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What You Will Learn…

266 CHAPTER 8

1 Jeff erson Becomes President

Thomas Jefferson’s election began a new era in American government.

The Big Idea

1. The election of 1800 marked the first peaceful transition in power from one political party to another.

2. President Jefferson’s beliefs about the federal government were reflected in his policies.

3. Marbury v. Madison increased the power of the judicial branch of government.

Main Ideas

Key Terms and PeopleJohn Adams, p. 266Thomas Jefferson, p. 266John Marshall, p. 270Marbury v. Madison, p. 270judicial review, p. 270

You are a Maryland voter from a frontier district—and you are

tired! For days, you and your friends have been wrangling over the

presidential election. Who shall it be—John Adams or Thomas Jef-

ferson? Your vote depends on your personal judgment.

Which candidate would you choose for president?

BUILDING BACKGROUND John Adams had not been a popular president, but many still admired his ability and high principles. Both he and Thomas Jefferson had played major roles in winning indepen-dence and shaping the new government. Now, political differences sharply divided the two men and their supporters. In the election of 1800, voters were also divided.

The Election of 1800In the presidential election of 1800, Federalists John Adams and Charles C. Pinckney ran against Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. Each party believed that the American republic’s survival depended upon the success of their candidates. With so much at stake, the election was hotly contested.

Unlike today, candidates did not travel around giving speeches. Instead, the candidates’ supporters made their arguments in letters and newspaper editorials. Adams’s supporters claimed that Jeffer-son was a pro-French radical. Put Jefferson in offi ce, they warned, and the violence and chaos of the French Revolution would sure-ly follow in the United States. Plus, Federalists argued, Jefferson’s interest in science and philosophy proved that he wanted to destroyorganized religion.

Democratic-Republican newspapers responded that Adams wanted to crown himself king. What else, they asked, could be the purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts? Republicans also hinted that Adams would use the newly created permanent army to limit Americans’ rights.

If YOU were there...

Use the graphic organizer online to take notes on the election of 1800, Jefferson’s beliefs and policies, and how the power of the judicial branch changed during Jefferson’s time in office.

6-8_SNLAESE484693_C08S1-4.indd 266 7/2/10 1:16:27 PM

When the election results came in, Jefferson and Burr had won 73 electoral votes each to 65 for Adams and 64 for Pinckney. The Democratic-Republicans had won the elec-tion, but the tie between Jefferson and Burr caused a problem. Under the Constitution at that time, the two candidates with the most votes became president and vice president. The decision went to the House of Represen-tatives, as called for in the Constitution.

The House, like the electoral college, also deadlocked. Days went by as vote after vote was called, each ending in ties. Exhausted

lawmakers put their heads on their desks and slept between votes. Some napped on the fl oor.

Jefferson fi nally won on the thirty-sixth vote. The election marked the fi rst time that one party had replaced another in power in the United States.

The problems with the voting system led Congress to propose the Twelfth Amendment. This amendment created a separate ballot for president and vice president.

READING CHECK Analyzing Information What was significant about Jefferson’s victory?

Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans• Rule by the people• Strong state governments• Emphasis on agriculture• Strict interpretation of the Constitution• French alliance

Jefferson and running mate Burr receive 73 votes each.

• Peaceful change of political power from one party to another• The tied race led to the Twelfth Amendment (1804), which created

a separate ballot for president and vice president.

Adams receives 65 votes, and Pinckney receives 64 votes.

John Adams and the Federalists• Rule by wealthy class• Strong federal government• Emphasis on manufacturing• Loose interpretation of the Constitution• British alliance

THE JEFFERSON ERA 267

The Election of 1800

Election Results


268 CHAPTER 8

Jefferson’s PoliciesWhen Jefferson took offi ce, he brought with him a style and political ideas different from those of Adams and Washington. Jefferson was less formal than his predecessors, and he wanted to limit the powers of government.

Jefferson Is Inaugurated Americans looked forward with excitement to Jefferson’s fi rst speech as president. People from across the nation gathered in the new capital, Washington, D.C., to hear him. Curi-ous travelers looked with pride at the par-tially completed Capitol building and at the executive mansion (not yet called the White House). The two buildings dominated the surrounding homes and forests.

Small businesses dotted the landscape. At one of these, a modest boardinghouse, the president-elect was putting the fi nishing touches on his speech. On the morning of March 4, 1801, he left the boardinghouse and walked to the Capitol. The leader of a republic, Jefferson believed, should not ride in fancy carriages.

Jefferson read his speech in a quiet voice. He wanted to make it clear that he supported

the will of the majority. He also stressed the need for a limited government and the pro-tection of civil liberties.

From these humble surroundings in which Jefferson delivered his speech, Washington eventually grew into a large and impressive city. Over the years, the Capitol and the executive mansion were joined by other state buildings and monuments. Jefferson, who had long dreamed of a new national capital that would be independent of the interests of any one state, was pleased to be a part of this process of building a federal city.

Jefferson in Offi ce President Jefferson faced the task of putting his republican ideas into practice. One of his fi rst actions was to select the members of his cabinet. His choices included James Madison as secretary of state and Albert Gallatin as sec-retary of the treasury.

Jefferson would also benefi t from the Democratic-Republican Party’s newly won control of both houses of Congress. At Jef-ferson’s urging, Congress allowed the hated Alien and Sedition Acts to expire. Jefferson

SPEECH

Jefferson’s Inaugural AddressOn March 4, 1801, Thomas Jefferson gave his first inaugural address. In the following excerpt, Jefferson describes his thoughts on the nation’s future.

“Let us, then, fellow citizens, unite with one heart and one mind . . . [E]very difference of opinion is not a dif-ference of principle. We have called by different names brethren1 of the same principle. We are all republicans; we are all federalists.”“Still one thing more, fellow citizens, a wise and frugal 2

Government, which shall restrain men from injuring one another, shall leave them otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement, and shall not take from the mouth of labor the bread it has earned. This is the sum of good government . . . ”1. brethren: brothers 2. frugal: thrifty

Primary Source

Here Jefferson states his opinion of what is essential to good government.

Inaugural AddressBy using phrases like these, Jefferson tries to reassure his politi-cal opponents.

to good government.

This phrase shows Jefferson’s deter-mination to keep government small.

A monument to Thomas Jefferson

was completed in 1943 and

is one of the most frequently

visited sites in Washington, D.C.

THE IMPACT

TODAY

ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES

What words and phrases indicate Jefferson’s support for a small national government?

ANALYSIS

SKILL


lowered military spending and reduced the size of the army. The navy was cut to seven active ships. Jefferson and Gallatin hoped that saving this money would allow the govern-ment to repay the national debt. Jefferson also asked Gallatin to fi nd ways to get rid of domestic taxes, like the tax on whiskey. The Democratic-Republican–led Congress passed the laws needed to carry out these policies.

The entire national government in 1801 consisted only of several hundred people. Jefferson preferred to keep it that way. He believed that the primary functions of the federal government were to protect the nation from foreign threats, deliver the mail, and collect customs duties.

Jefferson did recognize that some of the Federalist policies—such as the creation of the Bank of the United States—should be kept. Although Jefferson had battled Hamilton over the Bank, as president he agreed to leave it in place.

READING CHECK Summarizing What policy changes did Democratic-Republicans introduce, and which Federalist policies did Jefferson keep?

Marbury v. MadisonAlthough Republicans controlled the presi-dency and Congress, Federalists dominated the federal judiciary. In an effort to continue their control over the judiciary, Federalist legislators passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 shortly before their terms of offi ce ended. This act created 16 new federal judgeships that President Adams fi lled with Federalists before leaving offi ce. The Republican press called these people midnight judges, arguing that Adams had packed the judiciary with Federalists the night before he left offi ce.

Some of these appointments were made so late that the documents that authorized them had not been delivered by the time Adams left offi ce. This led to controversy once Jefferson took offi ce. William Marbury, named as a justice of the peace by Presi-dent Adams, did not receive his documents before Adams left offi ce. When Jefferson took offi ce, Marbury demanded the documents. On Jefferson’s advice, however, the new secretary of state, James Madison, refused to deliver them. Jefferson argued that the appointment of the midnight judges was not valid.

Marbury v. Madison(1803)

Background of the Case Shortly before Thomas Jefferson took office, John Adams had appointed William Marbury to be a justice of the peace. Adams had signed Marbury’s commission, but it was never delivered. Marbury sued to force Madison to give him the commission.

The Court’s RulingThe Court ruled that the law Marbury based his claim on was unconstitutional.

The Court’s ReasoningThe Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the Supreme Court the authority to hear a wide variety of cases, including those like Marbury’s. But the Supreme Court ruled that Congress did not have the power to make such a law. Why? Because the Constitution limits the types of cases the Supreme Court can hear. Thus, the law was in conflict with the Constitution and had to be struck down.

Why It MattersMarbury v. Madison was important for several reasons. It confirmed the Supreme Court’s power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional. By doing so, it established the Court as the final authority on the Constitution. This helped make the judicial branch of government equal to the other two branches. Chief Justice John Marshall

and later federal judges would use this

power of judicial review as a check on the

legislative and executive branches.


ACADEMIC VOCABULARYfunctions uses or purposes

ANALYZING INFORMATION

1. What do you think it means to be the final authority on the Constitution? 2. How did Marbury v. Madison affect the Constitution’s system of checks

and balances?

ANALYSIS

SKILL


ONLINE QUIZ

Marbury brought suit, ask-ing the Supreme Court to order Madison to deliver the appointment papers. Marbury claimed that the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the Supreme Court the power to do so.

John Marshall, a Federal-ist appointed by John Adams, was the chief justice of the United States. Chief Justice Mar-shall and President Jefferson dis-agreed about many political issues. When Marshall agreed to hear Marbury’s case, Jefferson protested, saying that the Federalists “have retired into the judiciary as a strong-hold.” Marshall wrote the Court’s opinion in Marbury v. Madison, a case that helped establish the Supreme Court’s power to check the power of the other branches of government. The Constitution, Chief Jus-tice Marshall noted, gave the Supreme Court authority to hear only certain types of cases. A request like Marbury’s was not one of them. The law that Marbury’s case depended upon was, therefore, unconstitutional.

In denying Marbury’s request in this way, the Court avoided a direct confronta-tion with Jefferson’s adminis-

tration. But more importantly, it established the Court’s power

of judicial review, the power to declare an act of Congress unconsti-

tutional. Marshall and later federal judges would use this power of judicial review to make the judiciary a much stronger part of the national government.

READING CHECK Analyzing Information Why was Marbury v. Madison an important ruling?

SUMMARY AND PREVIEW A peaceful transfer of power took place in Wash-ington after the election of 1800. In the next section you will read about the Louisiana Purchase.

Section 1 Assessment

Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People 1. a. Identify What were the political parties in the

election of 1800, and who were their candidates? b. Analyze Why was the election of 1800 signifi cant? 2. a. Describe What ideas for government did

Thomas Jefferson stress in his inaugural address? b. Compare and Contrast What similarities and

differences did Jefferson’s Republican government have with the previous Federalist one?

c. Elaborate Defend Jefferson’s preference for keeping the national government small.

3. a. Identify Who was John Marshall? b. Draw Conclusions Why is the power of judicial

review important? c. Predict How might the Marbury v. Madison

ruling affect future actions by Congress?

Critical Thinking 4. Categorizing Review your notes on Jefferson’s

beliefs and policies. Then copy the graphic orga-nizer below and show how Jefferson brought change through his policies.

270 CHAPTER 8

John Marshall served as chief justice of the United States for 34 years.

Federalist Policies Republican Policies

Jefferson as President

FOCUS ON WRITING

5. Gathering Ideas about a Person’s Accomplish-ments Look back through what you have just read to see what you have learned about Jefferson’s decisions in offi ce. Make a list of the traits you think each decision shows in Jefferson.



B I O G R A P H Y

1767 Begins practicing law in Virginia

1769–1776 Serves in Virginia House of Burgesses

1776 Drafts the first version of the Declaration of Independence

1789 Appointed secretary of state by George Washington

1801 Inaugurated as president

1803 Authorizes the purchase of Louisiana from France

1809 Retires to Monticello

KEY EVENTSThomas JeffersonHow would you inspire people to seek freedom?When did he live? He was born on April 13, 1743. He died on July 4, 1826, within hours of the death of President John Adams, his rival and friend. The date was also the fi ftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.

Where did he live? He was born in Albemarle County, Virginia, where he inherited a large estate from his father. At age 26 he began building his elegant lifetime home, Monticello, which he designed himself. He spent much of his life away from home, in Philadelphia; Washington, D.C.; and Europe. Yet he always longed to return to his peaceful home.

What did he do? Jefferson wanted only three of his accomplishments listed on his tomb: author of the Declaration of American Independence, author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, and Father of the University of

Virginia. What did he not mention? Governor of Virginia, lawyer, Revolutionary leader, writer, philosopher, inventor, architect, plant scientist, book collector, musician, astronomer, ambassador, secretary of state—and, of course, president of the United States.

Why is he important? Jefferson’s powerful words in the Declaration of Indepen-dence have inspired people throughout the world to seek freedom, equality, and self-rule.

His most celebrated achievement as president (1801–1809) was the purchase of the

Louisiana Territory from France. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 nearly

doubled the size of the United States. Jefferson then spon-sored the Lewis and Clark expedition to explore this new territory.

Evaluating Why has Thomas Jefferson been a hero to generations of Americans?

Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Indepen-dence and later served as president of the United States.


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SECTIONSECTION2What You Will Learn…

If YOU were there...

The Louisiana Purchase

272 CHAPTER 8

1. As American settlers moved West, control of the Missis-sippi River became more im-portant to the United States.

2. The Louisiana Purchase almost doubled the size of the United States.

3. Expeditions led by Lewis, Clark, and Pike increased Americans’ understanding of the West.

Key Terms and PeopleLouisiana Purchase, p. 274Meriwether Lewis, p. 275William Clark, p. 275Lewis and Clark expedition, p. 275Sacagawea, p. 276Zebulon Pike, p. 276

Under President Jefferson’s leadership, the United States added the Louisiana Territory.

The Big Idea

Main Ideas You and your family live on a small farm in Kentucky in about 1800.

Raised on the frontier, you are a skillful hunter and trapper. One

day at the trading post, you see a poster calling for volunteers to

join the Corps of Discovery. This expedition will explore the vast

region west of the Mississippi River. You think it would be exciting—

but dangerous. You might never come home.

Would you volunteer to join the Corps of Discovery?

BUILDING BACKGROUND As the 1800s began, the United States was expanding steadily westward. More lands were opened, and settlers moved in to occupy them. Americans were also curious about the vast lands that lay farther West. Adventurous explorers organized expeditions to find out more about those lands.

American Settlers Move WestBy the early 1800s, thousands of Americans settled in the area between the Appalachians and the Mississippi River. As the region’s population grew, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio were admitted to the Union. Settlers in these states depended upon the Mississippi and Ohio rivers to move their products to eastern markets.

New Orleans, located at the mouth of the Mississippi, was a very important port. Its busy docks were fi lled with settlers’ farm products and valuable furs bought from American Indians. Many of these cargoes were then sent to Europe. At the same time, manufac-tured goods passed through the port on their way upriver. As Ameri-can dependence on the river grew, Jefferson began to worry that a foreign power might shut down access to New Orleans.

“There is on the globe one single spot, the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy. It is New Orleans, through which the produce of three-eighths of our territory must pass to market.”

—Thomas Jefferson, quoted in Annals of America, Volume 4, 1797–1820

Use the graphic organizer online to take notes on the events leading up to the Louisiana Purchase and the exploration that followed.


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Spain controlled both New Orleans and Louisiana. This region stretched west from the mighty Mississippi River to the great Rocky Mountains. Although Spain owned Louisiana, Spanish offi cials found it impos-sible to keep Americans out of the territory. “You can’t put doors on open country,” the foreign minister said in despair.

Years of effort failed to improve Spain’s position. Under a secret treaty, Spain agreed to trade Louisiana to France, passing the prob-lem on to someone else. One Spanish offi cer expressed his relief. “I can hardly wait to leave them [the Americans] behind me,” he said.

READING CHECK Analyzing Information Why was New Orleans important to settlers in the western regions of the United States?

LouisianaIn 1802, just before handing over Louisi-ana to France, Spain closed New Orleans to American shipping. Angry farmers worried about what this would do to the economy. President Jefferson asked the U.S. ambassa-dor to France, Robert R. Livingston, to try to buy New Orleans. Jefferson sent James Mon-roe to help Livingston.

Napoléon and LouisianaFrance was led by Napoléon (nuh-POH-lee-uhn) Bonaparte, a powerful ruler who had con-quered most of Europe. He wished to rebuild France’s empire in North America.

Napoléon’s strategy was to use the French colony of Haiti, in the Caribbean, as a supply

The Louisiana Purchase and Western Expeditions

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New Orleans was founded by the French in 1718. Over time, it became home to many languages and cultures.

INTERPRETING MAPS

1. Location What major port city was located at the southern tip of the Louisiana Territory?

2. Human-Environment Interaction Why might Lewis and Clark have followed the Missouri River?

GEOGRAPHY

SKILLS


base. From there he could send troops to Loui-siana. However, enslaved Africans had revolted and freed themselves from French rule. Napoléon sent troops to try to regain control of the island, but they were defeated in 1802. This defeat ended his hopes of rebuilding a North American empire.

Jefferson Buys LouisianaThe American ambassador got a surprising offer during his negotiations with French foreign minister Charles Talleyrand. When the Americans tried to buy New Orleans, Talleyrand offered to sell all of Louisiana.

With his hopes for a North American empire dashed, Napoléon had turned his atten-tion back to Europe. France was at war with Great Britain, and Napoléon needed money for military supplies. He also hoped that a larger United States would challenge British power.

Livingston and Monroe knew a bargain when they saw one. They quickly accepted the French offer to sell Louisiana for $15 million.

The news pleased Jefferson. But as a strict constructionist, he was troubled. The Con-stitution did not mention the purchase of foreign lands. He also did not like spending large amounts of public money. Nevertheless, Jefferson agreed to the purchase in the belief that doing so was best for the country.

On October 20, 1803, the Senate approved the Louisiana Purchase agreement, whichroughly doubled the size of the United States. With the $15 million in the French treasury, Napoléon boasted, “I have given England a rival who, sooner or later, will humble her pride.”

READING CHECK Making Inferences Why was the Louisiana Purchase important to the future of the United States?

274 CHAPTER 8

The time line and photographs you see here show some of the key events and places of the Lewis and Clark expedi-tion. Read the journal entries to get an idea of what the explorers faced.

May 14, 1804

Small boats helped the travelers move suppliesacross the Great Plains.

A large keelboat and two smaller boats were needed to get the supply-heavy expedition moving west.

The expedition establishes Fort Mandan to spend the winter. There, the explorers meet a French fur trader and his wife, Sacagawea.

The first official council between representatives of the United States and Plains Indians is held.

The expedition begins near St. Louis.

August 3, 1804 October 1804 – April 1805

The Journey West

VIDEOWinter with the Mandan


Explorers Head WestAmericans knew little about western Native Americans or the land they lived on. Presi-dent Jefferson wanted to learn more about the people and land of the West. He also wanted to see if there was a river route that could be taken to the Pacifi c Ocean.

Lewis and Clark Expedition In 1803 the president asked Congress to fund an expedition to explore the West. To lead it, he chose former army captain Meriwether Lewis. Lewis then chose his friend Lieuten-ant William Clark to be the co-leader of the expedition.

To prepare for the journey, Lewis spent weeks studying with experts about plants, surveying, and other subjects. This knowledge would allow him to take careful notes on what

he saw. With Clark, Lewis carefully selected about 50 skilled frontiersmen to join the Corps of Discovery, as they called their group.

In May 1804 the Lewis and Clark expedition began its long journey to explore the Louisiana Purchase. The Corps of Discovery traveled up the Missouri River to the village of St. Charles. Once past this village the men would receive no more let-ters, fresh supplies, or reinforcements.

Lewis and Clark used the Missouri River as their highway through the unknown lands. As they moved upstream, a look-out on the boats kept a sharp eye out for sandbars and for tree stumps hidden underwater. When darkness fell, the weary explorers would pull their boats ashore. They cooked, wrote in their journals, and slept. Swarms of gnats, fl ies, and mosquitoes often interrupted their sleep.


The explorers paddled down the Columbia River toward the Pacific in five canoes.The expedition relied on

24 horses to cross the Rocky Mountains.

The expedition reaches a bay of the Pacific Ocean.

The expedition nearly starves. Local peoples help the explorers.

Lewis climbs the first ridge to the Continental Divide.

August 12, 1805 September 1805 November 7, 1805

READING TIME LINES

On what date did the explorers reach thewesternmost point of their journey?

ANALYSIS

SKILL


276 CHAPTER 8

Insects were not the only cause of sleep-lessness for the Corps of Discovery. As weeks passed without seeing any Native Ameri-cans, the explorers wondered what their fi rst encounter would be like.

Contact with Native Americans During the summer of 1804 the Corps of Discovery had pushed more than 600 miles upriver without seeing any Native Ameri-cans. But when the men spotted huge buf-falo herds in the distance, they guessed that Indian groups would be nearby. Many Indi-an groups depended on the buffalo for food, clothing, and tools.

Lewis used interpreters to talk to the lead-ers of each of the peoples they met. He told them that the United States now owned the land on which the Native Americans lived. Yet the explorers relied on the goodwill of the peo-ple they met. Sacagawea (sak-uh-juh-WEE-uh),

a Shoshone from the Rocky Mountains, accompanied the group with her husband, a French fur trader who lived with the Mandan Indians and served as a guide and interpreter. Sacagawea helped the expedition by naming plants and by gathering edible fruits and veg-etables for the group. At one point, the group met with Sacagawea’s brother, who provided horses and a guide to lead the expedition across the mountains.

After crossing the Rocky Mountains, Lewis and Clark followed the Columbia River. Along the way they met the powerful Nez Percé. Like the Shoshone, the Nez Percé provided the expedition with food. At last, in November 1805, Lewis and Clark reached the Pacifi c Ocean. The explorers stayed in the Pacifi c Northwest during the rough win-ter. In March 1806 Lewis and Clark set out on the long trip home.

Lewis and Clark had not found a river route across the West to the Pacifi c Ocean. But they had learned much about western lands and paths across the Rockies. The explorers also established contact with many Native Ameri-can groups and collected much valuable infor-mation about western plants and animals.

Pike’s ExplorationIn 1806 a young army offi cer named Zebulon Pike was sent on another mission to the West. He was ordered to fi nd the start-ing point of the Red River. This was impor-tant because the United States considered the Red River to be a part of the Louisiana Territory’s western border with New Spain.

Heading into the Rocky Mountains, in present-day Colorado, Pike tried to reach the summit of the mountain now known as Pikes Peak. In 1807 he traveled into Spanish-held lands until Spanish cavalry arrested him. They suspected Pike of being a spy. When he was fi nally released, he returned to the United States and reported on his trip. Despite his imprisonment, he praised the opportunities for doing business with the Spanish in the Southwest. Pike’s

JOURNAL ENTRY

September 17, 1804, Great PlainsWhile traveling across the Great Plains, Meriwether Lewis marveled at the richness of the land.

Primary Source

“The shortness . . . of grass gave the plain the

appearance throughout its whole extent of beau-

tiful bowling-green in fine order . . . this scenery,

already rich, pleasing, and beautiful was still

farther heightened by immense herds of Buffaloe,

deer Elk and Antelopes which we saw in every

direction feeding on the hills and plains. I do not

think I exaggerate when I estimate the number

of Buffalo which could be compre[hend]ed at one

view to amount to 3000.”

—Meriwether Lewis, quoted in Original Journals of the Lewis and

Clark Expedition, edited by Reuben Bold Theraites

ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES

What did Lewis find so impressive about the Great Plains?

ANALYSIS

SKILL


WA

OR

CA

NV

ID

UT

AZ NM

TX

OK

KS

NE

CO

WY

MT ND

SDMN

IA

MO

AR

LAMS AL GA

FL

SC

NC

VA

TN

KY

IL

WIMI

IN OH

PA

WV

NY

ME

NJCT

RI

VTNH

MA

DEMD

ah06se_c07scl005baLouisiana Purchase Locator

Middle School -– American HistoryHRW

F1 proof: 10/29/04Approved: 11/11/04

Louisiana Purchase

ONLINE QUIZ

Critical Thinking 4. Sequencing Review your notes on the Louisiana

Purchase. Then copy the graphic organizer below and use it to rank the three most important effects of the Louisiana Purchase, from most important to least important, and explain why you chose that order.

report offered many Americans their fi rst description of the Southwest.

READING CHECK Supporting a Point of View What would you do if you were Pike and found yourself in Spanish territory?

SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The Louisiana Purchase nearly doubled the size of the United States. In the next section you will learn about increasing tensions between the United States and Great Britain.

LINKING TODAYTO

Section 2 Assessment

Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People 1. a. Identify What new states were added to

the Union by the early 1800s? b. Explain Why were New Orleans and the Missis-

sippi River important to settlers in the West? 2. a. Recall What two reasons did Napoléon have for

selling Louisiana to the United States? b. Summarize Why was the Louisiana Purchase

important to the United States? c. Predict What are some possible results of

expansion into the Louisiana Purchase? 3. a. Describe What areas did the Lewis and Clark

expedition and the Pike expedition explore? b. Draw Conclusions Why were Meriwether

Lewis and William Clark chosen to lead the exploration of the Louisiana Purchase?


The Louisiana PurchaseWhen the Corps of Discovery headed west in 1804, an estimated30 million buffalo roamed the plains alongside 97,000 people, mostly Native Americans. Since that time the numbers have reversed. Today nearly 40 million people call the lands of the Louisiana Purchase home. In contrast, the buffalo, which had been driven nearlyto extinction by the late 1800s, has recovered to a populationof approximately 15,000 in the wild.

ANALYZING INFORMATION

Other than agricultural goods, what types of valuable resources are found in the former Louisiana Purchase?

ANALYSIS

SKILL

Natural Resources oil, natural gas, coal, gemstones, copper, iron ore, lead, zinc, silver, limestone, sulphur, diamonds, helium

Major Agricultural and Livestock Productionrice, cattle, chicken, hogs, corn, wheat, sugarcane, cotton, dairy products, hay

Importance Why

1.2.3.

5. Gathering Information about a Person’s Actions Make a list of Jefferson’s actions—the ones that would put him on that top-ten list. Add any new character traits you have discovered.

FOCUS ON WRITING


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