World War IWorld War IChapter 13Chapter 13

SECTION 1

Marching Toward War

The Rise of Nationalism

Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below surface

Growing nationalism leads to competition among nations

Pride or deep devotion to one’s nation Competition for materials and markets Territorial Disputes

Alsace-Lorraine- Franco-Prussian War (1870)

Nationalism in the Balkans leads many groups to demand independence Austria-Hungary vs. Russia

Imperialism and Militarism

Competition for colonies stirs mistrust among European nations

Mutual animosity spurs European countries to engage in arms race

Militarism—policy of glorifying military power, preparing army Mobilization- ability to quickly mobilize and organize

troops in case of war

Tangled Alliances

Bismarck Forges Early PactsGermany’s Otto von Bismarck works to keep peace

in Europe after 1871 “Satisfied Power”

Believes France wants revenge for loss in 1870 Franco-Prussian War

Seeks to isolate the French with a series of treaties and alliances: Dual Alliance- b/w Germany and Austria-Hungary 1881 signs treaty with Russia forms Triple Alliance—Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy—in

1882

Tangled Alliances

Shifting Alliances Threaten PeaceKaiser Wilhelm II becomes German ruler in

1888Foreign policy changes begin in 1890 with

dismissal of Bismarck alliance with Russia dropped; Russia then allies with

France effort to strengthen German navy, which alarms Britain

Britain, France, Russia form Triple Entente alliance in 1907

Crisis in the Balkans

A Restless Region- “Powder Keg”Many groups in Balkans win independence

during early 1900s from the Ottoman Empire Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia

New nation of Serbia made up largely of Slavs

Austria-Hungary annexes Slavic region Bosnia and Herzegovina (1908)

Serbia outraged, sees itself as rightful ruler of these Slavic lands

Russia made up of a mostly Slavic population

The Spark: Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary

Serbian rebel, Gavrilo Princip, kills Austro-Hungarian royal official and his wife Sophie on June 28th 1914 Member of the Black Hand- wanted to rid Austrian Rule

Austria declares war on Serbia July 28th; Russia comes to aid of Serbia and mobilizes its troops

Video of Causes

SECTION 2

Europe Plunges into War

Armies on the March

Russia moves troops to its borders with Austria and Germany Germany declares war on Russia (August 1st), quickly

attacks France on August 3rd

Great Britain declares war on Germany

The Teams

Allied Powers Belgium Serbia England (G.B.) Russia France Later Japan, Italy

and U.SBSERF

Central PowersBulgariaOttoman EmpireGermanyAustria-Hungary

BOGA

The Coaches

Czar Nicholas II, Russia, George Clemenceau, FR David Lloyd George, GB Woodrow Wilson, US

Allied Powers

Central Powers

Franz Joseph, A-H Wilhelm II, Germany

Playing Field

Playing Field

Western Front Mostly in northern

France, along German/French Border

Trench Warfare Stalemate – deadlock,

where neither side gains an advantage

War of Attrition – no quick victory; each side tries to wear the other side down

Eastern Front Mostly in Russia,

along the German/Russian border

More mobile Battle lines changed

often (fluid)

German Plans to Attack France

German Plans to Attack France

1st Play: Schieffen Plan

Schlieffen Plan – war plan for Germany, created by Alfred von Schlieffen

•Plan to avoid a two front war•Attack France through neutral Belgium•Defeat French in 6 weeks before Russia can mobilize•Turn and fight Russia who didn’t have effective Railroads

Problems:•Heavily fortified areas in Belgium•Strong resistance from France•Russia mobilized quicker than anticipated•Britain attacked from the north

1st Game: 1st Battle of the Marne

German’s advance into France; September 5th Pushed back by French at Marne

600 Taxi cabs brought soldiers to the frontlines

Stalemate and Trench Warfare beginEnds Schlieffen PlanGermany has to fight a two front war!

Trench Warfare

Conflict descends into trench warfare—armies fighting from trenches

Battles result in many deaths, small land gains “No man’s land”

Life in trenches is miserable, difficult, unsanitary Rats Cramped up Flooded trenches Diseases Decaying flesh Trench Foot

Diagram of the Trenches

Trench System

French soldiers firing over their own dead

•In the trenches

Do you think we have enough

food and supplies to

outlast them?

These lines haven't moved

for a year!

Do you think we have enough food and supplies to outlast

them?

These lines

haven't moved for

a year!

No-Mans land

New Technology

Tanks: Not a favorite. Broke down a lot. Battle of Somme

Machine guns: Rapid fire. Killed more soldiers Difficult to make advances

Submarine: used torpedoes to take down ships Germans

Poison Gas: Killed or left permanent scars. Blindness or blisters

Airplanes: used for observation then later for fighting 850 to 10,000 by end of the war

Battle of Verdun

• German attack on French• Longest battle of WWI (300 days)• Total casualties – 700,000• No clear winner

• Germany got 4 miles

• Stalemate

Battle of Somme

British/French surprise attack against Germans

British losses 1st day – over 20,000 menTotal Casualties – 1Million+No clear winner

Britain got 5 Miles

Stalemate

Battle of Somme

1st Game Eastern FrontBattle of Tannenberg

Russia vs. Germany August 23rd

Russian Advantages Largest army (15:1 ratio Russian to German)

Not well trained Lacked weapons

Russian Disadvantages Least industrialized Lack of Modern Technology

Outcome: Germans crushed the invading Russians 30,000 Russian soldiers killed

Russia Struggles

Russia’s war effort suffering by 1916; many casualties Was not industrialized

Lacked food, guns, ammunition, clothing, boots, and blankets

Huge size of Russian army keeps it a formidable force Prevents Germany from sending more troops to the

Western Front

SECTION 3

A Global Conflict

Battle of Gallipoli- February 1915

Britain’s (Winston Churchill) Game Plan : Open supply route to Russia Capture Dardanelle Straight gaining access to Black

Sea and the Ottoman capital, Constantinople Eliminate the Ottoman Empire from the war, Central

Power allyBulgaria and Ottoman Empire – promised

land by A-H to defend Dardanelle’s at all costEffort ends in costly Allied defeat

250,000 allied casualties

Battle of Gallipoli

America Enters WWI

•NOT OUR WAR•BUSINESSES COULD SELL TO BOTH SIDES

•More tied to allied powers•RECENT IMMIGRANTS FROM BOTH SIDES

America Neutral?

Reason for US Entry

Sinking of the LusitaniaZimmerman NoteUnrestricted Submarine Warfare

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

German u-boats sink military, passenger, and merchant ships on sight to halt supply to Britain

Halts policy in 1915, after sinking of Lusitania angers U.S.

Renews unrestricted policy in 1917, hopes to starve Britain quickly

4 US ships sunk between Jan-Mar 1917

US declares war: April 2, 1917

Sinking of the Lusitania

German u-boat torpedoes British passenger ship off Irish coast Germans suspected it was carrying ammunition;

turned out to be true 1200 die, 128 Americans

Sinking

Zimmerman Note

Note from German Foreign Minister to German Ambassador to Mexico Convince Mexico to go

to war against US Mexico to gain territory

lost in Mex-Am War Prevent U.S. from

joining war in Europe

Join the fight April 2nd 1917

War at Home

Governments Wage Total WarWorld War I becomes total war—nations devote all

resources to war Governments take control of economy to produce war goods

Unemployment all but vanished Nations turn to rationing—limiting purchases of war-related goods

Propaganda—one-sided information to build morale, support for war

Women and the WarAt home, thousands of women fill jobs previously held by

menMany women also experience the war by working as

nurses

America

Prepares for War

Russia Withdraws

Civil unrest in Russia forces Czar Nicholas to step down from throne in 1917

Communists soon take control of Russia’s government under the supervision of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

Russia signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918, pulls out of war

The Central Powers Collapse

With Russia gone, Germany moves most forces to Western Front

Engage in major fighting; Allies force Germans to retreat• Second Battle of the Marne (7/18) - Last Major German Offensive

• 140,000 Fresh US Troops then 2 million more• 350 allied tanks

• Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates on November 9th, 1918

Allies win war; armistice—end of fighting—signed in November 1918 11:00am 11/11/18

Global War

Resources and soldiers from colonies War devastates European economies,

drains national treasuries; 338 Billion Many acres of land and homes,

villages, towns destroyedSurvivors suffer disillusionment

and despair; reflected in the arts

Fought in Asia and Africa - Allies gained German colonies British get help from Middle East

colonies of Ottoman Empire conquered the Ottoman’s – expected independence at war’s end

Peace Agreement

Lives Lost

Russia 1,700,000France 1,357,000Great Britain 908,000United States 130,174Germany 1,800,000Austria 1,200,000Diseases, hunger, and other war-related causes 20,000,000

Influenza of Spanish Flu

War takes heavy toll: 8.5 million soldiers dead, 21 million wounded

SECTION 4

A Flawed Peace

Key Leaders Come Together

Group of leaders known as the Big Four dominate peace talks: U.S. president Woodrow Wilson French ruler Georges Clemenceau David Lloyd George of Great Britain Vittorio Orlando of Italy

Russia was not represented because of civil war

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

Three Goals: Ensure lasting peace

Calls for free trade and end to secret alliances, military buildups Right to choose government

Promotes self-determination—right of people to govern own nation League of Nations:

International body of representatives from each country with the purpose of maintaining peace

League of Nations Formed

United States didn’t join many Americans oppose League

of Nations and involvement with Europe

Congress feared it would drag us into another war

Weakened the power of the League of Nations

No power to enforce its decisions

Paris Peace Conference

5 Separate Peace Treaties known as the Peace of Paris

Each Central Power Country signed a separate peace treaty

Central Powers not invitedBig 4 Allied Powers – Great

Britain, US, France, Italy Britain, France oppose Wilson’s

ideas; want to punish Germany

Allies, Germany sign accord, Treaty of Versailles, on June 28th 1919

Treaty of Versailles

Germany got a R.A.W. DealR.eparations – payments to victors

for war damages ($33B)A.llied Punishments

De-militarized Germany Took Germany’s colonies Gave Alsace Lorraine to France Took Saar Basin (coal supplies) Took Rhineland (buffer zone)

W.ar Guilt – Germany had to accept total blame for the war; article 231

Video of the treaty

R.A.W.

The Creation of New Nations

Versailles treaty, other peace accords change the look of Europe

Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire all lose lands Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia

Former Ottoman lands in Southwest Asia turn into mandates

New countries created in southeastern Europe; Russia gives up land Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania

The war to end all wars…

Map of Europe Redrawn

A Peace Built on Quicksand

Treaty of Versailles creates feelings of bitterness on both sides

German people feel bitter and betrayed after taking blame for war

America never signs Treaty of VersaillesSome former colonies express anger over not

winning independenceJapan, Italy criticize agreement; gain less

land than they want