section 1 - general physics

7/24/2019 Section 1 - General Physics

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PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICSSection 1 General Physics

General Physics

PAL (IGCSE) Physics

Revision Book - Section 1

Name: _________________________________

Teacher: _________________________________

DIPONT Educational Resource Science 1


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Syllabus Content_______________________________



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Syllabus Details________________________________

1.1 Length and timeCore

Use and describe the use of rules and measuring cylinders to calculate a lengthor a olume

THINGS TO REMEMBER...

!l"ays align your eye "ith the #osition being measured

This aoids #aralla$ errors

Use and describe the use of cloc%s and deices for measuring an interal of time


Remember there is al"ays a reaction time associated "ith using a

cloc% or sto#"atch

Supplement Use and describe the use of a mechanical method for the measurement of asmall distance &including use of a micrometer scre" gauge'

(icrometers are used to measure small distances accurately



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(easure and describe ho" to measure a short interal of time &including the#eriod of a #endulum'


)or measuring short interals of time &"hen each #eriod is thesame'* multi#le measurements can be ta%en and then aeraged

e+g+ Period of a #endulum , Time for -. oscillations / -.

1.2 Speed !elo"it# and a""elerationCore De0ne s#eed and calculate s#eed from total distance / total time

Symbol Definition SI

unit

Vector /

Scalar

Speed v or u See! " tot#$ !ist#nce % tot#$ ti&e &%s Sc#$#'

Plot and inter#ret a s#eed/time gra#h or a distance/time gra#h

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Recognise from the sha#e of a s#eed/time gra#h "hen a body is at rest

moing "ith constant s#eed moing "ith changing s#eed

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1alculate the area under a s#eed/time gra#h to "or% out the distance traelledfor motion "ith constant acceleration

Demonstrate some understanding that acceleration is related to changing s#eed

Symbol Definition SI unit Vector /

Scalar

cceleration a Acce$e'#tion" ch#n*e in ve$ocity o' see! % ti&e

&%s2 +ecto' (,o'ch#n*in* v)

State that the acceleration of free fall for a body near to the Earth is constant

$""eleration o% %ree %all near the Earth i& "on&tant

!ll ob2ects near the earth fall "ith a constant acceleration

The acceleration of free fall is NOT de#endent on mass

The acceleration is 3-.m/s4

Supplement Distinguish bet"een s#eed and elocity

Symbol Definition SI

unit

Vector /

ScalarDisplacement s ist#nce &ove! in #'tic.$#' !i'ection

,'o& # ,i/e! oint& +ecto'

Velocity v or u +e$ocity " ch#n*e in !is$#ce&ent % ti&e &%s +ecto'

Speed v or u See! " tot#$ !ist#nce % tot#$ ti&e &%s Sc#$#'

Speed ha& magnitude 'ut no dire"tion ( SC$L$R)elo"it# ha& magnitude and dire"tion ( )ECTOR



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Recognise linear motion for "hich the acceleration is constant and calculate theacceleration

$""eleration i& "on&tant i%...

! constant resultant force acts

o Eg+ Ob2ects falling in a acuum

E5uations that can be used for constant acceleration+++

v=u+at

s=[(u+v)/2]/t

v2=u2+2as

s=ut+1/2at2

s=vt-1/2at2

Recognise motion for "hich the acceleration is not constant

$""eleration i& NOT "on&tant i%...

! arying resultant force acts

o Eg+

Ob2ects falling in air+ The air resistance increases "ith

elocity so the resultant force changes ! car accelerating+ !s the elocity of the car

increases the air resistance also increases* so theresultant force changes+

Describe 5ualitatiely the motion of bodies falling in a uniform graitational 0eld

"ith and "ithout air resistance &including reference to terminal elocity'



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1.* Ma&& and +eightCore Sho" familiarity "ith the idea of the mass of a body State that "eight is a force

Demonstrate understanding that "eights &and hence masses' may be com#aredusing a balance

Supplement Demonstrate an understanding that mass is a #ro#erty that 6resists7 change in

motion



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Describe* and use the conce#t of "eight as the e8ect of a graitational 0eld ona mass

! graitational 0eld sho"s a region in "hich a mass "ill feel a force

due to another mass nearby The Earth is a ery large mass so a strong graitational 0eld e$ists

around it

9eight is the force acting on a mass due to the Earth7s graitational

0eld

1., -en&it#Core Describe an e$#eriment to determine the density of a li5uid and of a regularlysha#ed solid and ma%e the necessary calculation

-ensity (k*%&3) " #ss (k*)

+o$.&e (&3)

-ensity (k*%&3) " #ss (k*)

+o$.&e (&3)

e#s.'in* ensity o, # Li.i!

1&$

2&$

3&$

4&$

5&$

25*

e#s.'in* cy$in!e' to

&e#s.'e the vo$.&e

B#$#nce to &e#s.'e the ss o, the

$i.i!(Re&e&e' ss o, $i.i! " &e#s.'e!

ss 7 ss o, &e#s.'in* cy$in!e')



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e#s.'in* ensity o, # Re*.$#' Sh#e! 89ect

25*

e#s.'e the !i&ensions (hei*ht: $en*th

#n! ;i!th) #n! c#$c.$#te the vo$.&e+o$.&e " hei*ht / $en*th / ;i!th


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1. /a0 Ee"t& o% %or"e&Core State that a force may #roduce a change in si:e and sha#e of a body

Plot e$tension/load gra#hs and describe the associated e$#erimental #rocedure



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Describe the "ays in "hich a force may change the motion of a body

)ind the resultant of t"o or more forces acting along the same line



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Supplement Inter#ret e$tension/load gra#hs

State ;oo%e7s


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Recall and use the relation bet"een force* mass and acceleration &including thedirection'

RE(E(=ER>o !cceleration is a ector and so has direction

o )orce is a ector and so has direction

Describe 5ualitatiely motion in a cured #ath due to a #er#endicular force

&F , mv2

/r is not re5uired'



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1. /'0 Turning ee"tCore Describe the moment of a force as a measure of its turning e8ect and gieeeryday e$am#les

Describe 5ualitatiely the balancing of a beam about a #iotSupplement Perform and describe an e$#eriment &inoling ertical forces' to sho" thatthere is no net moment on a body in e5uilibrium !##ly the idea of o##osing moments to sim#le systems in e5uilibrium

1. /"0 Condition& %or euili'riumCore State that* "hen there is no resultant force and no resultant turning e8ect* asystem is in e5uilibrium

3OR $ S4STEM IN E56ILIBRI6M7 There i& no re&ultant %or"e and noturning ee"t



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1. /d0 Centre o% ma&&Core Perform and describe an e$#eriment to determine the #osition of the centre ofmass of a #lane lamina

=#n* the $#&in# ,'ee$y

=#n* # $.& $ine ,'o& the osition the $#&in# is h#n* ,'o&

'#; # $ine #$on* the $.& $ine Re#eat this #rocedure for another #osition

Describe 5ualitatiely the e8ect of the #osition of the centre of mass on thestability of sim#le ob2ects



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1. /e0 S"alar& and !e"tor&Supplement Demonstrate an understanding of the di8erence bet"een scalars and ectorsand gie common e$am#les

SC$L$R )ECTORPro#erty "ith magnitude but nodirection

Pro#erty "ith magnitude and direction

E$am#le>S#eedDistancePressure!rea?olume9or%

E$am#le>?elocity!cceleration)orceDis#lacement

!dd ectors by gra#hical re#resentation to determine a resultant Determine gra#hically the resultant of t"o ?ectors

A!!in* vecto's y # *'#hic#$ &etho!

A c#' t'#ve$s 3k& no'th #n! then t.'ns !.e e#st #n! t'#ve$s #

,.'the' 4k& >h#t is it?s 'es.$t#nt !is$#ce&ent

3k&

4k&

Res.$t#nt -is$#ce&ent " 5k&

1.8 /a0 Energ#

Core Demonstrate an understanding that an ob2ect may hae energy due to itsmotion or its #osition* and that energy may be transferred and stored

Energy+++

cannot be created or destroyed

can be transferred from one form to another

can be stored in to be transferred later



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@ie e$am#les of energy in di8erent forms* including %inetic* graitational*chemical* strain* nuclear* internal* electrical* light and sound

Energ# T#pe E9ample

:ineti" Energ# (oing ob2ects &1ar'

Gra!itational ;otentialEnerg#

Raised ob2ects &9ater in a dam'

Chemi"al Energ# Energy stored in bonds &coal* oil'Strain Energ# Energy due to Ae$ing of materials &elastic band'

Nu"lear Energ# Energy associated "ith atomic nuclei &)issionreactors'

Internal Energ# Energy of materials %inetic from #articles moingB #otential from bonds

Ele"tri"al Energ# Energy from moing charges &electricity'Light Energ# Energy from Electromagnetic "aes &light* IR'

Sound Energ# Energy due to ibrating #articles &sound'

@ie e$am#les of the conersion of energy from one form to another* and of itstransfer from one #lace to another

!##ly the #rinci#le of energy conseration to sim#le e$am#les

@o' #ny ch#n*e to occ.' in n#t.'e ene'*y &.st e t'#ns,e''e!

Ene'*y is not c'e#te! o' !est'oye! it is ch#n*e! ,'o& one ,o'& into#nothe'



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Supplement Recall and use the e$#ressions %+e+ , C mv 4and #+e+ , mgh

yes o, Ene'*y 7 G'#vit#tion#$ Potenti#$ Ene'*y

=ei*ht

Be,o'e A,te'

G'#vit#tion#$ Potenti#$ Ene'*y (B) " #ss (k*) / St'en*th o, G'#vity (C%k*) / hei*ht &)

PE " &*h

D As #n o9ect is '#ise! in *#ins *'#vit#tion#$ otenti#$ ene'*y

D his is ene'*y #ssoci#te! ;ith *'#vity

yes o, Ene'*y 7 inetic Ene'*y

inetic Ene'*y () " 145 / #ss (k*) / ve$ocity (&%s)2

E " F &v2

D Any o9ect ;hich is &ovin* h#s #n #ssoci#te! ene'*y

D his ene'*y is c#$$e! inetic Ene'*y

+e$ocity

1.8 /'0 Energ# re&our"e&Core Distinguish bet"een rene"able and nonrene"able sources of energy

Non!rene"able:Ene'*y so.'ces th#t ;hen .se! c#nnot e 'e$#ce! (o' #t $e#st it ;i$$

t#ke &i$$ions o, ye#'s)e* Co#$: 8i$ #t.'#$ *#s

#ene"able:Ene'*y so.'ces ;hich c#n e .se! 'ee#te!$y ;itho.t ein* .se! .So$#' ene'*y: >in!: i!#$ etc



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Describe ho" electricity or other useful forms of energy may be obtained from> chemical energy stored in fuel

Coal "an 'e 'urnt to relea&e thermal energ# ( +hi"h heat&+ater and ma 1hemical Energy is conerted to %inetic energy &useful' B Thermal energy&"aste'



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Supplement Sho" an understanding that energy is released by nuclear fusion in the Sun

N$C% '$SI(N IN T)& S$N

In the S.n hy!'o*en n.c$ei ,.se to*ethe' to ,o'& he$i.& n.c$ei

In this 'ocess ene'*y is 'e$e#se!

Recall and use the e5uation> eciency , useful energy out#ut / energy in#ut H-..

&fficiency * useful output ener+y / useful input ener+y

Percenta+e &fficiency * , useful output ener+y / useful input ener+y - . 00

In the t'#ns,e' o, ene'*y ,'o& one ,o'& into #nothe': the'e ;i$$ #$;#ys e

$osses: no'$$y to he#t ene'*y

he e,,iciency o, the 'ocess te$$s .se ho; &.ch .se,.$ ene'*y ;e *et #n!

ho; &.ch is $ost



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1.8 /"0 >or


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1.@ ;re&&ureCore Relate &"ithout calculation' #ressure to force and area* using a##ro#riatee$am#les

Describe the sim#le mercury barometer and its use in measuring atmos#heric#ressure

he hei*ht o, the &e'c.'y co$.&n 'e$#tes to the #t&oshe'ic 'ess.'e

Relate &"ithout calculation' the #ressure beneath a li5uid surface to de#th andto density* using a##ro#riate e$am#les



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Use and describe the use of a manometer

Recall and use the e5uationp , F/A

Recall and use the e5uationp , hJg

section 1 - general physics

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