Chapter 6: Chapter 6: Managing Peace Managing Peace

and Securityand SecurityWhy Conflicts Occur among Why Conflicts Occur among

NationsNations

Chapter 6Chapter 6 Chapter Overview:Chapter Overview:

– Some causes of international Some causes of international conflicts.conflicts.

– How Singapore ensures National How Singapore ensures National Security through diplomacy and Security through diplomacy and deterrence.deterrence.

Forms of ConflictsForms of Conflicts All countries want to protect their All countries want to protect their

sovereignty and national interest:sovereignty and national interest:

a) a) Competing territoryCompeting territory

b) Conflict over scarce resourceb) Conflict over scarce resource

c) Conflict over ideological c) Conflict over ideological differencesdifferences

Lesson ObjectivesLesson Objectives By the end of the lesson students By the end of the lesson students

would be would be able to:able to:

a. a. State why territorial disputes State why territorial disputes would would lead to wars.lead to wars.

b.b. State why India and China went State why India and China went to to

war over territory.war over territory.

Map of Africa

Think About This!Think About This! How do you think the How do you think the

governments of governments of these countries these countries drew their country’s drew their country’s boundaries?boundaries?

What determined the border What determined the border between between

countries?countries?

Let’s Hear From YouLet’s Hear From You In pairsIn pairs work out the answer to the work out the answer to the

following question with your partner:following question with your partner:

– What are the factors that governments take What are the factors that governments take into account when drawing up borders.into account when drawing up borders.

What Have We What Have We Learnt?Learnt?

Marking of boundaries is not precise. Marking of boundaries is not precise.

Open to dispute. Difference in views.Open to dispute. Difference in views.

Governments may base their decision Governments may base their decision on political or cultural reasons.on political or cultural reasons.

Sino-India WarSino-India War India and China among the oldest India and China among the oldest

civilizations in the world. civilizations in the world.

Throughout long history no major wars. Throughout long history no major wars.

However went to war over territorial However went to war over territorial disputes.disputes.

India’s Point of View India’s Point of View In 1947 India gained independence In 1947 India gained independence

from Britain. It inherited a frontier from Britain. It inherited a frontier drawn by the British.drawn by the British.

Did not accept China’s interpretation of Did not accept China’s interpretation of border. India suspicious of China’s border. India suspicious of China’s motivesmotives

Disputed areas: Disputed areas: Aksai Chin plateauAksai Chin plateau & & North Eastern Frontier AgencyNorth Eastern Frontier Agency. (See . (See map on 159)map on 159)

China’s Point of China’s Point of View View

1950s – China began to contest India’s 1950s – China began to contest India’s presence along the frontier.presence along the frontier.

China rejected British defined border.China rejected British defined border.– Britain was an imperial power. Communist Britain was an imperial power. Communist

governments rejected colonialismgovernments rejected colonialism– Britain never consulted China on border -so Britain never consulted China on border -so

not valid.not valid.– Claim what disputed areas belonged to the Claim what disputed areas belonged to the

people of China.people of China.

Sino-Indian WarSino-Indian War 1958 – China built a road at_________1958 – China built a road at_________ 1959 – Indian and Chinese armies broke 1959 – Indian and Chinese armies broke

out along ______ and Aksai Chin out along ______ and Aksai Chin Plateau.Plateau.

Mid-1961 China occupied territories Mid-1961 China occupied territories which India regarded as its own.which India regarded as its own.

1962 Official war broke out between 1962 Official war broke out between India and China.India and China.

Sino-Indian War 1962Sino-Indian War 1962

Was a short war. Ended as quickly as Was a short war. Ended as quickly as it began.it began.

Territorial conflict has not yet been Territorial conflict has not yet been resolved.resolved.

India and China signed an agreement India and China signed an agreement in 2005 to address the border issue in 2005 to address the border issue in a fair and reasonable in a fair and reasonable

Lesson 2: Conflict among Lesson 2: Conflict among nationsnations

Three reasons:Three reasons:

a)a) Competing territoryCompeting territory

b)b) Conflict over scarce resourceConflict over scarce resource

c)c) Conflict over ideological differencesConflict over ideological differences

Lesson 2: Conflict Among Lesson 2: Conflict Among Nations Nations

You may have learnt from Geography You may have learnt from Geography class that the Earth’s resources are class that the Earth’s resources are unequally distributed.unequally distributed.

Some countries have more of one Some countries have more of one resource than another. These include resource than another. These include organic and non-organic resources.organic and non-organic resources.

Atlantic CodAtlantic Cod

Iceland’s Point of viewIceland’s Point of view

Iceland main natural resource is fishing.Iceland main natural resource is fishing. Depends on fishing for survivalDepends on fishing for survival Wanted zone of fishing around Iceland.Wanted zone of fishing around Iceland. Fishermen from other countries could Fishermen from other countries could

not fish there.not fish there. Believed that Over fishing caused Fish Believed that Over fishing caused Fish

stocks to decreasestocks to decrease Iceland’s National interest threatened.Iceland’s National interest threatened.

Britain’s Point of viewBritain’s Point of view

Britain also had fishing industry.Britain also had fishing industry. By limiting the areas they could fish, By limiting the areas they could fish,

revenue for British fishermen would revenue for British fishermen would decrease.decrease.

Refused to acknowledge Iceland’s Refused to acknowledge Iceland’s new boundary.new boundary.

Need to protect their interests even if Need to protect their interests even if force had to be used.force had to be used.

Iceland-Britain War Iceland-Britain War (Cod War)(Cod War)

ReferencesReferences

Prices of Atlantic Cod: 1400 British pounds Prices of Atlantic Cod: 1400 British pounds per tonne of landed Cod. per tonne of landed Cod.

http://www.thefishsite.com/articles/163/the-atlantic-cod-the-potential-for-farming-in-shetland

http://g4bp.freeuk.com/nigelhadley/codwar.htm

http://www.vanaqua.org/aquanews

Lesson 2: Conflict among Lesson 2: Conflict among nationsnations

Three reasons:Three reasons:

a)a) Competing territoryCompeting territory

b)b) Conflict over scarce resourceConflict over scarce resource

c)c) Conflict over ideological Conflict over ideological differencesdifferences

The Korean War 1950-The Korean War 1950-19531953

• End of WWII: USA and USSR two End of WWII: USA and USSR two major major powers. powers. (why were they major (why were they major powers?)powers?)

• USSR = USSR = Communism – No Communism – No elections. elections. Leaders are appointed.Leaders are appointed.

• USA = USA = Democracy – Election Democracy – Election campaigns, citizens get to campaigns, citizens get to choose by choose by voting, majority votes wins.voting, majority votes wins.

Korea DividedKorea Divided After the war, Japan was defeated and After the war, Japan was defeated and

left Korea.left Korea. USSR (Soviet Russia) occupied the USSR (Soviet Russia) occupied the

NorthNorth US & Allies occupied the SouthUS & Allies occupied the South UN (United Nations) called upon UN (United Nations) called upon

Korean leaders to hold elections to Korean leaders to hold elections to elect a government to reunite North elect a government to reunite North and Southand South

Korea DividedKorea Divided 1947 - USSR refused the election and 1947 - USSR refused the election and

installed a communist regime in the installed a communist regime in the North.North.

1948 – South Korea held elections, 1948 – South Korea held elections, US supported elected South Korean US supported elected South Korean government.government.

Korean WarKorean War North to reunite Korea under communism.North to reunite Korea under communism. South to reunite Korea under democracy.South to reunite Korea under democracy.

Fearing spread of communism, USA and Fearing spread of communism, USA and its allies defended South. Under UN its allies defended South. Under UN forces.forces.

North Korea supported by China defended North Korea supported by China defended North against Korean attacks.North against Korean attacks.

China did not join the war yet.China did not join the war yet.

Korean WarKorean War 1951 – fearing that China itself would 1951 – fearing that China itself would

be threatened (Why?). China also joined be threatened (Why?). China also joined the war against the US and allies (UN).the war against the US and allies (UN).

China pushed UN troops into South China pushed UN troops into South Korea.Korea.

Stalemate from 1951 to 1952.Stalemate from 1951 to 1952. August 1953 – an agreement was August 1953 – an agreement was

signed to stop the fighting and a DMZ* signed to stop the fighting and a DMZ* between North and South Korea was between North and South Korea was created. created.

RecallRecall What were the causes of the What were the causes of the

Korean Korean War?War?

Why did China, US and USSR Why did China, US and USSR become become involved?involved?

How was the Korean War How was the Korean War resolved? Is resolved? Is it a satisfactory it a satisfactory solution?solution?

How do countries manage How do countries manage conflictsconflicts

Take a look at Figure 6.5 in textbook. Take a look at Figure 6.5 in textbook. With your partners, work out:With your partners, work out:– Which ways are peaceful ways of resolving Which ways are peaceful ways of resolving

conflicts conflicts – Which ways are non-peacefulWhich ways are non-peaceful

2 mins to do this.2 mins to do this.

Simple QuizSimple QuizArrange the steps towards conflict in orderArrange the steps towards conflict in order

Countries resolve crisis through talking Countries resolve crisis through talking (negotiation). (negotiation).

Sometimes conflict spreads beyond Sometimes conflict spreads beyond national boundaries. national boundaries.

Armed conflict will followArmed conflict will follow

Stronger side will force weaker side to Stronger side will force weaker side to agree to certain terms.agree to certain terms.

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