sdh_basic
DESCRIPTION
Complete SDH Basic Fundamentals.TRANSCRIPT
2
SDH BASIC
What is SDH?
SDH – Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
In SDH each and every signal is Synchronized exactly to the signal (Container) defined for that particular signal (Like C-11, C-12, C-3, etc). The techniques like bite stuffing and bit justification are adopted in SDH to Achieve the Synchronization.
The signal used for SDH transmission is know as STM – Synchronous transport module
The various STM rates are illustrated below
2.5Gbps10Gbps40Gbps
PDH Advanced is SDH
SDH Multiplexer
STM – 1 ×4 = STM - 4 STM – 4 ×4 = STM – 16STM – 16 ×4 = STM – 64STM – 64 ×4 = STM – 256
SDH Network
Regenerators Terminal Multiplexer Add-Drop Multiplexer Digital x- connect (ie- cross connect) Net work Management System.
What is SDH? SDH is a timing hierarchy(2Mhz) Uses a Different Frame Structure and Synchronization. Hierarchy Synchronization one Master Clock to Synchronize Whole Operator network.
SL NO
SDH Signals(STM) Bit rates
1 STM – 1 155.52 Mbps2 STM – 4 622.08 Mbps3 STM – 16 2488.32 Mbps 4 STM – 64 9953.28 Mbps5 STM – 256 39813.12 Mbps6 STM – 0 51.84 Mbps
STM-1STM-1STM-1STM-1
STM-4STM-4
STM-4STM-4
SDHMUX
SDHMUX
SDHMUX
SDHMUX
STM-16STM-16
STM-16STM-16
STM-64STM-64
STM-64STM-64
STM-256
SDH Frame Structure STM – 1
VC-Virtual container
270 x 9 = 2430 x 64 kbps = 155.52Mbps – STM - 1
RSOH – Regenerator Section Over head.MSOH – Multiplex Section Over head.POH – Path over Head.P – Pointer.Pay load – STM - 1
RSOH – Regenerator Section Over head – Byte
A1, A2 Bytes – Frame Alignments byte. J0 – Carries Section Trace Message byte. B1 – RS Parity Check byte. E1 – Engineering order wire Byte. (Communication Between Two node ) F1 – 64 kbps user data channel byte. D1,D2,D3 – data communication channel byte
MSOH – Multiplex Section Over head.
B2 - used for multiplex section byte. K1 &K2 - APS – Automatic Protection Switching byte (in Tx laser) D4 to D12 – data communication channel byte S1 - Synchronous Status Message byte. M1 - Line Remote Error Indication byte. E2 - Engineering order wire Byte. (Communication Between Two node )
POH – Path over Head.
J1& J2 – Path Trace byte. B3 – Path Error Monitoring byte. C2 – Path Signal Label byte. G1 – Path Status byte. F2 & F3– Path User Channel byte. H4 – Indicator byte. K3 & K4 – APS- for future use byte.
AU-4 POINTER
H1, H2, H3 – all are Pointers byte.
RSOH3 × 9CELL
MSOH4× 9CELL
AU-4 POINTERPOH
PAY LOAD261 × 9 CELLS
1
3
45
9
270 Coulums
9Row
1 9 10 270
SDH MULTIPLEXING
PDH Conversion to SDH:
C12+ POH byte = VC12 C12 – container – it is PDH Single Electrical or tributary signalVC12 +1 Pointer = TU12 VC12- Virtual container TU12 x 3 = TUG 2 TU12 – Tributary Unit.TUG 2 x 7 = TUG 3 TUG 2 &TUG3 - Tributary Unit. Group TUG 3 x 3 = VC4 VC4- Virtual container 4 or 140Mbps VC4 + AU +SOH = STM-1 (STM – Synchronous transport module)
AU- Administrative unitSOH - Section Over head.
SOH AU Group AU Pointer
X3 Multiplex
K
Multiplex X7 TU2 Pointer POHX3 M
L E1 – 2.048Mbps Electrical PDH
Multiplex Signal
SDH Net work Topologies:
Point to point Topologies. Ring Topologies Mesh Topologies
SDH Protection Switching Schemes:
Liner Protection. 1 + 1 Protection 1: 1 Protection. 1 : N Protection
We are Using 1 + 1 Protection Switching Schemes
Synchronization SDH
Clock Supply Hierarchy
PRC – Primary Reference Clock. SSU – Synchronization supply unit SSE – Synchronization Equipment Clock
PRC – Primary Reference Clock is a Only main Clock
STM-1 AUG AU VC4
TUG 3
TUG 2 TU12 VC12 C 12
SDH Power Details
TX – it is a transmit powerRx – it is a receive powerReceiver Sensitivity – it is a minimum receive powerOver load – it is a Maximum receive power
STM - 1 Power Details
STM - 4 Power Details
STM - 16 Power Details
S.1.1 = Short Hall .STM – 1. 1310nm, S.4.1 = Short Hall .STM – 4. 1310nm L.1.1= Long Hall. STM – 1 .1310nm L.4.1= Long Hall. STM – 4 .1310nm L.1.2= Long Hall. STM – 1 .1550nm L.4.2 =Long Hall. STM – 4 .1550nm
S.16.1 =Short Hall .STM – 16. 1310nmL.16.1= Long Hall. STM – 16 .1310nm L.16.2= Long Hall. STM – 16 .1550nm
Advantages of SDH
High Speed Standard Efficient Multiplexing / De multiplexing A Reduction in the amount of equipment Easy Add & Drop Functionality Reliability NMS Controlled and monitored from a Central Location via All Network controlled one master clock (PRC)
STM - 1 S.1.1 L.1.1 L.1.2
Transmit power -15 to - 8 dBm 0 to - 5 dBm 0 to - 5 dBmReceive
Sensitivity - 28 dBm - 37 dBm - 37 dBm
Over load - 8 dBm -10 dBm -10 dBm
STM - 4 S.4.1 L.4.1 L.4.2
Transmit power -15 to - 8 dBm 2 to - 3 dBm 2 to - 3 dBmReceive
Sensitivity -28 dBm - 28 dBm - 28 dBm
Over load - 8 dBm - 8 dBm - 8 dBm
STM - 16 S.16.1 L.16.1 L.16.2
Transmit power 0 to – 5 dBm 2 to - 2 dBm 2 to - 2 dBmReceive
Sensitivity -18 dBm - 27 dBm - 28 dBm
Over load 0 dBm - 8 dBm - 8 dBm
Optical Fiber
Single mode fiber Multi mode fiber
We are using Single Mode Fiber Only
‘LASER’ Light source in using Optical fiber via
Alarms
LOS – Loss of Signal AIS – Alarm Indication SignalRDI – Remote Defect indicationREI – Remote Error Indication LOP – Loss of AU pointerAIS – Alarm IndicationTIM – Trace Identifier mismatchLOM – Loss of multi framePLM – Pay load mismatch
Type of Patch cords connecters
FC PC– Ferrule Connecters physical Contact LC PC – Liner Connecters physical Contact SC PC – Square Connecters physical Contact MU PC – Connecters
LIST OF ABBREVIATION:
ADM - Add & Drop Multiplexer. ALS – Automatic Laser Shutdown. APS – Automatic Protection Switching. BER - Bit Error Rate. DWDM - Dense Wave Length Division Multiplexer. EOW - Engineer Order Wire. NMS – Network Management System. NE – Network Element. LT – Line Terminal. MMF - Multi mode Fiber. MCC -Multi Channel Card. OCC – Optical Channel Card. OAC – Optical Amplifier card OADM – Optical Add & Drop Multiplexer. SNCP – Sup Net work Connection Protection. WDM - Wave Length Division Multiplexer. ITU-TS - International Telecommunication union – Transmission Standard. ITU - International Telecommunication union PCM - Pulse Code Mdulation
PDH - Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
• Plesiochronous is a Greek word meaning Almost Synchronous , but not fully synchronous.
• In Plesiochronous system every equipment is generating its own clock for synchronization.
• Conversion of voice into digital signal:1. Voice Frequency 4 KHz2. Sampling 4 KHz * 2 = 8 KHz3. T=1/8KHz= 125µs (this is the base period for all digital networks)4. 8000 samples/seg * 8bits/sample = 64Kbps (is the basic data rate)
• Each Voice channel hence occupies
8x8000 = 64000 Bits per Second = 64 Kbps
Multiplexing Hierarchy
PDH (E1 Level )(PCM 30 Mux ) 32 * 64 KHz = 2.048 Mb/s E1 = 2.048Mbps (32 x 64 kbps) ie 2 Mbps Capacity = 30 Base Channels
PDH (E2 Level ) 4 * 2.048 +stuffing bits = 8.448 Mbps E2 = 8.448 Mbps ( 4 x E1) ie 8 Mbps Capacity = 120 Base Channels
PDH (E3 Level ) 4 * 8.448 + stuffing bits = 34.368 Mbps E3 = 34.368 Mbps ( 4 x E2) ie 34Mbps Capacity = 480 Base Channels
PDH (E4 Level ) 4 * 34.368 +stuffing bits = 139.264 Mbps E4 = 139.2634 Mbps ( 4 x E3) ie 140Mbps Capacity = 1920 Base Channels
PDH System
• TERMINAL EQUIPMENT
• REGENERATOR
3- Type of Standard for PDH
1. EUROPEN 2. JAPANESE3. NORTH AMERICAN
INDIA Using Europen Standard only
Multiplexing / Demultiplexing is time consuming
140 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
565Mbit/s
8 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
140-
565
MUX
& LT
E
140-
565
MUX
& LT
E
34-1
40 M
UX
34-1
40 M
UX
8-34
MUX
8-34
MUX
2-8
MUX
2-8
MUX