SDGs and Achievement in Indonesia

Jatna Supriatna Ph.D.Professor in Environmental Science and Chairman I-SER Universitas

IndonesiaCo-Chair, UN Sustainable Development Solution Network, (SDSN)

Indonesia

SDGs Hub

Sustainable Development (WCED, 1987; Griggs, et al., 2013)

• "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” (WCED, 1987)

• “Development that meets the needs of the present while safeguarding Earth’s life-support system, on which the welfare of current and future generations depends.” (Griggs, et al., 2013)

1972 1983 1992 1993 1994 1997 1999 2002 2005 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015

UNConferenceon theHumanEnvironment

WorldCommissiononEnvironment&Development

UNCED1

EarthSummitAgenda21

1st session ofCommissionon SustainableDevelopment

BPOA2

UN GeneralAssemblySpecialSession-19EarthSummit+5

BPOA+ 53

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DevelopmentRio+10

MSI4

MSI + 55

UNCSD6

Rio+20The

FutureWe

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Inauguralmeeting of

the HighLevel Political

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SustainableDevelopment

The Concept of Sustainable Development has gone through the testof time and along various channels in the UN system...

UNCED1

BPOA2

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United Nations Conference on Environment & DevelopmentBarbados Programme of Action

BPOA + 53

MSI4

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5 year review of the BPOAMauritius Strategy of Implementation5 year review of MSIUnited Nations Conference on Sustainable DevelopmentSmall Island Developing States

The concept of the Sustainable DevelopmentGoals (SDGs) was born with the objective ofproducing a set of universally applicable goalsthat balances the three dimensions ofsustainable development: environmental,social, and economic

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SDGs replace the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

• Bold & transformativeagenda to shift the worldtowards sustainable path.

• 17 goals that are universally applicable and balance thethree dimensions of sustainable development -environmental, social, and economic.

• To finish the job started by MDGs, leaving nobodybehind - the last mile on ending hunger, achieving fullgender equality, improving health services and gettingevery child into school.

• The world's time-boundand quantifiedtargetsforaddressing extremepovertyin its many dimensions-income poverty,hunger, disease,lack of adequateshelter, and exclusion-whilepromotinggenderequality, education,and environmental sustainability.

The MDGs, 2000 - 2015

The SDGs, 2016 - 2030

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From MDGs to SDGs: An Ambitious Transformation

From 60 indicators to 230 indicators (UNStats, March 2016)

SYNERGIESSDGs Issues

“Traditional” Development IssuesEmerging Development issues

SYNERGYMulti Sectors Collaboration to Push Innovations

Partnership and multi sector collaboration is the key to realization of sustainable development.

Government as law and policy enforcer, private as economic and business doer, youthas campaigner, and academics as SDGs Center of Excellence.

Model Nested SDGs(Rockstrom dan Sukhdev, 2016)

• SDGs uses nested logic, not triple bottom line.

• With nested, the aims of SDGscannot be separated

• Economy is part of society, bothare part of biosphere.

• To fulfill the needs for bothEconomy and social, only can doon our planetary boundaries.

Success of SDG

Goverrment

Private sectorsCivil Society

• Bappenas as koordinatorandwatchdog

• Technical ministries programs doers

• Govt as (law enforcer)

• Business as understood SDGs

• Doing business with SDGs in mind

• Workforce providers

• Media-transformer• Youth for

campaigner • Academics and

NGOs as SDGs Center of Excellence

SYNERGYMulti Sectors Collaboration

The following graphic portrays the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals as a pyramid of these three key realms that are pivotal in determining fundamental

individual happiness and true sustainability

Main characteristics of the 2030 Agenda....

• Broad participation with unprecedented involvement from 193 UN MemberStates, civil societies and other stakeholders

• Encompasses diverse issues while retaining clear focus on human development,addressing new challenges and putting sustainable developement at the centre

• Acknowledges the knowledge gap between and within countries, governanceand accountability deficits at different levels

• Applicable to all – entire world, developed and developing countries alike whiletaking into account different national realities

• Supremely ambitious and transformational vision in nature

• Principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR) was applied inthe context of sustainable developement as a whole

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5 Dimensions of SDGs:The Goals and targets will stimulate action over the next fifteen years inareas of critical importance for humanity and the planet…

1. PeopleWe are determined to end poverty and hunger, in all their forms and dimensions, and to ensure that allhuman beings can fulfil their potential in dignity and equality and in a healthy environment.

2. PlanetWe are determined to protect the planet from degradation, including through sustainableconsumption and production, sustainably managing its natural resources and taking urgent action onclimate change, so that it can support the needs of the present and future generations.

3. ProsperityWe are determined to ensure that all human beings can enjoy prosperous and fulfilling lives and thateconomic, social and technological progress occurs in harmony with nature.

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5 Dimensions of SDGs:The Goals and targets will stimulate action over the next fifteen years inareas of critical importance for humanity and the planet…

4. PeaceWe are determined to foster peaceful, just and inclusive societies which are free from fear andviolence. There can be no sustainable development without peace and no peace without sustainabledevelopment.

5. PartnershipWe are determined to mobilize the means required to implement this Agenda through a revitalisedGlobal Partnership for Sustainable Development, based on a spirit of strengthened global solidarity,focussed in particular on the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable and with the participation ofall countries, all stakeholders and all people.

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Cross-cuttingnature of

development

Enhancing publicparticipation &

social trust

Effectiveimplementation

StrategicPartnerships

Inter-linkages & cross-cutting nature of development becoming increasinglyimportant

Mechanisms to positively harness public participation and social trustneeded

Increased local capacities of people & institutions needed to implementeffectively at outcome level

Work with strategic partners at global, national and local levels to achievesustainable development

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Moving Forward from MDGs:Several key development areas that need to be addressed in moving forward…

CentralGovernment

Local Government

& Community

Scientificcommunity

Private Sector/NGO

Academicians/

SDG hubUI

To Convince

To Advocate

To Encourage

To Encourage

Academicians can do more:

Six new Transformation (SDSN 2019)

2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Population [Millions] 234 252 271 289 307

GDP per capita [$/capita] 2,306 3,655 5,823 9,319 14,974

Electrification rate 70% 85% 99% 99% 99%

Poverty indicator 12% 8% 3% 3% 2%

Drivers of Indonesian Growth

As a developing nation, the Indonesian economy and population are projected to grow significantly in the next four decades

Growth indicators and energy service demand drivers

Mainstreaming SDGs into National Development Planning (Bappenas 2016)

Vision SDGs National Development Plam

1. Comprehensive Pillars: Social, Economics, Environment and Inclusive plus Means ofImplementations

Dimension Social, Economic/inequalitysectoral between inclome groups and regions

2. Thematic 17 Goals National Priorities

3. Holistics and Integrative

IntegrativeandInterconnected Goals

Each National Priorities supported by Multisectoral (Ministers and Aencies)

I4. Inclusive No one left behind Inclusive Development

5. Partnership Multistakeholders: Govt, Business, CSO, Academe, Media etc

Multistakeholders: Govt, Business, CSO, University etc

PERPRES 592017: SDGs

Indonesia SDGs Goals, Targets and Indicators ( Bappenas 2016)

Social Pillar

6 goals, 55 targets and 88 indicators

Goal 1 No provertyGoal 2 Z ero hunger

Goal 3.Good health and well beingGoal 4 Quality education

Goal 5. Gender equalityGoal 6 Clean water and sanitation

Economic Pillar

5 goals, 4 targets and 61 undicators

Goal 7. A ffordable and clean energyGoal 8. Decent work, and economic growth

Goal 9. Industry , innovation and infrastructureGoal 10. Reduced inequalities

Goal 11. Sustainable Cities and communities

Environment pillars

4 goals, 38 targets, 43 indicators

Goal 12 Responsible consumption and productionGoal 13. Climate Action

Goal 14. Life below waterGoal 15. Life on Land

Inclusive Development and MOI 2 Goals, 31 targets, 48 indicators

Goal 16. Peace, Justice, Strong institution

Goal 17. Partnerships for the Goals

SDGs17 Goals, 169 Targets and 241 Indicators

Voluntary National Reviews (VNR)

• More than 110 countries to present VNR (2016-2019) to HLPF (High-level Political Forum)

• HLPF central platform for follow up and review SDGs with all member states, specialized agencies and stakeholders

Supported by TFM( Technology Facilitation Mechanism) to enhance the effective use of STI-Science, Technology and Innovation (technology needs and gaps)

Voluntary National Review 2019

● For the Republic of Indonesia, implementing national development agenda is implementing SDGs.

● The SDGs are institutionalized from the highest national level to subnational entities, and integrated in national and subnational development planning.

● This is a massive and collaborative endeavor between government and non-state actors designed to serve 264 million people – a third of which are children – comprising 1,300 ethnic groups across 17,000 islands.

Indonesia’s Dashboard (2019)

● Indonesia is being successful in reducing inequality, complemented by sustained and inclusive economic growth and accountable governance.

● Poverty has been reduced to single digit for the first time in history, job opportunities and access to education increased at all levels, while GHG emission and disaster risks were reduced.

Indonesia’s Dashboard (UN SDSN 2019)

1. Inclusive and Consistent Economic Growth

● GDP grew consistently by 5% annually (2014-2018).● In 2015-2018, unemployment rate decreased with lower female

unemployment rate from 6.4% to 5.3%, and 9.38 million jobs were created.

● In 2014-2018, poverty rate decreased from 11.25% to 9.82% and Gini Ratio decreased from 0.414 to 0.384.

● In 2014-2017, financial inclusion increased from 36% to 49%, with an increase of financial access for the poorest from 22% to 37%.

2. Achieving near Universal Education

● In 2015-2018, adjusted net attendance rate at preprimary education increased from 79.4% to 83.3%, Gross Enrollment Rate at Junior Secondary School increased from 91.17% to 91.52%, at Senior Secondary School increased from 78.02% to 80.68% and Tertiary level increased from 25.26% to 30.19%.

● Gender inequality at all levels is almost non-existent, while access to Primary and Junior Secondary School is almost equal across income groups.

● Almost half of youth participates in formal and non-formal education.

3. Sustaining Climate Action and Managing Disaster

● Low Carbon Development has been mainstreamed in the national development planning agenda.

● During 2010-2017, GHG emission has been reduced by 22.5% from baseline accumulative of 13 billion ton CO2e, and its intensity by 27% from baseline of 560 ton CO2e per billion rupiah.

● During 2010-2017, enhanced disaster management has reduced the number of deaths and missing persons with decrease of direct economic loss by 7 trillion rupiah. The Disaster Risk Index has been reduced by 23.97% (2018).

4. Realizing Access to Justice and Inclusive Institutions

● Indonesia’s Democracy Index increased from 70.09 (2016) to 72.11 (2017).

● Indonesia’s Anti-Corruption Behavior Index increased from 3.59 (2015) to 3.66 (2018).

● Birth registration covered 83.55% of all children, 77.11% of children in the poorest households, and 71.92% among under-fives (2018).

● In 2015-2018, ±45,000 legal aid and ±83,000 non-litigation activities were provided for the poor.

5. Innovative Development Financing

● Innovative instruments, including Green Sukuk, blended finance, Islamic charity, social impact investments have leveraged resource flows from both public and private sources for SDG financing.

● SDGs Financing Hub has been established to reduce financing gaps and implement innovative financing sources through multi-stakeholder collaboration.

6. Broad, inclusive National Process and Strategic Partnership Building

● Parliament is involved since early stages of SDGs conceptualization, whereas the Supreme Audit Board is involved in auditing SDGs preparation and implementation.

● 9 SDGs Centers have been established in prominent national universities (UNPAD, UI, ITB, dll)

● South-South and Triangular Cooperation have been strengthened with more partner countries and the nexus between peace, humanitarian assistance, and development.

Challenges

Overcoming Challenges

● Remaining general challenges are universal access, equal opportunity and treatment for all.

● Strong concerns include: limited access to responsive public services, unequal quality education and economic opportunity, limited compliance of public services with national standards, as well as inadequate data and information.

● On good governance: corruption, lack of access to and quality of public information, and lack of inclusive data in policy making and implementation.

● On disaster risks and climate change: disaster preparedness, energy diversification, and efficient use of natural resources.

● On domestic resource mobilization: more innovation is needed, particularly on tax compliance and administration.

The Way Forward

Indonesia’s development priorities include strengthening human development through:

● poverty reduction and basic services improvement;

● reducing regional disparities through connectivity and maritime development;

● increasing economic value added and job creation;

● and overcoming the digital divide.

Most prioritized

Mid-prioritized

Least prioritized

61% 54% 52%

43% 42% 42% 38% 37% 35% 33% 31%

21% 18% 18% 16% 12% 10%

Company Trends: Prioritizing SDGs (WBSD 2019)

78% of companies have identified priority SDGs for their organization. Business potential to impact certain goals is being overlooked.

Most prioritized

Mid-prioritized

Least prioritized

61% 54% 52%

43% 42% 42% 38% 37% 35% 33% 31%

21% 18% 18% 16% 12% 10%

Company Trends: Prioritizing SDGs (WBSD 2019)

78% of companies have identified priority SDGs for their organization. Business potential to impact certain goals is being overlooked.

The World in 2050 How to secure global economic development

within a safe and just operating space

Planetary boundaries: e.g. Food; Water; Energy; Biodiversity; Climate Change

“Safe Space” of interaction among SDGs: sustainability narratives to integrated models

Transformational and BAU scenarios based on existing literature e.g. SSPs, GEA, DDPP

Co-benefits of transformational pathways toward the “safe space” compared to BAU

Anthropocene: Success or Failure in Human History(Diamond 2005; Footprint Network, 2017)

Higher gaps in Economy and Poverty(Oxfam, 2019; Scheidel, 2017)

Development and Divides: Ecological, Social and Spiritual (Scharmer, 2012, 2013)

Green Energy (REN21, 2019)

Reducing Gaps in Poverty(Bregman, 2017; Banerjee dan Duflo, 2019)

THANK YOUCOLLABORATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEV.

SDG Hub, Universitas IndonesiaGedung Multidisiplin FMIPAUniversitas IndonesiaDepok 16421