CIVIL RIGHTSSection #1

DISCRIMINATION: Unfair treatment of African Americans

SEGREGATION: Separation of people of different races

CONGRESS OF RACIAL EQUALITY (CORE): Organization that carried out protests

against public places that refused to serve/admit African Americans

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE (NAACP):

Organization set up to challenge segregation laws

THURGOOD MARSHALL: Chief lawyer for NAACP who argued

Brown case

PLESSY V. FERGUSON: Made separate but equal legal in

America

BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION: Supreme Court decision that decided

segregated schools were illegal. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson

INTEGRATION: The bringing of races together in public

schools

LITTLE ROCK NINE: 9 black students who integrated an all-

white Central high school in Little Rock

GOV. ORVAL FAUBUS: Opposed integration of public schools in

Arkansas

ROSA PARKS: African American who was arrested for

violating the bussing laws on segregation

MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT: A/A refused to ride busses in

Montgomery until they were desegregated

MARTIN LUTHER KING JR: Civil Rights leader who helped organize

the bus boycott and preached non violence

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE: Refusal to obey laws that are deemed

unjust

SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE (SCLC):

Organization that helped A/A fight for equality. Stressed non-violence

WHAT WERE THE LEGAL AND SOCIAL CHALLENGES TO RACIAL SEGREGATION IN THE 1940’S & 1950’S?

Some of the legal challenges to segregation were: 1. the Brown v. the Board of Education court case, 2. The arrest of Rosa Parks3. The struggle in Arkansas between the president &

Governor Faubus over integration of Central High School. Some social challenges were: 4. the Montgomery Bus Boycott5. Non-violent protests 6. The creation of organizations such as C.O.R.E. and

S.C.L.C.

WHY MIGHT AFRICAN AMERICANS HAVE EXPECTED EQUAL TREATMENT IN THE YEARS FOLLOWING WWII? 1. When war broke out many African

Americans got jobs in factories that usually only hired whites.

2. African Americans also joined the war and many fought bravely for democracy & freedom, yet they didn’t necessarily enjoy those same freedoms at home.

3. The Holocaust showed everyone what discrimination and racism could lead to and many people felt that we needed to end this practice in America.

WHAT WAS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF TOPEKA, KANSAS?

1. The Brown case was significant in that it overturned the Court’s earlier decision under Plessey. 2. It was now declaring that separate but equal was unconstitutional. 3. After this decision schools were forced to desegregate, and eventually this integration expanded to all public facilities.

WHAT DID KING MEAN BY HIS STATEMENT THAT AFRICAN AMERICANS WOULD “APPLY OUR CITIZENSHIP TO THE FULLNESS OF ITS MEANING”?

MLK means that African Americans would take a stand to gain the rights due to them as American citizens

SECTION #2

Kennedy & Johnson

PRESIDENT KENNEDY Expanded African American voting Increased job opportunities Outlawed discrimination in federal

housing Established Committee on Equal

Employment Opportunity

NEW FRONTIER OF SOCIAL REFORM Name given to Kennedy’s social reform

plan. He also backed federal aid for

education & the poor. He supported civil rights but didn’t act

to strongly so as to not upset Southern Democrats.

LEE HARVEY OSWALD The man charged with assassinating

President Kennedy on November 22, 1963. He would later be killed before he could stand trial.

LYNDON JOHNSON• Provided funds to poorer states for education• Gave federal funding to poor African American colleges• Signed legislation that outlawed discrimination in registering voters

GREAT SOCIETY Nickname given to LBJ’s domestic policy. It centered on reducing poverty,

promoting equality, improving education, and rebuilding decaying cities.

WAR ON POVERTY Program that focused on helping people

that lived below the poverty line, the minimum income needed to live.

It created Head Start, which provided preschool education for the poor.

It also created Job Corps that trained young people for the work place.

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 Act 1964: Act passed during LBJ’s

administration. It banned discrimination against African

Americans in employment, voting, & public places.

It forbade discrimination by race, gender, religion, and national origin.

HOW WERE KENNEDY AND JOHNSON ALIKE & DIFFERENT AS PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES?

JFK & LBJ had similar ideas for social programs to help Americans (help for the poor, support for education, and civil rights)

However; Kennedy was unable to get his initiatives through Congress, while Johnson was highly successful in getting his Great Society programs passed.

HOW WAS PRESIDENT JOHNSON’S QUOTE RELATED TO CIVIL RIGHTS? PAGE 440 PRIMARY SOURCE

LBJ wants Americans to view poverty, ignorance, and disease as enemies instead of other people.

If people focus on the things that make us different and not the actual people then maybe we can overcome these differences and end hatred & violence among different races.

BASED ON YOUR READING, WHY HAD JOHNSON BEEN SUCCESSFUL IN PASSING A CIVIL RIGHTS BILL ALTHOUGH KENNEDY HAD NOT BEEN?

Johnson was most likely more successful in passing the civil rights bill because he had more legislative experience then Kennedy. LBJ served 22 years in Congress prior to entering the White House.

Also, Congress most likely passed legislation to honor Kennedy after his assassination.

SECTION #3 THE STRUGGLE CONTINUES

SIT-IN The act of protesting by sitting down &

refusing to leave when asked. These protests were often nonviolent in nature.

GREENSBORO SIT -IN Four African American men stage a sit-in

at the Woolworth’s lunch counter in order to protest segregation.

T.V. coverage helps spread the sit-in to numerous other locations.

STUDENT NONVIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE An organization helped founded by Ella

Baker that focused on nonviolence protests often by college students.

FREEDOM RIDES An attempt by members of CORE, both

black & white, to test if bus facilities were truly desegregated.

Freedom Riders were attacked in Alabama & arrested in Mississippi but did not stop coming.

Finally in the fall of 1961 interstate busses & facilities were desegregated.

JAMES MEREDITH The first African American to enroll &

attend the University of Mississippi. Governor Ross Barnett used state police

to keep him from registering. Finally JFK sent federal marshals &

troops to protect Meredith.

LETTERS FROM A BIRMINGHAM JAIL Letter written by MLK in response to

criticism from a group of white clergy who wanted him to stop his nonviolent protests & his desegregation efforts.

He wrote this from a jail cell after being arrested for protesting in Birmingham.

MARCH ON WASHINGTON A peaceful rally, held in D.C. in August

of 1963 to support the civil rights bill. Over 200,000 people of all colors attended.

MLK gave his famous “I Have a Dream” speech.

FREEDOM SUMMER An attempt by civil rights workers to get

African Americans throughout the south registered to vote.

The workers often faced violent opposition.

VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965 An act that gave the federal

government the power to force local officials to allow African Americans to register & vote.

MALCOLM X Onetime leader of the Nation of Islam,

commonly known as the Black Muslims. He didn’t want integration but wanted a

separate black America. He later softened his views and was

assassinated by members of the Nation of Islam.

BLACK PANTHER PARTY A violent organization out of Oakland,

California made up mostly of inner city poor African Americans who wanted to truly fight for their rights.

They had numerous violent altercations with police.

STOKELY CARMICHAEL Onetime leader of the SNCC who

promoted the idea of Black Power. He wanted to create a black culture &

independent political institution. He was rejected by the NAACP but did

gain popularity with many poor urban blacks.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION: WHAT AREAS OF CIVIL RIGHTS DID GROUPS TRY TO IMPROVE IN THE 1960’S & WHAT METHODS DID THOSE GROUPS USE?

Civil rights groups used civil disobedience and nonviolence to force desegregation of public places, demonstrations to draw attention to the lack of voting rights, and legal challenges to unjust laws.

WHY DO YOU THINK SIT-INS WERE EFFECTIVE IN CHALLENGING SEGREGATION? Sit-ins were effective in challenging

segregation because they were a nonviolent form of protest.

They cost individual businesses lots of money which forced owners to change their segregation policies.

WHAT EFFECT, IF ANY DO YOU FEEL TELEVISION HAD ON THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT? People from all over the country could

watch these demonstrations and help demand change.

People could see the white policemen beating nonviolent protestors and became enraged.

TV helped the civil rights movement expand rapidly across the country. The successful use of the sit-in is an example.

WHAT DID MALCOLM X MEAN WHEN HE SAID “WE CAN NEVER GET CIVIL RIGHTS IN AMERICA UNTIL OUR HUMAN RIGHTS ARE FIRST RESTORED? (PRIMARY SOURCE PAGE 448)

He meant that African Americans were seen as not fully human. Achieving civil rights could not happen until African Americans were respected as human beings.

WHAT EFFECT MIGHT THE URBAN RIOTS HAVE HAD ON THE PROGRESS OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT? (P. 449)

The violence of the riots may have turned people against the civil rights movement. Continued violence jeopardized the nonviolent message that MLK & others were promoting.

SECTION #4 OTHER GROUPS SEEK RIGHTS

FEMINISTS Activist who fight for women’s rights

NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR WOMEN (NOW) A group that fought for equal rights for

women in all aspects of life- jobs, education, and marriage

EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT An attempt by NOW to get an

amendment added to the constitution that stated “ equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex”

This amendment never get enough states to ratify it so it was never added to the constitution.

SANDRA DAY O’CONNOR First female Supreme Court Justice, she

was appointed by Ronald Reagan in 1981she served on the court until 2006, when she retired.

CESAR CHAVEZ Leader of the United Farm Workers

union. He fought for equality for Mexican Americans

UNITED FARM WORKERS Union created to fight for the rights of

migrant farm workers from Mexico. They organized protests and boycotts in

order to gain better work pay & shorter hours.

LA RAZA UNIDA An organization that was created to

fight discrimination against Latinos & to elect Latinos to government posts.

INDIAN CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1968 An act passed by Congress in 1968

which protected the constitutional rights of all Native Americans.

It also recognized the right of Native American nations to make laws on their own reservations.

AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT (AIM) An organization that worked for equal

rights and better living conditions for all Native Americans.

The group successfully used protests and extended overtaking of buildings to get what they wanted.

THE EDUCATION FOR ALL HANDICAPPED CHILDREN ACT A 1975 Act that asserted the right of

children with disabilities to equal educational opportunity.

School must also offer special services to meet their needs.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION: HOW DID THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT AFFECT MINORITIES OTHER THAN AFRICAN AMERICANS?

Women, Latinos, Native Americans, and people with disabilities organized to fight for equal rights.

All achieved varying degrees of success in bringing about change, although no group achieved all of its aims.

WHAT CHALLENGES DID WOMEN FACE IN THE WORKFORCE IN THE EARLY 1960’S?

Women had fewer opportunities than men, and women were paid only 59 cents for every dollar men made.

They also suffered from verbal abuse and sexist remarks.

WHAT AREAS OF SOCIETY DO YOU FEEL STILL HAVEN’T TOTALLY ACQUIRED EQUAL RIGHTS IN AMERICA? EXPLAIN.

Answer will vary