Ms. AdamsMs. AdamsMs. AdamsMs. Adams

Key QuestionsKey Questions

1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the

South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction

during the war?during the war?

2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the

South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction

during the war?during the war?

3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

Other Key Questions for Georgians

• What would be done with the 4 million What would be done with the 4 million newly freed slaves?newly freed slaves?

• How could sectional differences and How could sectional differences and emotional war wounds be healed so that emotional war wounds be healed so that the nation could be reunited?the nation could be reunited?

• How could the south, which had suffered How could the south, which had suffered most of the war damage, resurrect itself most of the war damage, resurrect itself and its economy?and its economy?

• How would southerners be treated after How would southerners be treated after the Confederate defeat?the Confederate defeat?

While the politicians in While the politicians in Washington are trying Washington are trying

to answer these to answer these questionsquestions

Georgia is in a mess…Georgia is in a mess…

Georgia after the Civil WarGeorgia after the Civil War• 1 out of 5 soldiers never 1 out of 5 soldiers never

came home. Those that did came home. Those that did were often so severely were often so severely wounded that they could not wounded that they could not work. Wives were now work. Wives were now widows, children were widows, children were fatherless and many of the fatherless and many of the things that families things that families depended on the men to do depended on the men to do were left stranded.were left stranded.

• Railroad tracks lay twisted, Railroad tracks lay twisted, bridges had been burned, bridges had been burned, cotton mills and factories cotton mills and factories were closed or had been were closed or had been burned down. No jobs in burned down. No jobs in Georgia. Georgia.

Georgia after the Civil WarGeorgia after the Civil War• Banks were closed. The Banks were closed. The

Confederacy had a war Confederacy had a war debt of 700 million, with debt of 700 million, with Georgia owing 20 Georgia owing 20 million. Confederate million. Confederate money was useless.money was useless.

• There was not enough There was not enough food and people were food and people were starving. starving.

• Most white Georgians Most white Georgians were struggling to find were struggling to find food to eat every day food to eat every day and for the men, women and for the men, women and children who had and children who had been freed from slavery been freed from slavery – life was even worse.– life was even worse.

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan

10% Plan* 2 Things

* 1. Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers.

* 2. When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s PlanCongress and many

northerners felt the south should be punished. They believed that the Confederacy should be treated like a conquered country. In 1864, Congress passed the Wade-Davis Bill – which Lincoln saw as a Radical Republican attempt to punish the south.

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the

number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).

Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials.

Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.

SenatorBenjamin

Wade(R-OH)

Congressman

HenryW. Davis(R-MD)

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) President Lincoln simply refused to

sign it. He let it die quietly. This action signaled that there would be a fight over Reconstruction. Lincoln, however, was not part of the fight.

PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln

PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln

Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill

Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill

PocketVeto

PocketVeto

Assassination of Abraham Assassination of Abraham LincolnLincoln

• You know the story – so I won’t tell it again.You know the story – so I won’t tell it again.• Why do you think that the assassination of Why do you think that the assassination of

Abraham Lincoln did more harm to the Abraham Lincoln did more harm to the south than good?south than good?

Who Would Become Who Would Become President?President?

• Andrew Johnson of Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, the Tennessee, the only southern U.S. only southern U.S. Senator not to Senator not to resign his seat in resign his seat in 1861, was 1861, was Lincoln’s Vice Lincoln’s Vice President at the President at the time. time.

• He assumed the He assumed the presidency, presidency, determined to determined to carry out Lincoln’s carry out Lincoln’s program.program.

President Andrew Johnson

President Andrew Johnson Jacksonian

Democrat.

Rags to Riches story.

White Supremacist.

Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union.

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Everyone was pardoned except:

Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000

In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions rejecting slavery (13th Amendment) & secession and accepting state debts

Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

13th Amendment13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Slavery is Dead?Slavery is Dead?

Black CodesBlack Codes

• Although the 13Although the 13thth Amendment Amendment abolished slavery, it did not abolish abolished slavery, it did not abolish discrimination. By 1865, most of the discrimination. By 1865, most of the southern states including Georgia, southern states including Georgia, had passed a number of laws known had passed a number of laws known as as Black CodesBlack Codes – which were – which were designed to restrict the rights of the designed to restrict the rights of the freedmen.freedmen.

Black CodesBlack CodesRegulations:

* Occupation regulations: some states said that Blacks could only work agricultural jobs and couldn’t raise their own crops.

* Permitted whipping as punishment

* Established labor periods as sunrise to sunset, 6 days a week

* Jobless Blacks were put in prison – forcing many Blacks to work jobs for little pay

Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

Sharecropping• Under this system, the landowners Under this system, the landowners

provided land, a house, farming provided land, a house, farming tools, and animals, seed, and tools, and animals, seed, and fertilizer. The workers agreed to fertilizer. The workers agreed to give the owner a share of the give the owner a share of the harvest. Until they sold their crop, harvest. Until they sold their crop, the owners often let them have the owners often let them have food, medicine, clothing, and other food, medicine, clothing, and other supplies at high prices on credit. supplies at high prices on credit.

• These farmers often did not These farmers often did not understand money or interest owed. understand money or interest owed. Sometimes they were charged as Sometimes they were charged as much as 70% interest on money much as 70% interest on money owed to landowners for goods. owed to landowners for goods.

• Example: Example: • $1000.00 owed with 70% = $1700 $1000.00 owed with 70% = $1700

at the end of the year.at the end of the year.• Example: Example: • Crops worth $1000 owner gets %70Crops worth $1000 owner gets %70• SAME AS SLAVERY!!SAME AS SLAVERY!!

SharecroppingSharecropping

Tenant FarmingTenant Farming• The only difference is that The only difference is that

the tenant usually owns the tenant usually owns some farm equipment and some farm equipment and maybe a mule or animal. maybe a mule or animal. They also bought their own They also bought their own seed and fertilizer. At the seed and fertilizer. At the end of the year the tenant end of the year the tenant would either give the would either give the landlord an amount of landlord an amount of money for the rent or a money for the rent or a share of the crop. They share of the crop. They sometimes didn’t have sometimes didn’t have enough crops left over to enough crops left over to feed their families. Even feed their families. Even though they may have made though they may have made a very small profit – they a very small profit – they were just as doomed as the were just as doomed as the sharecroppers.sharecroppers.

• http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/T/TE009.html

Northern Republican Radicals are not happy.

Northern Republican Radicals are not happy.

Radicals were at first willing to go along with the plan because Johnson offered a reward for Jefferson Davis. After he was caught they began to not like the plan again. And because…

Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.

Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

Some of the south’s laws threatened to disenfranchise the freedman. (Black Codes, sharecropping, KKK, etc…)

They felt that the South needed further punishment.

Congress Breaks with the President

Congress Breaks with the President Congress bars Southern

Congressional delegates.

Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.

February, 1866 Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.

March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!

U.S. Military Takes Over Georgia U.S. Military Takes Over Georgia & the South& the South

We’ll talk more about this in just a

minute!

Georgia’s New GovernmentGeorgia’s New Government

• President Johnson named James President Johnson named James Johnson, who opposed Johnson, who opposed secession, as Georgia’s secession, as Georgia’s provisional Governor. He set up provisional Governor. He set up an election for the people of an election for the people of Georgia to vote people into the Georgia to vote people into the General Assembly. General Assembly.

• The folks elected met in October The folks elected met in October of 1865 and drafted a new state of 1865 and drafted a new state constitution and a governor for constitution and a governor for Georgia.Georgia.

• The Assembly chose Alexander The Assembly chose Alexander Stephens and Herschel Johnson Stephens and Herschel Johnson to be the 2 U.S. senators.to be the 2 U.S. senators.

• The Capital was placed in The Capital was placed in Milledgeville.Milledgeville.

Freedman’s BureauFreedman’s Bureau• A Federal assistance program established to A Federal assistance program established to

assist the 4 million freed slaves in making the assist the 4 million freed slaves in making the transition from slavery to freedom. transition from slavery to freedom.

• The agency distributed trainloads of food and The agency distributed trainloads of food and clothing to freed slaves.clothing to freed slaves.

• They built hospitals for the freed slaves and They built hospitals for the freed slaves and gave direct medical aid to more than 1 million of gave direct medical aid to more than 1 million of them. them.

• The greatest successes of the Freedmen's The greatest successes of the Freedmen's Bureau were in the field of education. More than Bureau were in the field of education. More than 4,000 schools for freed slaves were built and 4,000 schools for freed slaves were built and staffed with qualified instructors. staffed with qualified instructors.

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.

Carpetbaggers: northerners who moved south after the war. Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats who claimed they toted all their possessions in a carpet bag.

Scalawags: southerners who supported the northern republicans.

Southerners hated them, especially the carpetbaggers saying they came to the south to get rich off the poor southerners. Not true.

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Plenty to eat and

nothing to do.

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

3 Reconstruction Schools in in 3 Reconstruction Schools in in Atlanta founded to Educate the Atlanta founded to Educate the

FreedmenFreedmen

• 1. Georgia’s Atlanta University1. Georgia’s Atlanta University• 2. Morehouse College (still there)2. Morehouse College (still there)• 3. Clark College (still there)3. Clark College (still there)

Now that the Radical Republicans have taken control in Congress – they really start passing some

laws!!!

14th Amendment14th AmendmentRatified in July, 1868.

* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.

* Insure against neo-Confederate political power.

* Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy.

Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

The Balance of Power in Congress

The Balance of Power in Congress

State White Citizens Freedmen

SC 291,000 411,000

MS 353,000 436,000

LA 357,000 350,000

GA 591,000 465,000

AL 596,000 437,000

VA 719,000 533,000

NC 631,000 331,000

18661866 Radical Republicans took power in both houses of Congress and told the southern states that they would have to ratify the 14 amendment before they could rejoin the Union. All the southern states refused, except Tennessee. So the U.S. sent the military in to sign up all eligible black and white MALE voters who swore allegiance to the United States.

The people that the United States allowed to vote chose delegates to go to the state capital to hold a constitution convention so that a new state constitution – which ratified the 13th & 14th amendment – could be drafted.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Military Reconstruction Act

* Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.

* Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.

Black & White Political Participation

Black & White Political Participation

“Regional Balance?”“Regional Balance?”

Black Senate & House Delegates

Black Senate & House Delegates

Georgia Constitutional Georgia Constitutional Convention of 1867Convention of 1867

• This was the first year that This was the first year that Blacks could vote in Blacks could vote in Georgia. As delegates Georgia. As delegates convened in Milledgeville it convened in Milledgeville it turned into a fiery mess! turned into a fiery mess! Black representatives were Black representatives were refused rooms at local refused rooms at local hotels. Riots broke out.hotels. Riots broke out.

• General Pope requested General Pope requested the convention to be the convention to be moved to Atlanta – which moved to Atlanta – which led to the city becoming led to the city becoming the states permanent the states permanent capital.capital.

Atlanta Becomes the Capital.

Georgia Constitutional Georgia Constitutional Convention of 1867Convention of 1867

• Once in Atlanta – a lot got done…Once in Atlanta – a lot got done…• A new constitution, which gave civil rights A new constitution, which gave civil rights

to ALL state citizens, approved free public to ALL state citizens, approved free public education for all children, and allowed education for all children, and allowed women to control their own property was women to control their own property was written. Georgia was the first state to written. Georgia was the first state to allow women to do this. I love Georgia!!!!allow women to do this. I love Georgia!!!!

• Georgia chose Rufus Bullock as governor Georgia chose Rufus Bullock as governor and after Georgia met readmission and after Georgia met readmission requirements for the 2requirements for the 2ndnd time – troops left time – troops left the state.the state.

Who were Georgia’s first VERY Who were Georgia’s first VERY brave African American brave African American

Congressmen?Congressmen?• 69 African Americans served as delegates to the 69 African Americans served as delegates to the

Constitutional Convention of 1867 or were Constitutional Convention of 1867 or were elected as members of the state legislature (29 elected as members of the state legislature (29 House / 3 Senate). House / 3 Senate).

• Jefferson Franklin Long is Georgia first Black Jefferson Franklin Long is Georgia first Black state legislator.state legislator.

• The 3 most prominent black legislators during The 3 most prominent black legislators during Reconstruction were Aaron A. Bradley, Tunis Reconstruction were Aaron A. Bradley, Tunis Campbell and Henry McNeal Turner.Campbell and Henry McNeal Turner.

African Americans in PoliticsAfrican Americans in Politics

• For the first time, many Blacks For the first time, many Blacks realized that power of voting. realized that power of voting. Thousands would show up to the Thousands would show up to the polls to vote in order to keep the polls to vote in order to keep the republicans in power. Republican republicans in power. Republican carpetbaggers helped them get to carpetbaggers helped them get to the polls and continued to support the polls and continued to support their efforts for civil rights.their efforts for civil rights.

KKK – Ku Klux KlanKKK – Ku Klux Klan• A secret organization that tried to keep freedmen from exercising the A secret organization that tried to keep freedmen from exercising the

new civil rights. new civil rights. • Began in Pulaski, Tennessee in 1865 as a social club for returning Began in Pulaski, Tennessee in 1865 as a social club for returning

soldiers. It quickly turned into a force of terror.soldiers. It quickly turned into a force of terror.• The members dressed in hoods and robes.The members dressed in hoods and robes.• They terrorized and intimidated African American voters to keep them They terrorized and intimidated African American voters to keep them

from voting and by doing so return the state to the control of the from voting and by doing so return the state to the control of the Democrats.Democrats.

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

Racial ConflictRacial Conflict• Freedmen who were not frightened away from Freedmen who were not frightened away from

the polls were carefully watched – and those the polls were carefully watched – and those voting republican would lay in their beds at night voting republican would lay in their beds at night listening to the sounds of horses around their listening to the sounds of horses around their homes – indicating the Klan was nearby. The homes – indicating the Klan was nearby. The right for suffrage could be death.right for suffrage could be death.

• The Klan’s activities were increasing and there The Klan’s activities were increasing and there was large evidence that they were keeping was large evidence that they were keeping African Americans from voting. So, the Georgia African Americans from voting. So, the Georgia Act was passed and for the third time – Georgia Act was passed and for the third time – Georgia was returned to military control.was returned to military control.

• 1515thth Amendment is passed. Amendment is passed.

15th Amendment15th Amendment Ratified in 1870.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

1313thth, 14, 14thth & 15 & 15thth Amendment Amendment

• 1313thth Amendment Amendment: Abolished slavery: Abolished slavery• 1414thth Amendment Amendment: Said that no citizen : Said that no citizen

could denied protection under the could denied protection under the U.S. or state laws and that every U.S. or state laws and that every citizen had a right to civil liberties citizen had a right to civil liberties (freed slaves) (freed slaves)

• 1515thth Amendment Amendment: Gave all males in : Gave all males in the country the right to vote the country the right to vote regardless of raceregardless of race

Henry McNeal TurnerHenry McNeal Turner• Turner was born "free" in Newberry Turner was born "free" in Newberry

Courthouse, South Carolina . Instead Courthouse, South Carolina . Instead of being sold into slavery, his family of being sold into slavery, his family sent him to live with a Quaker family. sent him to live with a Quaker family. Despite the law he was taught to read Despite the law he was taught to read and write. and write.

• He was the Chaplain of the first He was the Chaplain of the first Federal regiments of Black Troops by Federal regiments of Black Troops by Lincoln and later appointed to work Lincoln and later appointed to work with the Freedman’s Bureau by with the Freedman’s Bureau by Johnson. During this time he moved Johnson. During this time he moved to Georgia where he helped found the to Georgia where he helped found the Republican Party. After getting into a Republican Party. After getting into a legal battle with the Supreme Court, legal battle with the Supreme Court, Turner became a proponent of the Turner became a proponent of the “back to Africa” movement. “back to Africa” movement.

• http://www.todayingeorgiahistory.org/content/henry-mcneal-turner

““God is Black”God is Black”

• He was known as a fiery orator and he scandalized He was known as a fiery orator and he scandalized many Americans when he preached that God was black.many Americans when he preached that God was black.

• Here are his words:Here are his words:– "We have as much right biblically and otherwise to believe that "We have as much right biblically and otherwise to believe that

God is a Negroe, as you God is a Negroe, as you buckra or white people have to believe or white people have to believe that God is a fine looking, symmetrical and ornamented white that God is a fine looking, symmetrical and ornamented white man. For the bulk of you and all the fool Negroes of the country man. For the bulk of you and all the fool Negroes of the country believe that God is white-skinned, blue eyed, straight-haired, believe that God is white-skinned, blue eyed, straight-haired, projected nosed, compressed lipped and finely robed white projected nosed, compressed lipped and finely robed white gentleman, sitting upon a throne somewhere in the heavens. gentleman, sitting upon a throne somewhere in the heavens. Every race of people who have attempted to describe their God Every race of people who have attempted to describe their God by words, or by paintings, or by carvings, or any other form or by words, or by paintings, or by carvings, or any other form or figure, have conveyed the idea that the God who made them figure, have conveyed the idea that the God who made them and shaped their destinies was symbolized in themselves, and and shaped their destinies was symbolized in themselves, and why should not the Negroe believe that he resembles God." why should not the Negroe believe that he resembles God."

• When, in 1883, the When, in 1883, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the ruled that the Civil Rights Act of 1875, forbidding discrimination in hotels, trains, , forbidding discrimination in hotels, trains, and other public places, was unconstitutional, Turner was incensed:and other public places, was unconstitutional, Turner was incensed:– "The world has never witnessed such barbarous laws "The world has never witnessed such barbarous laws

entailed upon a free people as have grown out of the entailed upon a free people as have grown out of the decision of the United States Supreme Court, issued decision of the United States Supreme Court, issued October 15, 1883. For that decision alone authorized October 15, 1883. For that decision alone authorized and now sustains all the unjust discriminations, and now sustains all the unjust discriminations, proscriptions and robberies perpetrated by public proscriptions and robberies perpetrated by public carriers upon millions of the nation's most loyal carriers upon millions of the nation's most loyal defenders. It fathers all the 'defenders. It fathers all the 'Jim-CrowJim-Crow cars' into which cars' into which colored people are huddled and compelled to pay as colored people are huddled and compelled to pay as much as the whites, who are given the finest much as the whites, who are given the finest accommodations. It has made the ballot of the black accommodations. It has made the ballot of the black man a parody, his citizenship a nullity and his man a parody, his citizenship a nullity and his freedom a freedom a burlesqueburlesque. It has engendered the bitterest . It has engendered the bitterest feeling between the whites and blacks, and resulted in feeling between the whites and blacks, and resulted in the deaths of thousands, who would have been living the deaths of thousands, who would have been living and enjoying life today." and enjoying life today."

African Americans in PoliticsAfrican Americans in Politics

• All of these men were expelled in All of these men were expelled in September because in 1868 the September because in 1868 the

General Assembly ruled that though General Assembly ruled that though these men were given the right to these men were given the right to vote – they were never given the vote – they were never given the

right to hold political office. right to hold political office. • WHAT!!!!????WHAT!!!!????

Georgia Begins to Behave… sort of

Georgia Begins to Behave… sort of Georgia Supreme Court ruled that

African Americans CAN hold public office, in 1870 they were reseated and the 14th & 15th Amendment were ratified in the state constitution.

Democrats regain control of both houses of the General Assembly, the republican Governor is thrown out and a new Democratic Governor is sworn in.

Georgia Begins to Rebuild

• Increasing cotton production brought Increasing cotton production brought industry to some parts of Georgia. industry to some parts of Georgia. Northern investors put money into building Northern investors put money into building textile mills. Banks began to reopen and textile mills. Banks began to reopen and loan money. loan money.

• In the 8 years following the Civil War, rail In the 8 years following the Civil War, rail companies laid 840 miles of rail lines and companies laid 840 miles of rail lines and Savannah began exporting cotton again. Savannah began exporting cotton again.

• It would be slow, but Georgia would It would be slow, but Georgia would eventually recover.eventually recover.

Georgia’s Reconstruction TimelineGeorgia’s Reconstruction TimelineFirst ReconstructionFirst Reconstruction

• June 17, 1865June 17, 1865 James Johnson appointed Provisional James Johnson appointed Provisional Governor by President Johnson Governor by President Johnson June 29, 1865June 29, 1865 Governor Joe Brown resigns.. Governor Joe Brown resigns.. November, 1865November, 1865 Legislature and other officials Legislature and other officials elected. elected. December 9, 1865December 9, 1865 Legislature ratifies 13th Legislature ratifies 13th amendment. amendment. December 14, 1865December 14, 1865 Charles J. Jenkins, governor. Charles J. Jenkins, governor. April 30, 1866April 30, 1866 Joint Committee sends 14th Joint Committee sends 14th amendment to Congress. amendment to Congress. June 8, 1866June 8, 1866 Congress passes 14th amendment. Congress passes 14th amendment. November, 1866November, 1866 Georgia rejects 14th amendment. Georgia rejects 14th amendment.

• Second Reconstruction Second Reconstruction • March 2, 1867March 2, 1867 Georgia placed under the 3rd Military Georgia placed under the 3rd Military

district by the Reconstruction Act of March 2, 1867. district by the Reconstruction Act of March 2, 1867. March 30, 1867March 30, 1867 General John Pope arrives in Georgia General John Pope arrives in Georgia to take command of the 3rd military district. to take command of the 3rd military district. May, 1867May, 1867 General Pope closes the University of General Pope closes the University of Georgia. Georgia. December 9, 1867December 9, 1867 Constitutional Convention meets in Constitutional Convention meets in Atlanta. 169 total delegates. 37 Black delegates. Atlanta. 169 total delegates. 37 Black delegates. January 1, 1868January 1, 1868 General Meade succeeds General General Meade succeeds General Pope. Pope. March 11, 1868March 11, 1868 Constitutional Convention adjourns. Constitutional Convention adjourns. March 13, 1868March 13, 1868 President Johnson impeached. President Johnson impeached. Acquitted by one vote on May 26. Acquitted by one vote on May 26. April 20-24/21-23, 1868April 20-24/21-23, 1868 Voting on new constitution. Voting on new constitution. May 11, 1868May 11, 1868 First convicts leased in Georgia. General First convicts leased in Georgia. General Thomas Ruger USA, Provisional Governor of Georgia, Thomas Ruger USA, Provisional Governor of Georgia, leases 100 able-bodied and healthy Negro convicts to leases 100 able-bodied and healthy Negro convicts to William A. Fort. William A. Fort. July 4, 1868July 4, 1868 New legislature meets. New legislature meets.

• July 21, 1868July 21, 1868 Georgia ratifies the 14th amendment Georgia ratifies the 14th amendment • July 22, 1868July 22, 1868 Rufus B. Bullock, governor. Rufus B. Bullock, governor.

July 25, 1868July 25, 1868 Congress approves Georgia's Congress approves Georgia's readmission to the United States but adjourns before readmission to the United States but adjourns before Georgia's Senators could be seated. Georgia's Senators could be seated. September, 1868September, 1868 Legislature expels 28 Black members. Legislature expels 28 Black members. Four are so light skinned that it is not possible to Four are so light skinned that it is not possible to determine if they meet the 1/8 requirement and they are determine if they meet the 1/8 requirement and they are left alone. left alone. 18681868 Georgia's Representatives seated in congress. Georgia's Representatives seated in congress. March 10-18, 1869March 10-18, 1869 legislature rejects 14th amendment legislature rejects 14th amendment March, 1869March, 1869 Georgia's Representatives barred from Georgia's Representatives barred from their seats in congress. Georgia's Senators were never their seats in congress. Georgia's Senators were never seated. seated. June 28, 1869June 28, 1869 Rufus B. Bullock leases Grant, Alexander Rufus B. Bullock leases Grant, Alexander and Co. all convicts in the Georgia penitentiary for two and Co. all convicts in the Georgia penitentiary for two years. years.

Third Reconstruction Third Reconstruction – December, 1869December, 1869 United States Army reoccupies United States Army reoccupies

Georgia. General Alfred H. Terry military governor. Georgia. General Alfred H. Terry military governor. January, 1870January, 1870 Terry's Purge. Blacks returned to Terry's Purge. Blacks returned to legislature and 29 whites removed. legislature and 29 whites removed. February, 1870February, 1870 Fifteenth amendment ratified at point Fifteenth amendment ratified at point of Terry's bayonets. of Terry's bayonets. July 15, 1870July 15, 1870 Georgia readmitted to the United States. Georgia readmitted to the United States. October, 1870October, 1870 Bullock secretly resigns and flees Bullock secretly resigns and flees Georgia. Georgia. October 30, 1871October 30, 1871 Benjamin Conley, President of Benjamin Conley, President of Senate and acting governor. Senate and acting governor. December 14, 1871December 14, 1871 Governor authorized to farm Governor authorized to farm convicts out for not less than one year or more than two convicts out for not less than one year or more than two years. The lease to Grant, Alexander and Co. which years. The lease to Grant, Alexander and Co. which had expired on June 28, 1871 is extended until April 1, had expired on June 28, 1871 is extended until April 1, 1871. 1871. December, 1871December, 1871 Special election called to replace Special election called to replace Bullock. Bullock. 18721872 United States forces evacuate Georgia. Georgia United States forces evacuate Georgia. Georgia was the last State readmitted to the United States. was the last State readmitted to the United States.