Section 1: Growth of Royal Power in England and France

Aim: How did English kings emerge and through what methods did they begin to centralize?

Do Now: 1. Pass up homework 2. If you became king of an island today, what

methods would you use to CENTRALIZE control?

Chapter 8: The High and Late Middle Ages (1050-

1450)

Section 1: Royal Power Grows

Medieval Power

Medieval monarchs struggled to exert royal authority over nobles and churchmen

Monarchs built nation-states

Nation-states- regions that share a government and that are independent of other states

Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church

Monarchs in Europe stood at the head of society and had limited power

Nobles had as much power as monarchs did in the Church

Both nobles and the Church had their own courts, collected their own taxes, and fielded their own armies

Monarchs during the High Middle Ages began to gain more power than the church, they organized government bureaucracies, developed tax systems, and built standing armies

Townspeople supported royal rulers

English Kings Strengthen Their Power

A feudal society developed in England

In 1066, the Anglo-Saxon king, Edward, died without an heir

England decided that Edward’s brother-in-law Harold was to rule after him

But, William the Duke of Normandy of France also claimed the English throne William was related to King Edward and

said Edward promised him the throne This causes a rival

William, Duke of Normandy

William started an army and also gained backing of the pope

William sailed to England

Battle of Hastings

William won, became known as William the Conqueror

Nobles from France dominated England

For the next 300 years there was a blend of French and Anglo-Saxon customs, languages, and traditions

William’s Power in England

William wanted to control the land in England

William granted fiefs to the Church and to his lords

He monitored who people built castles and where

He required vassals to swear allegiance to him rather than to their feudal lord

Census called Domesday Book

King Henry II

English king

Expanded laws and customs and sent out justices to enforce those laws

Common law- a legal system based on custom and court rulings and impacted everyone who lived in England

Local officials collected a jury- a group of men sworn to speak the truth

King Henry and the Church

The rules that King Henry brought to England conflicted with the Church

Henry wanted clergy to be tried in courts

Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury opposed this

King Henry had Becket killed

Issues With Government and the Church

English rulers ideas clashed with the Church

The Church tried to extend its rights by raising taxes and imposing authority of feudal manors

Henry II’s son was King John

King John had three enemies: King Philip II of France, Pope Innocent III and the English nobles

John lost a war to Philip II and had to give up Normandy

John was also excommunicated by Pope Innocent III

Pope Innocent III also placed all of England under an interdict- the papal order that forbade Church services in an entire kingdom

Magna Carta

Under John’s rule there were oppressive taxes and other abuses of power

1215- baron forced John to sign the Magna Carta 1. Nobles had certain rights 2. The monarch must obey the

law 3. Townspeople had legal rights 4. Protections against wrongful

arrests Due process of law Habeas Corpus

Monarchs in France

French monarchs did not rule over a unified kingdom

French kings made the throne hereditary

Won support of the Church

Built an effective bureaucracy

The government collected taxes

Philip II

French king

Philip paid middle-class officials so that they would be loyal to him

Expanded the land

He had become the most powerful ruler in Europe

King Louis IX

Louis persecuted heretics

Persecuted Jews and led French knights in two Crusades

Church declared him a saint

Expanded royal courts, outlawed private wars, ended serfdom

Estates General

Existed in France

Three estates: Clergy, nobles, townspeople

Never gained the power of the purse

Section 2: The Holy Roman Empire and the Church

Church Power

Middle Ages- The Church spread its influence and increased its power across Europe.

1077- Conflicts between secular rulers and Church rulers.

Pope Gregory VII

Determined to make the church independent of secular rulers.

He banned the practice of lay investiture- when a lay person installed a bishop in office.

Emperor Henry IV (Germany)

Angered by Pope Gregory’s actions the two exchanged insulting notes.

How did the pope react? The pope (Gregory) excommunicated Henry Henry took revenge on Gregory by leading an

army to Rome and forced the pope into exile.

What is the significance of the 1122 Concordat of Worms? Treaty declared the Church had the sole power

to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority.

The Height of Church Power

Pope Innocent III- 1198

Why is he considered the most powerful pope of the Middle Ages? He excommunicated King John of England Placed the entire kingdom under interdict

Monarchs started to get stronger and centralized their power

Section 3: Europeans Look Outward

The Crusades What caused the

Crusades?

What council did Pope Urban II call after Emperor Alexius I ask him for help? Council of Clermont

Why did the pope agree to help? 1. Hoped to increase his

power 2. Heal schism (or, at

least try)

The Crusades

What motivated the Europeans to go fight in the Holy Land? Religious Zeal Many knights hoped to win wealth and land

The Crusades

Who was Saladin? Muslim leader who had control of Jerusalem

Who sacked Constantinople and why? Muslims

Why did Europeans lose the Crusades? Muslim armies overran the crusader states

The effects of the Crusades

Economic expansion- how?

Increased power of monarchs- how, why?

The Church- what changed?

A wider world view- how so?

Religious anger turned toward Jews- how, why?

The Reconquista in Spain

What was the Reconquista? North African Muslims (Moors) were in present day

Spain Christian kingdom expanded their borders The campaign to drive out Muslims from the

peninsula was known as Reconquista

What monarchs initiated it?

Ferdinand and Isabella

What were the effects of the Reconquista?

Ferdinand and Isabella wanted to bring unity to the diverse people

Especially religious unity

Jews and Muslims were no longer tolerated

What was the Inquisition? A Church court set up to try people accused of

heresy.

Section 4: Learning Literature and the Arts

Medieval Universities Why did they spring up in the Middle Ages? What

were their purpose?

Academic Guilds- what are they?

Cathedrals to train clergy

Student life What was it like to be a student?

Women and Education

Were women allowed to be educated, why or why not?

Christine de Pizan Writer born in Italy and moved to the French court The City of Ladies

Questioned several imaginary characters about men’s negative views on women

What role should women play according to men?

Christine de Pizan

“Not all men (and especially the wisest) share the opinion that it is bad for women to be educated. But it is very true that many foolish men have claimed this because it displeased them that women knew more than they did.”

― Christine de Pizan, The Book of the City of Ladies

Christine de Pizan

“How was she created? I'm not sure if you realize this, but it was in God's image. How can anybody dare to speak ill of something which bears such a noble imprint?”

― Christine de Pizan, The Book of the City of Ladies

“New Learning”

Spread of learning Who was responsible for bringing the interest of learning

back to the Europeans?

Philosophy Aristotle taught that people should use reason discover basic

truths Christians accepted many ideas on faith- clash To try to resolve conflict- Scholasticism used reason to

support Christian beliefs

Science and Mathematics Why did science not make many advancements during the

Middle Ages?

Medieval Literature

Writings began to appear in the vernacular

Literature included epics (long narrative poems)

Spain’s Poem of the Cid

Dante’s Divine Comedy Dante Alighieri takes the reader

through an imaginary journey into hell and purgatory where souls await forgiveness and then his vision of heaven

Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales

Band of English pilgrims traveling to Thomas Becket’s tomb

Characters each have story to tell

Arts and Architecture

Romanesque What did it look like?

Gothic What did Gothic Cathedrals look like? Why did they have stained glass windows?

Illuminated Manuscripts What were they and what was their purpose?

Romanesque Floor Plans

St. Filibert, France 10th Century

Interior of a Romanesque Cathedral

Gothic Cathedral

Gothic Floor Plans

Canterbury Cathedral, England

Interior of a Gothic Cathedral

Interior of a Gothic Cathedral

St. Etienne, Bourges, Late 12th Century

Flying Buttress!!

Flying Buttress

Cathedral Gargoyles

Stained Glass Windows

• For the glory of God.

• For religious instructions.

The Crucifixion

• Giotto

• 1305

• Tempera on wood and ground gold