MULTIPLE CHOICE QUIZ

1. When Sally met with her book group for lunch, all five ladies ordered dessert afterwards, but Sally did not. If Sally had ordered dessert simply because the other ladies had, this would be an example of

A. conformity.B. compliance.C. obedience.D. persuasion.

2. Todd went to the Contemporary Museum of Art with a few people from work. There was one room that had only one painting. While looking at the piece, which was 15 feet high, 30 feet long, and all in the same color—various shades of fire engine red, Todd thought, "What is this? Is this art?" Meanwhile, his friends loved it, and went on and on about how it represented this and that. If Todd were to agree and actually believe that the painting was wonderful, this would be an example of

A. private obsequiousness.B. private acceptance.C. secret acceptance.D. uncertain quietude.

3. Solomon Asch conducted pioneering studies on the topic ofA. obedience.B. child abuse.C. attitude formation.D. conformity.

4. When a person conforms to gain acceptance, we say they are bowing toA. informational influence.B. qualitative influence.C. normative influence.D. proximal influence.

5. Concern for social image involves ____________ influence; the desire to be correct involves ____________ influence.

A. normative; informationalB. qualitative; proximalC. informational; normativeD. proximal; qualitative

6. Which of the following was not one of the predictors of conformity?A. group size.B. unanimity.C. no prior commitment.D. sleep deprivation.

7. People from _______________ countries are most likely to conform to those around them.A. CollectivistB. GentleC. IndividualistD. Violent

8. Which of the following are not variations of conformity?A. ComplianceB. obedience.C. forgiveness.D. acceptance.

9. Persuasion can be defined as

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A. a process aimed at changing a person's attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs.B. a change in behavior or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure.C. a process aimed at decreasing influence.D. a change in behavior or belief as a result of a direct order from someone.

10. Persuasion research has shown that, due to similarity, a person will be more persuaded byA. someone who is like them.B. someone who is dissimilar to them.C. someone who is taller than they are.D. someone who is shorter than they are.

11. When people are presented with information and they are naturally analytical or the information is highly involving, they are likely to be persuaded via the ________________ route to persuasion. When people are not engaged with the information, or they tend to make snap judgments, they are more likely to be persuaded via the _______________ route.

A. peripheral; centralB. elaborative; peripheralC. central; peripheralD. central; elaborative

12. Which route to persuasion is more likely to produce lasting change?A. The elaborative route to persuasion.B. The peripheral route to persuasion.C. The implicit route to persuasion.D. The central route to persuasion.

13. Regarding one of the elements of persuasion, credibility pertains toA. the financial status of the message communicator.B. whether or not the message communicator is viewed as being an expert and someone who can be

trusted.C. who will hear the message.D. how the message is communicated.

14. Which of the following is not one of the four elements of persuasion, and used today in persuasion research?A. the sender of the communication.B. the recipient of the communication.C. the content of the communication.D. the location of the communication.

15. What are the "two steps" in the two-step flow of communication?A. First, persuade opinion leaders, who will then influence their friends, colleagues, and family members.B. First, persuade friends, colleagues, and family members, who will then influence opinion leaders.C. First, persuade grass-roots movements, who will then influence politicians.D. First, make information "flow downhill," and then make information "flow uphill."

16. Persuasion research about the audience who receives the persuasive message has focused on what two aspects?

A. the weight of the person and minimizing the thought of the person.B. the gullibility of the person and their level of intelligence.C. the suggestibility of the person and their financial status.D. the age of the person and stimulating the thoughts of the person.

17. What is one technique that can be used to resist persuasion by others?A. resistance cohesion.B. attitude inoculation.C. attitude infestation.D. resistance tolerance.

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18. Initially, cults persuade prospective members to join the cult by inviting a person to dinner, then weekend retreats, and then use stronger methods of persuasion. This is similar to the

A. open-the-door technique.B. the foot-in-the-door technique.C. the low-ball technique.D. the low-high technique.

19. Persuasion by others seems to work best when a person's attitude about something isA. fixed from the beginning.B. weak to begin with.C. firm to begin with.D. initially constant.

20. Which of the following is most likely to be the least persuasive?A. A message from someone attractive.B. A message that appears to be designed to change our attitude.C. A message that arouses strong emotions.D. A message from a credible expert.

21. Which message is more likely to be persuasive?A. A tape recorded message on an audiocassette, delivered by mail, and heard on a tape recorder.B. A verbal message delivered directly from a person to another person in a face-to-face setting.C. A videotaped message delivered in the mail, and viewed on TV.D. A hand-written message delivered by mail and read at home.

22. Which of the following is not an example of group influence on an individual?A. minority influence.B. deindividuation.C. social facilitation.D. social loafing.

23. Social facilitation is the term used to describe the tendency for the presence of othersA. to affect our likelihood to help.B. to either enhance or impair performance.C. to make a person act more extroverted.D. to make a person act more introverted.

24. When a task is easy, and others are observing, according to the social facilitation theoryA. there will be a decline in performance.B. there will be no effect on performance.C. there will be an improvement in performance.D. there will be a curvilinear effect on performance.

25. Social loafing refers toA. baking bread in groups.B. working harder when in a group due to accountability.C. enjoying oneself in the midst of a group performance.D. slacking off when in a group due to unaccountability.

26. What is the term used to describe when a person's identity and self-awareness are diffused by being in the presence of a group, and a person might act in an unrestrained manners?

A. deinstitutionalization.B. deindividuation.C. decineration.D. declination.

27. Group polarization occurs when

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A. members in a group interact, but, instead of changing their minds about a topic, they keep their original ideas and strengthen those ideas.

B. the group members do not interact, and the members reverse their decisions to the opposite point of view.

C. social loafing is strong and deindividuation is weak.D. the members in a group interact, and based upon what they hear, they discard their original ideas in

favor of the other group members' ideas.28. Groupthink is used to describe

A. the positive aspects that occur when a group works together.B. group dynamics that can interfere with group decision-making processes and can produce disastrous

results.C. when group members have in-jokes and give each other knowing glances.D. when group members are on the same wavelength and complete each others' sentences.

29. Research on working in pairs, teams, or in groups has shown thatA. collaborations are never productive.B. teamwork is never as good as working alone.C. group problem solving tasks always dilute original ideas.D. collaborations can be productive.

30. The subject of minority influence refers toA. when the group votes by minority rules instead of majority rules.B. when the minority opinion in not able to sway the majority opinion.C. when one person in a group influences the other members in the group.D. when the group members only influence one member in the group.

31. Who are free riders?A. People who report social loafers.B. People who volunteer to give others a ride home in situations of potential drunk driving.C. Those who do not put forth effort on a task, but reap the benefits of a group.D. People who voice their opinions despite the unpopularity of their views.

32. Minority influence canA. never sway the majority of the group members to the other point of view.B. steer other group members who hold the majority view over to the minority point of view.C. decrease creativity.D. increase superficiality.

33. It is through ______________ that group members can be inspired, motivated, and guided to be successful and productive.

A. FellowshipB. SportsmanshipC. CoercionD. Leadership

34. If immersed in a group that gives a person a sense of anonymity, a person couldA. alter their social identity to meet the expectations of others.B. unleash inhibitions because of deindividuation.C. become inhibited because of social comparison.D. accept responsibility for their actions.

35. Social comparison theory is offered as one explanation for ______________.A. group polarizationB. pluralistic ignoranceC. summation polarityD. group adhesion

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36. Discrimination can be defined asA. negative attitudes toward a member of a group.B. negative feelings toward a group or its members.C. unjustified negative behaviors toward a group or its members.D. negative thoughts about a group.

37. Stereotypes are to _______________ as prejudices are to _______________.A. behavior; beliefs.B. beliefs; behavior.C. cognition; behavior.D. beliefs; attitudes.

38. What is ingroup bias?A. Being biased against a clique in one's own group.B. When people disfavor their own group.C. When people favor their own group.D. Being slanted against the new members of one's group.

39. Outgroup bias is strongest whenA. people are with other ingroup members.B. people are alone.C. people are with outgroup members.D. when you are in the minority.

40. Social inequalities contribute toA. cognitive distancing.B. prejudice.C. cults.D. deindividualization.

41. "We are all different; but they are all alike." This statement supportsA. the ingroup heterogeneity effect.B. the outgroup homogeneity effect.C. a bias at its worst.D. the ingroup homogeneity effect.

42. Results of studies concerning the homogeneity with which outgroups are perceived by ingroups indicatesA. outgroup members are seen as "all-alike" in appearance and behavior.B. more specific differentiating information about the outgroup is recalled than about the ingroup.C. cognitive representations about the outgroup are more complex than about the ingroup.D. ingroups are seen as "all-alike" in appearance and behavior.

43. Positive behavior by an outgroup member is oftenA. enough to change people's stereotypes.B. seen as typical.C. discounted.D. generalized to the group.

44. Illusory correlations develop becauseA. of the low IQs of observers.B. the co-occurrence of events stand out in memory.C. the correlation coefficient is so large.D. the correlation coefficient is so small.

45. Hitting, kicking, spitting, and verbal "cuts" are all signs ofA. assertion.B. aggression.C. annoyance.

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D. mild anger.46. Jeff's neighbor yells and screams at him for not picking up the grass trimmings after Jeff mows the lawn. Jeff

feels sorry for the man and doesn't take it personally because he knows the neighbor is having a hard time in his life and the verbal rage reaction could be a sign of _____________ of aggression.

A. CathexisB. DisplacementC. PunctuationD. Dissociation

47. What is the current thinking regarding watching violent TV and aggression?A. There are more studies showing that watching violent programs can be beneficial to people.B. There is no effect on people from watching violent TV programs.C. Watching violent TV programs increases aggression.D. Watching violent TV programs decreases aggression.

48. Which of the following has not been a consistent effect of viewing violent video games?A. increased appetite.B. increased aggressive behavior.C. increased aggressive feelings.D. increased aggressive thoughts.

49. In terms of aggression, research on the influence that a group can exert on an individual has shown thatA. a person can minimize their aggression by being in a group.B. there is no particular effect of being in a group on a person's level of aggression.C. being part of a group will decrease the amount of aggression an individual will display.D. being part of a group can increase the aggression that an individual might display.

50. Which theory of aggression argues that the blocking of one's goals will lead to aggressive behavior because of anger and hostility?

A. The frustration-aggression theory.B. The instinct theory.C. The excitation-transfer theory.D. The social learning theory.

51. Aggression is different from assertiveness in the sense thatA. aggression is accidental and unintended.B. assertiveness follows aggression.C. aggression happens by chance.D. aggression is purposeful and meant to hurt someone else.

52. Which theory of aggression offers some optimism in terms of reducing aggression?A. The instinct theory.B. The frustration-emotion theory.C. The social learning theory.D. The catharsis theory.

53. _______________ has been put forth as one reason why viewing violent media can contribute toward a person having aggressive thoughts.

A. The recency effectB. The anchoring heuristicC. Framing effectsD. Cognitive priming

54. Who was a pioneer in social psychology, demonstrating the effects of observational learning and aggression in children?

A. Sigmund FreudB. John B. Watson

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C. C.G. JungD. Albert Bandura

55. What is prosocial behavior?A. A precursor to antisocial behavior.B. Antisocial behavior.C. Acting in a professional manner at a party.D. Socially appropriate behavior, helpfulness, and engaging in good deeds.

56. Which media influence is considered to contribute the most to aggression in people?A. TVB. violent video gamesC. moviesD. commercials

57. A

True-False Questions

1. Most people rarely experience prejudice. (F)2. Prejudice and discrimination have the same basic meaning. (F)3. The bona fide pipeline measures explicit racial attitudes. (F)4. The prejudice shown by Osama bin Laden and his followers has shown that competition needs to be real and

direct in order to foster prejudice. (F)5. People who speak slowly are more persuasive than those who speak rapidly. (F)6. Contemporary research has shown that hate crimes increase with rising unemployment rates. (F)7. An illusory correlation is an important statistical technique used by many social psychologists. (F)8. Women rarely express sexist views. (F)

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9. When we have conflicting views about a subject, we experience attitude confusion. (F)10. Social comparison is our tendency to compare ourselves with others in order to determine whether our view of

social reality is accurate. (T)11. When a Chinese couple requested service at various hotels and restaurants in the U.S. (as part of a study), they

were routinely refused service. (F)12. The factor of perceived behavioral control is emphasized in the theory of planned behavior and not in the theory

of reasoned action. (T)13. People who speak slowly are more persuasive than those who speak rapidly. (F)14. Selective avoidance is a tendency to direct attention away from information that challenges existing attitudes.

(T)15. Smokers rarely experience dissonance. (F)16. Using dissonance to generate hypocrisy can be a powerful tool for changing people’s behavior in desirable ways.

(T)

1. Briefly discuss the role of social learning in terms of understanding the origins of prejudice.

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