sea-side splat!. key words: classification taxonomy taxon phylogeny binomial system dichotomous key
TRANSCRIPT
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• Sea-side Splat!
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Key Words:
• Classification
• Taxonomy
• Taxon
• Phylogeny
• Binomial system
• Dichotomous key
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• Classification is the grouping of organisms based on similarities of
features.
• Taxonomy is the science of studying classification. It looks at features and tries to arrange them in a logical order.
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A ‘TAXON’ is a unit of hierarchical classification:
• ‘hierarchical’ means in ascending sequence.• A ‘species’ is the fundamental taxon • Groups of similar species form the next
largest taxon called a ‘genus’.• Groups of similar genera form the next
largest taxon called a ‘family’• …and so on, up to the largest taxon =
Kingdom.
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What do you notice about how the names are written?
• Fucus vesiculosus
• Fucus serratus
• Enteromorpha intestinalis
• Patella vulgata
• Balanus balanoides
• Actinia equina
• Littorina littorea
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‘Binomial’ = 2 names
Fucus vesiculosus
Genus – has a capital letter
species – all in lower case
Italics (or underlined)
-to show the words are different to ordinary text.
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• Panthera leo
• Panthera tigris
• Panthera pardus
• Canis lupus ( and Canis domestica)
• Pan troglodytes
• Ovis aries
• Rattus norvegicus ; Rattus rattus
• Perca fluviatalis
• Carcharodon carcharias
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…and some easier ones!
• Boa constrictor• Gorilla • Giraffus• Hippopotamus amphibius• Bison bison• Equus zebra• Tyrannosaurus rex• Elephas maximus
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Classification is hierarchical!Each unit is called a TAXON –
there are 7 of them.
KingdomPhylum
ClassOrder
Family Genus species
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Taxon Cat Man
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
Genus
species
Animalia Animalia
Chordata Chordata
Mammalia Mammalia
Carnivora Primates
Felidae - cats Anthropoids - apes
Felis Homo
cattus sapiens
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You need to remember the sequence for the exam… so
here’s how!
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‘Kinky Priests Come Over For Great Sex’
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Phylogeny
• A phylogenetic tree is a family tree that shows a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms. It does not show the actual evolutionary history of organisms.
• Why a hypothesis?
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Phylogenetic trees are usually based on a combination of these lines of evidence:
Fossil record
Morphology
Embryological patterns of development
Chromosomes and DNA
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Fossils
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Similar morphology
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Embryology
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DNA similarities
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A phylogenetic tree
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The Dichotomous key
• A key is a device for easily and quickly identifying an unknown organism.
• The dichotomous key is the most widely used type in biological sciences.
• The user is presented with a sequence of choices between TWO statements, couplets, based on characteristics of the organism. By always making the correct choice, the name of the organism will be revealed.
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1.
A. one pair of wings ( goto 2)
B. Two pairs of wings (goto 3)
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Make a dichotomous key
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Phylogenetic example:
1 a) Endotherm (constant body temperature) Goto 2
b) Ectotherm ( cold-blooded) Goto 5
2 a) Fur Goto 3
b) Feathers Parrot
3 a) Fins Whale
b) At least two legs Goto 4
4 a) wings Bat
b) 4 legs Cat
5 a) fins Fish
b) No fins or limbs Snake