PAKISTAN:FMD Current Scenario

M. AfzalChief Executive

Livestock and Dairy Development BoardIslamabad

email: muhammad.afzal@lddb.org.pkCVO – Pakistan: Dr. R. H. Usmani

Email: usmanirh@gmail.com

Population 164 mTotal Area 79.6 mhaCropped Area 22.8 mhaCultural waste 9.13 mhaForests 3.7 mhaCanal irrigation systemTotal Agri GDP 21.6 %Livestock GDP 10.9 %New Development –

Ministry of Livestock &

Dairy Development

PAKISTAN

Current FMD Situation and Trends

• FMD is endemic in Pakistan. 153 point outbreaks reported during 2002-2007

• Major epidemic has not been reported during 2000 to 2008

• Prevalent Serotypes are A, O, Asia-1• Serotype O is most prevalent (61%) followed by

Asia-1 and A• Type C was reported first time in 1954 and last

time in 1995• NSP serology showed 98 % prevalence in

commercial dairy colonies• FMD seen in Cattle, Buffaloes, Sheep, Goats, Yak

and wild ruminants• Disease is very severe in exotic and crossbred

cattle• Epidemiological pattern is typically different from

classical FMD

S.M. Jamal

Distribution of serotypes from laboratory confirmed cases of FMD outbreaks during 2002-07

S.M. JamalS.M. Jamal

Distribution of serotypes from laboratory confirmed cases of FMD outbreaks during 2002-07

Source: Jamal et al, 2008

S.M. Jamal

Distribution of serotypes from laboratory confirmed cases of FMD outbreaks during 2002-07

S.M. JamalS.M. Jamal

Distribution of serotypes from laboratory confirmed cases of FMD outbreaks during 2002-07

Source: Jamal et al, 2008

Field Samples Received at National Veterinary Laboratories (NVL) , Islamabad

O, A37772006

O, Asia-160*2422005

O, A, Asia-1501082007

O, A39692008

O, A, Asia-123**602004

O, A, Asia-155**1092003

O, A, Asia-108*122002

Serotype(s)Total positive

Total samples

Year of submission

* Three samples having mixed infection of O and Asia-1

** Two samples having mixed infection of O and A

Seasonal Prevalence of FMD

Source: Jamal et al, 2008

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Nu

mb

er

of

ou

tbre

ak

s

Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Month

Figure 2. Seasonal distribution of laboratory confirmed FMD outbreaks taken place during 2002-2007

Livestock Population(Million Heads)

Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Camel

Pakistan (2006) 29.5 27.3 26.5 53.8 0.9Pakistan (2008) 31.8 29.0 27.1 56.7 1.0

Per cent distribution

NWFP 20 7 13 18 7

Punjab 49 65 24 37 22

Sindh 23 27 15 23 30

Balochistan 8 1 48 22 41

Livestock Census (2006)

Cattle Distribution

APPENDIX 5

Buffalo Distribution

Sheep Distribution

Goats Distribution

FMD Control Strategies

• No national control plan being implemented currently

• In case of reported outbreak, ring vaccination, zoo-sanitary measures and movement control is implemented

• Voluntary Vaccination by the Progressive Farmers

• National Program for the “Progressive Control of FMD in Pakistan” currently being developed by Livestock and Dairy Development Board on instruction from Government of Pakistan and foreign consultants being provided by EU-GOP project “Strengthening of Livestock Services Project”

FMD Vaccination

• Local vaccines– Public Sector

• FMD Research Centre, Lahore (O, A, Asia-1)• Univ. Veterinary & Animal Science, Lahore (O, A, Asia-1)

– Private Sector• Avicenna Labs. Sheikhupura (O, A, Asia-1)

• Imported vaccines– Merial (A, O, Asia-1)– Pfizer (A, O)– Russian (O, A, Asia-1)

• Informally Imported Vaccines– Indian (O, A, Asia-1)– Iranian

FMD Vaccination

• Vaccine doses

– Locally produced: 1 million

– Imported: 1.5 million

• Vaccination Schedule

– Twice a year recommended

• Vaccinated Species

– Exotic and crossbred cattle

– High producing buffaloes and cattle

• Vaccine Quality Control

– Facility being upgraded

FMD Diagnosis

• National Veterinary Labs. Islamabad declared as FMD Reference Lab (PCR, ELISA, Biosafetylevel 2)

• 4 Provincial Labs (only one doing CFT)

• 54 District Labs – Punjab-26, Sindh-5, NWFP-7, Balochistan-15, NA-1 (Sample Collection)

• NARC and Universities Labs (Research)

FMD Epidemiology

• Passive Disease Surveillance [Monthly reports from each hospital (870) / dispensary (2935) / centre (2788) / diagnostic labs (54)]

• Flash Reporting for outbreaks to Federal and Provincial nodes

• Federal Epidemiology Units needs strengthening

• Participatory Disease Surveillance (2002-2006)

Disease Reporting Network

Border and Movement Control

• Animal Quarantine Department – All international airports (7), ports (2) and land routes (4)

• Live animals allowed from FMD free countries or vaccinated animals

• 5 – 21 days quarantine

• Traditional animal movement in between Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan

• Informal movements across India, Afghanistan, Iran

Weaknesses in FMD Control

• Absence of National Control Program

• Subsistence Livestock Farming

• Availability of quality vaccine

• Absence of Veterinary Service cadre

• Under-reporting of outbreaks

• FMD not associated with high mortality in indigenous animals

• Lack of quick and efficient diagnostics

• Uncontrolled animal movement

Strengthening Disease Control (FMD and others)

• National and Regional programs for the control of FMD and other transboundaryanimal diseases

• Quality vaccine manufacturing unit

• Progressive control strategies and implementation plans

• Awareness and communication

• Improvement in diagnostic facilities

• Improvement in disease surveillance and reporting

Thank You

FMD Prevalence in Pakistan• The disease reported in pre-partition India• Endemic disease and seen throughout the year now• The most common disease in cattle and buffaloes• Participatory Disease Search studies (% Prevalence in

districts)– Punjab 10 - 54 – Sindh 12.1 - 33.8– NWFP 19.4 - 37.3– Balochistan 2.5 - 70.0 – AJK 6.6 - 30.7– ICT 25.5

• FMD in 12 villages of Chichawatni, District Sahiwal– Higher morbidity and mortality losses in buffaloes and young

stock– Morbidity 53.2 % and mortality rates 15.3 % in cattle– Morbidity 61.7 % and mortality rates 20.8 % in buffaloes