Section 1Section 1

Key QuestionsKey Questions

1. How do webring the Southback into the

Union?

2. How do we rebuild the

South after itsdestruction

during the war?

3. How do weintegrate andprotect newly-emancipated

black freedmen?

4. Who isresponsibleto control

the process ofReconstruction?

What is Reconstruction?What is Reconstruction?The rebuilding of the South after the Civil

War* Terms and Conditions

* Emancipation had thrown the agricultural South into chaos

* The South must develop a new system of labor to begin to get out of this chasm

* There were those in Congress that did not want to reconcile with South- Radical Republicans

* Prevent Confederate leaders from returning to power

* Establish a strong Republican Party in the South

* Get the Freedmen the right to vote

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan10% Plan

* Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)

* Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South.

* He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.

* Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers.

* When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

13th Amendment13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)the Moderates

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)the Moderates

Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).

Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials.

Abolishing slavery and rejecting the payment of debts incurred

No former Confederate officer or politician could vote

Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.

SenatorBenjamin

Wade(R-OH)

Congressman

HenryW. Davis(R-MD)

President Andrew Johnson

President Andrew Johnson Jacksonian

Democrat.

Anti-Aristocrat.

White Supremacist.

Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union.

“Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!”

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except

Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they would have to apply directly to Johnson)

In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.

Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

EFFECTS

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

Growing Northern Alarm!

Growing Northern Alarm! Many Southern state

constitutions fell short of minimum requirements.

Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.

Revival of southern defiance.

BLACK CODES BLACK CODES

Black CodesBlack CodesPurpose:

* Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated.

* Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations.

Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

Enraged the North

The Freedmen’s BureauThe Freedmen’s Bureau Thousands of freed slaves followed Sherman and

his army. To help them get food he set them up on plantation land along the South Carolina coast

As a result of this crisis Congress established the Freedmen’s Bureau Feed and clothe war refugees

Helped Freedmen find work and negotiated hours and pay on plantations

The Freedmen’s Bureau made lasting contributions in education. Providing schools, teachers and all black colleges for

training

Many African-Americans will leave the South and go west to serve in the army. They became known as Buffalo soldiers

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

An important network of African American Colleges began to grow in the South

Civil Rights Act of 1866

• Gave citizenship to all those born in the United States- except Native Americans

• Allowed African-Americans to own property and be treated equally in court

• Grants the U.S. government the right to sue those who violate these rights

Congress Breaks with the President

Congress Breaks with the President Congress bars Southern

Congressional delegates.

Late 1865 Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.

February, 1866 Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau Bill.

March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!

The 1866 mid-term Election

The 1866 mid-term Election

Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”

A referendum on Radical Reconstruction.

Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan.

Republicanswon a 3-1majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state.

Radical Plan for Readmission

Radical Plan for Readmission Civil authorities in the territories were

subject to military supervision.

Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.

In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

14th Amendment14th AmendmentRatified in July, 1868.

* Grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S.

* No state could deprive any person of life, liberty or property- “without due process of law.”

* No state could deny any person “equal protection of the laws.

Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens! This is required to re-enter

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Command of the Army Act* The President must issue all

Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military.

Tenure of Office Act* The President could not remove

any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval.

Designed to protect radicalmembers of Lincoln’s government.

A question of the constitutionality of this law. Edwin Stanton

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Military Reconstruction Act* Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern

states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.

* Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.

President Johnson’s Impeachment

President Johnson’s Impeachment Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.

Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.

The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

The ImpeachmentThe Impeachment

11 week trial.

Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

Johnson did not run in 1868

1868 Election

• Presence of Union troops in the South allows African-Americans to vote in large numbers

• Grant easily wins the election

• Republicans kept majorities in both Houses of Congress

15th Amendment• Republican led Congress

passes the 15th Amendment to the Constitution

• The right to vote cannot be denied on account of race, color or previous servitude

• Part of the Constitution in 1870

• Women’s rights groups were furious they did not gain the vote!

RECONSTRUCTING SOCIETY

Section 2

The South in Ruin• Nearly all cities had suffered major

damage because of the war• Southern Economy is in near collapse

– Value of land has dropped significantly- carpetbaggers

– CSA money was worthless– 2/3 of transportation system is in ruin– Bridges, churches, crop fields are all

destroyed– Soldiers come home to no jobs, no

homes– Download Post Civil War South

Republican Rule• By 1870 all former CSA states had rejoined

the Union• During Reconstruction many northerners

moved South. Many were elected or appointed to government positions

• Southerners who worked with the Republicans and supported Reconstruction were called “scalawags”

• Southerners viewed them as intruders who wanted to profit off the misfortunes of the South- Carpetbaggers

Former Slaves Face Challenges• Many searched for

their “families” after the war

• Thousands sought out educational opportunities

• Many formed their own churches and established volunteer organizations

Blacks in Southern PoliticsBlacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans.

Blacks were politically unprepared.

Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867.

The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.

• Thousands of formerly enslaved took part in governing the South

• Delegates to state conventions, local officials, and state as well as federal legislators

• Joseph Rainey was the first African-American elected to the House

• Hiram Revels was the first African-American elected to the Senate

• Thousands of formerly enslaved took part in governing the South

• Delegates to state conventions, local officials, and state as well as federal legislators

• Joseph Rainey was the first African-American elected to the House

• Hiram Revels was the first African-American elected to the Senate

Republican Party gains power in the South

• New reform measures are enacted as a result...– Repealing of Black

Codes– Making more state

offices elective– Establishing a

system of public schools that all may get an education

Forty Acres and a Mule

• Georgia and South Carolina Plantation land had been given to freed slaves by Gen. Sherman

• President Johnson overturned this

• Sharecropping and Tennant Farming

• Cycle of Poverty

SharecroppingSharecropping

Southern Resistance Grows• Many Southern Whites

resented African-Americans making themselves equals

• Some Southerners will organize secret societies such as the Ku Klux Klan

• Their goal was to drive out the carpetbaggers and regain control of the South for the Democratic Party

• The Klan terrorized supporters of the Republican Party

• 1870-71 Congress passed the Enforcement Acts

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

Coming to an EndComing to an End During the 1870’s Democrats

worked to “redeem” the South and regain control.

Formed militia groups that attacked and intimidated

Some were involved in election fraud, appealing to white racism

By 1876 the Democrats had control over most Southern State Legislatures

The government was also concerned over westward expansion and Indian wars.

Weak as a President

• Grant believed that his job as President was to carry out laws passed by Congress

• Congress would develop policy

• This leaves the Presidency weak and ineffective

• Helped divide the Republican Party and undermined public support of Reconstruction

Grant Administration Scandals

Grant Administration Scandals Grant presided over an era of

unprecedented growth and corruption.

* Credit Mobilier

Scandal.

* Whiskey Ring.

* The “Indian Ring.”

The Election of 1872The Election of 1872 Rumors of corruption

during Grant’s first term discredit Republicans.

Horace Greeley runsas a Democrat/LiberalRepublican candidate.

Greeley attacked as afool and a crank.

Greeley died on November 29, 1872!

Paying for the new Reforms

• Many southern states, to pay for the reforms that are taking place, have to borrow money

• Others imposed high property taxes

• However some were corrupt gaining money illegally

The Panic of 1873The Panic of 1873 It raises “the money

question.”

* Caused many small banks to close and the Stock market to fail

* Thousands of businesses close and tens of thousands are unemployed

1874 Democrats win control of the House and gain seats in the Senate

6 Year Recession

Radicals Lose Power• Rumors of corruption, now turning to fact• Economic crisis across the country• Continued violence in the South against Afrcan-

Americans• Supreme Court decisions reducing the

protections for African-Americans in the South• A continuing desire for reconciliation between

North and South• Many southern states have been “redeemed”

by the Democrats• All led to the Radicals losing power and support

for African American freedoms across the South waning

1876 Presidential Tickets1876 Presidential Tickets

1876 Presidential Election

1876 Presidential Election

A Commission is Established• With the election undecided a commission was

established to determine the winner of the 1876 election

• There was so much voter fraud that it was hard to tell who won!

• Rutherford B. Hayes makes a deal– First he promises he is only running for one

term– Next he agrees to the Compromise of 1877

• Last troops will be removed from the South• At least one southerner on the Presidential Cabinet• Hayes would support generous spending on Southern

improvements• Hayes would allow conservative southern democrats

control of the South

Hayes PrevailsHayes Prevails

President Hayes is Moving Forward

• In his inaugural address President Hayes expressed his desire to move out of Reconstruction

• Also wanted to put an end to the Nation’s regional differences

• Southerners realized there was no going back to the planter elite times. Instead they wanted a New South with a strong industrial economy

Agriculture was still around• Most African-Americans now had little

power and worked under difficult and unfair conditions

• For them, an end to Reconstruction was a return to the old ways of doing things... A return to the “Old South”

• Their hopes of gaining their own land had collapsed

• They became trapped on the land

Reconstruction Scorecard

Accomplishments• Repaired the South

after the devastating Civil war

• Stimulated economic growth

• The passage of the 14th and 15th Amendments

• The Freedmen’s Bureau

• Public Education

Failures• African-Americans,

after experiencing a much better way of life, are returned back to poverty

• The birth of the KKK• Ignored women and

Native Americans• Plessey vs. Ferguson