section 1. general physics course notes
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A-Level Course Notes: PHYSICSSECTION I: General Physics
SECTION I
General Physics
CIE A-Level [AS and A2]
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Course Notes
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Syllabus e!ails______________________
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"# Physical $uan!i!ies and %ni!s_______________
C&n!en!
"#" Physical 'uan!i!ies [AS]"#2 SI %ni!s [AS]
"#( The Av&)adr& c&ns!an! [A2]
"#* Scalars and vec!&rs [AS]
Learnin) &u!c&+es_____________________________________
Candida!es sh&uld be able !&,
(a) sh& an unders!andin) !ha! all .hysical 'uan!i!ies c&nsis! &/ a nu+erical
+a)ni!ude and a uni!
From the syllabus...
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(b) recall !he /&ll&in) SI base 'uan!i!ies and !heir uni!s, +ass 01)3 len)!h 0+3 !i+e
0s3 curren! 0A3 !e+.era!ure 043 a+&un! &/ subs!ance 0+&l
5ase $uan!i!y %ni! Sy+b&l
length meter m
mass kilogram kgtime second s
electric current ampere A
temperature kelvin
amount o! substance mole mol
(c) e6.ress derived uni!s as .r&duc!s &r 'u&!ien!s &/ !he SI base uni!s and use !he
na+ed uni!s lis!ed in !his syllabus as a..r&.ria!e
E6a+.le &/ derived uni!s
(d) use SI base uni!s !& chec1 !he h&+&)enei!y &/ .hysical e'ua!i&ns
"ach side o! an e#uation must have the same base units
F $ m % a
&N' $ &kg' &ms(2'
&mkgs(2' $ &kg' &ms(2'
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(e) sh& an unders!andin) &/ and use !he c&nven!i&ns /&r labellin) )ra.h a6es and
!able c&lu+ns as se! &u! in !he ASE .ublica!i&n Signs, Symbols and Systematics 0The
ASE Companion to 16–19 Science3 2777
CON8ENTIONS 9O: TA5LES 09r&+ !he syllabus
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CON8ENTIONS 9O: G:AP;S 09r&+ !he syllabus
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(f) use !he /&ll&in) .re/i6es and !heir sy+b&ls !& indica!e deci+al sub+ul!i.les &r
+ul!i.les &/ b&!h base and derived uni!s, .ic& 0.3 nan& 0n3 +icr& 0
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(j) dis!in)uish be!een scalar and vec!&r 'uan!i!ies and )ive e6a+.les &/ each
8ec!&r, uantity ith both magnitude and direction
Scalar, uantity ith only magnitude
() add and sub!rac! c&.lanar vec!&rs
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(l) re.resen! a vec!&r as !& .er.endicular c&+.&nen!s#
6"" 78" 69
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2# =easure+en! Techni'ues___________________
C&n!en!
2#" =easure+en!s2#2 Err&rs and uncer!ain!ies
Learnin) &u!c&+es_____________________________________
Candida!es sh&uld be able !&,
(a) use !echni'ues /&r !he +easure+en! &/ len)!h3 v&lu+e3 an)le3 +ass3 !i+e3
!e+.era!ure and elec!rical 'uan!i!ies a..r&.ria!e !& !he ran)es &/ +a)ni!ude
i+.lied by !he relevan! .ar!s &/ !he syllabus#
In .ar!icular3 candida!es sh&uld be able !&,
> +easure len)!hs usin) a ruler3 vernier scale and +icr&+e!er
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• :hen using a ruler; be care!ul o! paralla% errors
> +easure ei)h! and hence +ass usin) s.rin) and lever balances
> +easure an an)le usin) a .r&!rac!&r
> +easure !i+e in!ervals usin) cl&c1s3 s!&.a!ches and !he calibra!ed !i+e-
base &/ a ca!h&de-ray &scill&sc&.e 0c#r#
> +easure !e+.era!ure usin) a !her+&+e!er as a sens&r
> use a++e!ers and v&l!+e!ers i!h a..r&.ria!e scales> use a )alvan&+e!er in null +e!h&ds
A
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> use a ca!h&de-ray &scill&sc&.e 0c#r#
4E? CONT:OLS@#
• ime base, ime taken !or beam to pass through one hori>ontal division &6ec?div'
• @ertical ampli!ier gain, he vertical scale control &@olts?div'
> use a calibra!ed ;all .r&be
5asic S!ruc!ure &/ a ;all .r&be@
• A small piece o! semi(conductor material placed perpendicular to the
magnetic !ield
• A current is paced through the semi(conductor
• A voltage 8all voltageB is measured hich is proportional to the magnetic
!lu% density
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(b) use b&!h anal&)ue scales and di)i!al dis.lays
(c) use calibra!i&n curves
• ecord value !rom instrument
• Dse calibration curve to read o!! the corrected Ereal value
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• (d) sh& an unders!andin) &/ !he dis!inc!i&n be!een sys!e+a!ic err&rs
0includin) er& err&rs and rand&+ err&rs
:and&+ Err&rs, "rrors that can not be predicted.
Sys!e+a!ic Err&rs, "rrors hich are the same !or each measurement
(e) sh& an unders!andin) &/ !he dis!inc!i&n be!een .recisi&n and accuracy
Precisi&n, 6mall random error
Accura!e, 6mall systematic error
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(f) assess !he uncer!ain!y in a derived 'uan!i!y by si+.le addi!i&n &/ ac!ual3
/rac!i&nal &r .ercen!a)e uncer!ain!ies 0a ri)&r&us s!a!is!ical !rea!+en! is n&!
re'uired#
Absolute uncertainty, 6i>e o! an error and its units
Fractional uncertainty, Absolute uncertainty ? measurement7ercentage uncertainty, Fractional uncertainty % 100G
Addition and 6ubtraction
5. H0.)m I 3. H0.+m $ .+ H1.4m add absolute errorsB
). H0.)m ( 3. H0.+m $ 3.0 H1.4m add absolute errorsB
9ultiplication and Jivision
5.) H0.5m % 2.) H0.5m $ 15 HKKm
0.5 ? 5.) $ 0.0+ 0.5 ? 2.) $ 0.1
6um o! relative errors $ 0.2+
Absolute error $ 0.2+ % 15 $ 4.2m
FNAL AN6:" $ 15 H4 m
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