugsforsleeping.net/noise-reduction-rating-mean/













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