Chapter 2 Chapter 2 GovernanceGovernanceHow government governsHow government governs

Let’s Think!Let’s Think!Turn to Pg.24 of TBTurn to Pg.24 of TB & read the cartoon. & read the cartoon.

Do you agree with the way the chocolates are Do you agree with the way the chocolates are distributed?distributed?

How did Siti distribute the sweets?How did Siti distribute the sweets?

How did Naidu distribute the sweets?How did Naidu distribute the sweets?

ReflectionReflection What were the reasons behind the method you What were the reasons behind the method you

have selected to distribute the prize?have selected to distribute the prize?

- - Distribute equallyDistribute equally - Fairness - Fairness

- - More to monitor & teacherMore to monitor & teacher – Meritocracy. – Meritocracy.

Governments have to make similar choices Governments have to make similar choices Government decisions affect the lives of citizens.Government decisions affect the lives of citizens. Their decisions need to be based on a set of Their decisions need to be based on a set of

principles.principles.

What we will learn today…What we will learn today… Content SectionContent Section::

What is Governance?What is Governance?The Structure of Government in SingaporeThe Structure of Government in SingaporeThe role of the public in decision-makingThe role of the public in decision-making

NE MessageNE MessageWe must uphold meritocracy We must uphold meritocracy

(reward according to effort) & (reward according to effort) & incorruptibility (not being corrupted).incorruptibility (not being corrupted).

No one owes Singapore a living.No one owes Singapore a living.

We have confidence in ourselves.We have confidence in ourselves.

What is Governance?What is Governance? Government providing services to the Government providing services to the

citizens of a country.citizens of a country.

Government manages resources to carry Government manages resources to carry out its functions.out its functions.

GovernanceGovernance = how government = how government manages manages the country’s resources to carry out the country’s resources to carry out its its functions.functions.

FunctionsFunctions of Government of GovernmentGovernment meets challenges faced by Government meets challenges faced by

country.country.

Government functions include:Government functions include: Ensuring stability in government.Ensuring stability in government. Meeting people’s needs.Meeting people’s needs. Building a nation.Building a nation. Maintaining sovereignty.Maintaining sovereignty.

How is Government Organized?How is Government Organized?

There are 3 branches of government in There are 3 branches of government in Singapore:Singapore:

The Legislature – consists of the ParliamentThe Legislature – consists of the ParliamentThe Executive – consists of the Cabinet & PMThe Executive – consists of the Cabinet & PMThe Judiciary – consists of Courts of Law The Judiciary – consists of Courts of Law

Activity 1 – Locating PointsActivity 1 – Locating Points

Look at TB from Look at TB from Pg. 29 to 32Pg. 29 to 32. .

Discuss with your partner what are the key Discuss with your partner what are the key functions of the branches of governmentfunctions of the branches of government

You have 5 mins!You have 5 mins!

The LegislatureThe LegislatureThe Legislature makes the laws.The Legislature makes the laws.

The legislature is composed of members The legislature is composed of members of parliament.of parliament.

The laws help keep order in the society.The laws help keep order in the society.

The laws give the ministries the right to The laws give the ministries the right to carry out their functions.carry out their functions.

The ExecutiveThe Executive Make government policies.Make government policies.

Ministers & senior civil servants together develop Ministers & senior civil servants together develop policies.policies.

Civil servants turn policies into draft laws.Civil servants turn policies into draft laws.

Laws are presented to Legislature for approval.Laws are presented to Legislature for approval.

Administers and carries out the laws approved by Administers and carries out the laws approved by Parliament.Parliament.

The JudiciaryThe JudiciaryMade up of 3 types of courts:Made up of 3 types of courts:

Subordinate CourtsSubordinate Courts – minor offences – minor offencesHigh courtHigh court – capital crimes – capital crimesCourt of AppealCourt of Appeal – decides on appeals to decisions – decides on appeals to decisions

made at other courts.made at other courts.

Decides whether people are guilty of offences.Decides whether people are guilty of offences.

Judiciary makes judgements independentlyJudiciary makes judgements independentlyNot influenced by political parties, legislature or Not influenced by political parties, legislature or

executive.executive.

What is the role of citizens?What is the role of citizens?Power to choose leaders for the legislature Power to choose leaders for the legislature

and executive.and executive.

Participate in voting.Participate in voting.

Critically analyze government policies.Critically analyze government policies.

Contribute to decision making through Contribute to decision making through feedback channels:feedback channels:Letters to Forum PageLetters to Forum PageDialogue sessions/ MPSDialogue sessions/ MPS Facebook/Twitter/other social media platformsFacebook/Twitter/other social media platforms

Principles of GovernancePrinciples of Governance

Leadership is key

(important)

Anticipate change and stay relevant

Reward for work

& work for reward

A Stake for Everyone,

opportunities for all

Principles of GovernancePrinciples of GovernanceLeadership is keyLeadership is key..

Must have the integrity to do what is right Must have the integrity to do what is right rather than what is popular.rather than what is popular.

Leaders must be selected and groomed.Leaders must be selected and groomed.

Leaders must have good characterLeaders must have good character Moral courageMoral courage IncorruptibleIncorruptible HonestyHonesty

Principles of GovernancePrinciples of Governance Anticipate change & stay relevantAnticipate change & stay relevant

Decisions taken need to be forward-looking.Decisions taken need to be forward-looking.

Take into account future challenges.Take into account future challenges.

Solutions must be relevant to changing timesSolutions must be relevant to changing times

Singapore must be open to new ideas and its Singapore must be open to new ideas and its citizens must be willing to upgrade citizens must be willing to upgrade themselves to stay employable.themselves to stay employable.

Principles of GovernancePrinciples of Governance Reward for work & work for reward.Reward for work & work for reward.

Meritocracy is a system that rewards hard Meritocracy is a system that rewards hard work and talent.work and talent.

People are rewarded on their abilities and People are rewarded on their abilities and hard work.hard work.

Meritocracy helps give everybody in society Meritocracy helps give everybody in society an equal opportunity to achieve their best.an equal opportunity to achieve their best.

Regardless of race, religion and socio-Regardless of race, religion and socio-economic background.economic background.

Principles of GovernancePrinciples of Governance

A stake for everyone, opportunities for allA stake for everyone, opportunities for all

Citizens have a say in decision-making.Citizens have a say in decision-making.

This gives a sense of belonging to the nation.This gives a sense of belonging to the nation.

Policy decisions taken will take into account Policy decisions taken will take into account views of the citizens views of the citizens

Buzz Break!!!Buzz Break!!!List the List the 33 branchesbranches of the Singapore of the Singapore

government?government?

List down the List down the 4 roles4 roles of the public in of the public in decision-makingdecision-making

Traffic Flow ManagementTraffic Flow ManagementA Case Study in governanceA Case Study in governance

The Problem with Traffic…The Problem with Traffic…

Singapore is a small country so the use of Singapore is a small country so the use of land requires proper planning.land requires proper planning.

Turn to page 39 of the Textbook.Turn to page 39 of the Textbook.

What can you tell about how the government What can you tell about how the government makes use of land in Singapore?makes use of land in Singapore?

Land is ScarceLand is Scarce

As Singapore’s population continues to As Singapore’s population continues to grow, there will be an increase in the grow, there will be an increase in the demand for land especially for:demand for land especially for:

HousingHousingFactories/ Industrial DevelopmentFactories/ Industrial DevelopmentTransport infrastructure and roads.Transport infrastructure and roads.Military and other usesMilitary and other uses

The Traffic Build-upThe Traffic Build-up The growth of the car population was slow till The growth of the car population was slow till

just before WWII.just before WWII. Expensive to own a car.Expensive to own a car. Not many were able to operate a car.Not many were able to operate a car.

After the war, car population grew. Traffic flow After the war, car population grew. Traffic flow into town or Central Business District (CBD) was into town or Central Business District (CBD) was high.high.

Traffic jams were frequent and caused delays. Traffic jams were frequent and caused delays. Goods & workers could not reach factories on Goods & workers could not reach factories on time. Productivity was low.time. Productivity was low.

Government MeasuresGovernment Measures

Measure 1:Measure 1: Area Licensing SchemeArea Licensing Scheme::Motorists had to pay to use certain roads Motorists had to pay to use certain roads

coming in to CBD. Purchase a RZ label.coming in to CBD. Purchase a RZ label.

Roads were bounded within areas known as Roads were bounded within areas known as Restricted Zones.Restricted Zones.

Gantries manned by CISCO guards were set Gantries manned by CISCO guards were set up to monitor vehicles coming in to RZs.up to monitor vehicles coming in to RZs.

Motorists without valid label would be fined Motorists without valid label would be fined and were not allowed to enter.and were not allowed to enter.

In Support of ALSIn Support of ALSAt the same time, Government also At the same time, Government also

discouraged people from driving into town: discouraged people from driving into town:

Improving bus servicesImproving bus services: With improvements, : With improvements, people could take a bus to work. It was not an people could take a bus to work. It was not an ordeal.ordeal.

Increasing the cost of parkingIncreasing the cost of parking: Cost to park : Cost to park vehicles in town went up. Discouraged spending vehicles in town went up. Discouraged spending too much time in towntoo much time in town

Measure 2: Park & Ride SchemeMeasure 2: Park & Ride Scheme: : Motorists could park their cars outside CBDMotorists could park their cars outside CBDThen take special shuttle services into CBDThen take special shuttle services into CBDNot successful. Not successful. Motorists decided to either take the bus all the Motorists decided to either take the bus all the

way or drive in before ALS started.way or drive in before ALS started.Park & Ride scheme officially discontinued.Park & Ride scheme officially discontinued.However some motorists are still using it on However some motorists are still using it on

their own.their own.

Government MeasuresGovernment Measures

Measure 3: Electronic Road Pricing:Measure 3: Electronic Road Pricing:

ALS coupon system not the most efficient.ALS coupon system not the most efficient.ALS was labour-intensive and inconvenient.ALS was labour-intensive and inconvenient.With new technology, Government could With new technology, Government could

monitor traffic more effectively.monitor traffic more effectively.ERP replaced ALS in 1998. ERP replaced ALS in 1998.

Government MeasuresGovernment Measures

Government MeasuresGovernment Measures

Measure 4: Vehicle Quota SystemMeasure 4: Vehicle Quota System

A sharp increase in car ownership in 1990s.A sharp increase in car ownership in 1990s.

Under VQS, LTA determined the number of Under VQS, LTA determined the number of new vehicles allowed for registration.new vehicles allowed for registration.

LTA would determine a quota of cars allowed LTA would determine a quota of cars allowed to be registered.to be registered.

Government MeasuresGovernment Measures

Measure 4: Vehicle Quota SystemMeasure 4: Vehicle Quota System

Car buyers must bid for the COE before Car buyers must bid for the COE before buying their car.buying their car.

LTA sets the quota for the month and the LTA sets the quota for the month and the quota premium based on the bids received.quota premium based on the bids received.

Successful bidders are those whose bids Successful bidders are those whose bids match or are closest to the quota premium match or are closest to the quota premium established.established.

Graphic OrganizerGraphic Organizer

Area Licensing Scheme

Park and Ride Scheme

Electronic Road Pricing Vehicle Quota System

Traffic Flow in Singapore

What Principle of Governance does What Principle of Governance does this example show?this example show?

The policies to control traffic affected many citizens. Not The policies to control traffic affected many citizens. Not everyone supported the measures.everyone supported the measures.

Groups voiced objections: motorists, CBD retailers, Groups voiced objections: motorists, CBD retailers, parents sending children to schoolparents sending children to school

Government acted even though not popular. Controlling Government acted even though not popular. Controlling traffic raises productivity. Good for S’pore. traffic raises productivity. Good for S’pore.

Leaders must make decisions that are good and sound Leaders must make decisions that are good and sound (properly decided on)(properly decided on)

Principle of: ___________________________ Principle of: ___________________________

Lesson CheckLesson CheckWhat is governance?What is governance?

Why are there 3 branches of Why are there 3 branches of government?government?

List any 2 principles of governanceList any 2 principles of governance

Skills SectionSkills Section

Source-Based QuestionsSource-Based Questions

This is the compulsory section of the exam This is the compulsory section of the exam paper. paper.

Students are to read or view sources of Students are to read or view sources of information and interpret them. information and interpret them.

What is a source?What is a source?

Source-based QuestionsSource-based Questions

Types of sources:Types of sources:

Oral sources from transcript (primary) Oral sources from transcript (primary) Written or published sources (secondary)Written or published sources (secondary)Pictorial sources includes:Pictorial sources includes:

PhotographsPhotographs Political cartoonsPolitical cartoons Pictures Pictures Graphs and chartsGraphs and charts

Source-Based QuestionsSource-Based Questions

Parts of a sourceParts of a source

ProvenanceProvenance = Heading, provides details = Heading, provides details about the sourceabout the source

Content of source Content of source = The picture, the = The picture, the cartoon, the statement, excerpt (short section cartoon, the statement, excerpt (short section of a passage) etc.of a passage) etc.

(See the sample attached)(See the sample attached)

Source-Based QuestionsSource-Based Questions

The SBQs tests students on the following The SBQs tests students on the following skills:skills:

Inference (with or with out purpose)Inference (with or with out purpose) ComparisonComparison ReliabilityReliability ValidityValidity

Source-Based Questions – Source-Based Questions – Inference QnsInference Qns

To infer : To infer :

To deduce or conclude (something) from To deduce or conclude (something) from evidence and reasoning rather than from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statementsexplicit statements

Should not simply Should not simply re-state (repeat)re-state (repeat) what they what they have read or see in the source in their have read or see in the source in their answer. Ready to try out your inference skills? answer. Ready to try out your inference skills?

Lets see how many inferences pick out?Lets see how many inferences pick out?

Organize your inferencesOrganize your inferences

What inferences relate to what happened?What inferences relate to what happened?What inferences relate to where it What inferences relate to where it

happened?happened? Inference on when…Inference on when… Inference on how…Inference on how… Inference on who was involved?Inference on who was involved?

Answering an Inference Qn.Answering an Inference Qn.Steps to answering inference Qns (after Steps to answering inference Qns (after

you have read the question):you have read the question):

Step 1Step 1: Look for all possible clues and : Look for all possible clues and information you can gather from the source…information you can gather from the source…

Step 2Step 2: Organize the inferences into : Organize the inferences into categories…take out categories not relevant categories…take out categories not relevant to question.to question.

Step 3: Write-up your inferences into an Step 3: Write-up your inferences into an answer (to be covered next lesson)answer (to be covered next lesson)

Ok…but how do I make an Ok…but how do I make an inference?inference?

You do not have to be creative or good You do not have to be creative or good with language to pick-up inferences…with language to pick-up inferences…

Just pick up on what the sources are Just pick up on what the sources are telling/showing you – then explain how this telling/showing you – then explain how this is relevant to the questionis relevant to the question

Let’s try making inferences with something Let’s try making inferences with something interesting…a pop song!interesting…a pop song!

In-Class Practice 1 – Lessons In-Class Practice 1 – Lessons from Pricetag (Jessie J)from Pricetag (Jessie J)

Now lets see if we can try to make inferences from this and answer a question!

In-Class Practice 2 – In-Class Practice 2 – Understanding Pie-ChartsUnderstanding Pie-Charts

Look at the pie chart coming up in the next Look at the pie chart coming up in the next slide and apply the steps you have learnt:slide and apply the steps you have learnt:

Step 1: Read the question and mark out what Step 1: Read the question and mark out what they are looking for (issue).they are looking for (issue).

Step 2: Study the source (then check back to Step 2: Study the source (then check back to the question to guide your inference) the question to guide your inference)

Step 3: Support your inferences and make Step 3: Support your inferences and make explanationsexplanations

In-Class Practice 2 – Lets apply In-Class Practice 2 – Lets apply to Exam Questionsto Exam Questions

Let’s look at the worksheet given to you Let’s look at the worksheet given to you last week…last week…

Infer Infer Support Support Explain Explain

Pictorial sourcePictorial source

QuestionQuestionBased on the information in the pie-chart Based on the information in the pie-chart

what can you infer about the use of land in what can you infer about the use of land in Singapore?Singapore?

Inference 1: Land use is already quite Inference 1: Land use is already quite used up (saturated)used up (saturated)

Support: Land available for other uses is Support: Land available for other uses is capped at 37% capped at 37%

Explanation: This shows that government Explanation: This shows that government needs to use land carefully.needs to use land carefully.

In-Class Practice 3 – Written In-Class Practice 3 – Written SourceSource

Look at the worksheet you were given last Look at the worksheet you were given last week and read the source!week and read the source!

Let’s see if we can work out the answer Let’s see if we can work out the answer together. together.

Interpreting Pictorial SourcesInterpreting Pictorial Sources

Step 1: Identify the content of the cartoonStep 1: Identify the content of the cartoon Step 2: Identify the action areas in the cartoon.Step 2: Identify the action areas in the cartoon. Step 3: Divide the source into action segmentsStep 3: Divide the source into action segments Step 4: Analyse the action in each segment.Step 4: Analyse the action in each segment. Step 5: Write out the answer. Step 5: Write out the answer.

Step OneStep One Relevant details from the Relevant details from the provenanceprovenance::

- Incident of Bobby Sands hunger strike.- Incident of Bobby Sands hunger strike.

- 24 April 1981 (more than a month of strike)- 24 April 1981 (more than a month of strike)

- Leader of IRA terrorist group.- Leader of IRA terrorist group.

- Hunger strike to recognise political status- Hunger strike to recognise political status

Step FourStep Four

Describe what you see in segment Describe what you see in segment AA

- - Who is lying on the bed?Who is lying on the bed?

- - Who are the people surrounding the bed?Who are the people surrounding the bed?

- - Who are they doing?Who are they doing?

- - What is the event taking place at the What is the event taking place at the time?time?

Step FourStep Four

Look at what you see in segment Look at what you see in segment BB

- Who is the man standing there?- Who is the man standing there?

- What do you observe about him?- What do you observe about him?

- Who do you think he represents?- Who do you think he represents?

Step FourStep Four

Look at the Caption of the cartoon at Look at the Caption of the cartoon at CC

- Who does the caption refer to?- Who does the caption refer to?

- What is the caption trying to say?- What is the caption trying to say?

Suggested AnswerSuggested Answer Many innocent lives were lost/maimed during the Many innocent lives were lost/maimed during the

acts of terror conducted by the IRA. Victims are acts of terror conducted by the IRA. Victims are represented by the one-legged man on a crutch. represented by the one-legged man on a crutch. The “victim” points out the irony that there are The “victim” points out the irony that there are more people concerned with the health of a more people concerned with the health of a terrorist than with the victims of terrorism. The terrorist than with the victims of terrorism. The cartoonist is critical of people who are concerned cartoonist is critical of people who are concerned by Bobby Sand’s tactic to gain public sympathy by Bobby Sand’s tactic to gain public sympathy and he feels that more sympathy should be for the and he feels that more sympathy should be for the victims of the conflict.victims of the conflict.

Key Points from Inference Key Points from Inference QuestionsQuestions

What are the steps to answering Inference What are the steps to answering Inference Questions?Questions?

What are the steps to writing an answer?What are the steps to writing an answer? IISSE E