section 4.1 and 4.2 types of chemical reactions and aqueous solutions
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Section 4.1 and 4.2Types of Chemical Reactions and
Aqueous Solutions
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In this section:
a. Types of Chemical reactions1. Combination reactions2. Decomposition reactions3. Displacement reactions
b. Aqueous Solutions1. Compounds in aqueous solution2. Electrolytes3. Solubility of ionic compounds
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Combination Reactions
Two or more reactants form a single product
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Decomposition Reactions
A single reactant breaks up to form two or more products
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Single Displacement Reactions
One “part” of a compound is replaced by another
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Double Displacement ReactionsMetathesis Reactions
Two atoms or ions exchange.
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Two atoms or ions exchange.
Precipitation reactions:
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Two atoms or ions exchange.
Acid-base (neutralization) reactions:
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Two atoms or ions exchange.
Gas-forming reactions:
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Aqueous Solutions
Solutes dissolved in the solvent water.
Categorized by the nature of the dissolved species.
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Aqueous Solutions: ElectrolytesSolutes dissolved in the solvent water.
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Aqueous Solutions: ElectrolytesStrong Electrolytes: all solute dissociates to form ions in solution.
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Aqueous Solutions: ElectrolytesWeak Electrolytes: A small fraction of solute dissociates to form ions in solution.
HF(aq) H+(aq) + F-(aq)
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Aqueous Solutions: ElectrolytesNonelectrolytes: Solute molecules do not form ions in solution.
Example: CH3OH
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Aqueous Solutions: Electrolytes
Strong electrolytes: conduct electricity wellsoluble ionic compoundsstrong acids
Weak electrolyte: conduct electricity poorlyweak acids and the weak base NH3
Nonelectrolytes: do not conduct electricitymost molecular, covalent compounds
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds
Basic Idea: for ionic compound MX (M+ cation and X- anion)
When added to water, does:
MX(s) M+(aq) + X-(aq)
happen?
Yes: compound is soluble in waterNo: compound is insoluble in water
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds
A little more complicated: how soluble is soluble?
1 g solute per 100 g water.
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Solubility RulesPart 1: things that are generally soluble
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Solubility RulesPart 1: things that are generally insoluble
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