scit 1408 applied human anatomy and physiology ii - vessels chapter 19 a
TRANSCRIPT
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Blood Vessels
Blood carried thru closed system of vessels that begins and
ends at the heart
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
Arteries - away from heart; branch, diverge
Veins - toward the heart; merge, converge
Capillaries- capillary beds in tissues; site of internal
respiration
deliver nutrients, O2 unloading
pic up wastes, CO2 loading
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 19.1b
Tunica media(smooth muscle andelastic fibers)
Tunica externa
(collagen fibers)
Lumen
Artery
LumenVein
Internal elastic lamina
External elastic lamina
Valve
(b)
Endothelial cellsBasement membrane
a!illar"
net#or$
Capillary
Tunica intima
% Endothelium% &ubendothelial la"er
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Blood Vessel 'natom"
able 19.1
Conducting!elastic- big, close toheart, pressure reservoirs; e"pand
during systole, # during diastole;
$istributing % to organs,
vasoconstriction; # stretchy
&egulate flow to capillaries
'mallest- ( cell thic; ( rbc in
diameter; ) types
*ormed from united capillaries
+arger lumen than arteries; have
valves; blood reservoirs
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 19.
Large veins(ca!acitancevessels)
Largel"m!haticvessels
'rteriovenousanastomosis
L"m!haticca!illar"
*ostca!illar"venule
&inusoid
+etarteriole
erminal arteriole
'rterioles(resistance vessels)
+uscular arteries(distributingvessels)
Elastic arteries
(conductingvessels)
&mall veins(ca!acitancevessels)
L"m!hnode
a!illaries(exchange vessels)
*reca!illar" s!hincter horoughfarechannel
Lymphatic
system
Venous system Arterial systemHeart
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, t"!es of ca!illaries-
( Continuous
2 *enestrated
) 'inusoidal
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Fenestrated a!illaries
Figure 19.,b
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&inusoids
Figure 19.,c
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a!illar" Beds rue ca!ilaries vs shunts
Figure 19./a
Blood flow is regulated by vasomotor
nerves and local chemical conditions
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a!illar" Beds Vascular shunts
Figure 19./b
Blood flow is regulated by vasomotor
nerves and local chemical conditions
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Venous &"stem- Venules
Venules- from capillary beds that converge
*luids, BCs lea to tissues
.ostcapillary venules
smallest venules
endothelium and a few pericytes
+arge venules
one or two layers of smooth muscle /tunica media0
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Venous &"stem- Veins
Veins- venules converge
1hree tunics
thin tunica media
thic tunica e"terna
Capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs
contain 34 of the blood supply
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Venous &"stem- Veins
# B., thinner walls, 5 lumen than arteries
Valves
Varicose veins
Venous sinuses % speciali6ed, flattened veins
e"tremely thin walls
coronary sinus of the heart dural sinuses of the brain
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Blood Flo#
Volume of blood flowing through a vessel, an
organ, or the entire circulation in a given period9
7n ml!min
= cardiac output (CO), for entire circulation Constant at rest /fairly0
Varies widely through individual organs
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Blood *ressure (B*)
*orce per unit area e"erted on wall of blood vessel
by contained blood
7n mm :g
easured in reference to systemic arterial B. inlarge arteries near the heart
1he differences in B. within the vascular system
provide the driving force that eeps blood moving
from higher to lower pressure areas
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*eri!heral 0esistance
Amt of friction blood encounters thru systemic
circulation
'ources9
1. Blood viscosity ( stic!iness, ")
2 1otal blood vessel length /5 length, 5 &0
) Blood vessel diameter
varies inversely with
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0esistance Factors- Blood Vessel iameter
a>or determinates - 'mall-diameter arterioles
& 5 when diameter # b!c more of the fluid contacts
the vessel wall of smaller vessels than larger ones
5 diameter changes in small arterioles than large
#therosclerosis$
1urbulent blood flow- opposite of smooth
$ramatically increase resistance due to turbulence
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Blood Flo#2 Blood *ressure2 and 0esistance
Blood flow /*0 - directly proportional to ∆ P
between two points in the circulation /B.0
5 B. , > *
# B. , < *
* - inversely proportional to resistance /&0
", % &
& is more important than ∆ P in influencing local blood pressure
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&"stemic Blood *ressure
1he pumping action of the heart generates blood flow
.ressure results when flow is opposed by resistance
'ystemic pressure
7s highest in the aorta
$eclines throughout the pathway
7s ? mm :g in the right atrium
1he steepest drop occurs in arterioles
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&"stemic Blood *ressure
Figure 19.3
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'rterial Blood *ressure
'ystolic pressure % arterial pressure during
ventricular contraction
$iastolic pressure % lowest arterial pressure
.ulse pressure % systolic minus diastolic pressure ean arterial pressure /A.0 % pressure that
propels the blood to the tissues
A. diastolic pressure (!) pulse pressure
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Factors 'iding Venous 0eturn
.assive return- not pusatile
&espiratory pumpD % breathing drives return
uscular pumpD % seletal muscle contractions
milD blood toward the heart
Valves prevent bacflow during venous return
*L'4*L'4 InterActive Physiology ®: 'natom" 0evie#-Blood Vessel &tructure and Function2 !ages ,56
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Factors 'iding Venous 0eturn
Figure 19.7
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ardiac 8ut!ut (8)
Eeural F :ormonal controls
&esting :&- vagus nerves; slow rate
'troe volume controlled by venous return /@$V0
ith stress9 the cardioacceleratory center increasesheart rate and stroe volume
1he end systolic volume /@'V0 decreases and
A. increases
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+aintaining B*- ardiac 8ut!ut (8)
Figure 19.6
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+aintaining B*- ontrols
'hort-term controls9
Eeural9
Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Counteract moment-to-moment fluctuations in
blood pressure by altering peripheral resistance
+ong-term controls regulate blood volume
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Vasomotor fibers
stimulate
vasoconstriction
&timulate
vasomotor center
8 and R return blood
!ressure to
homeostaticrange
*eri!heralresistance (R )
ardiacout!ut
(8)
&timulus-
0ising blood!ressure
&"m!athetic
im!ulses to heart
( 0 and contractilit")
Im!ulses from
barorece!tors-&timulate cardio
accelerator" center (and inhibit cardio
inhibitor" center)
&timulus-
ecliningblood !ressure
'rterial blood !ressurefalls belo# normal range
Barorece!tors in
carotid sinusesand aortic archinhibited
omeostasis- Blood !ressure in normal range
Barorece!torsin carotid
sinuses and
aortic archstimulated
'rterialblood !ressure
rises abovenormal range
Im!ulse traveling along
afferent nerves from
barorece!tors-&timulate cardio
inhibitor" center
(and inhibit cardioaccelerator" center)
0ate of vasomotor im!ulses allo#svasodilation
( vessel diameter)
&"m!atheticim!ulses to
heart( 0 and contractili t")
R
8
8 and R
return blood!ressure to
omeostatic
range
Inhibitvasomotor center
I m b a l a n c e
I m b a l a n c e
Figure 19.:
'aintaining B$
eural control$
Baroreceptor
refle*es
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+aintaining B*- ;eural ontrols- hemorece!tors
Chemoreceptors in carotid and aorta
# o*ygen, % p+, carbon dio*ide
5 CO, 5 vasoconstriction
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B* control b" igher Brain enters
hile refle"es that routinely regulate B. are
integrated in medulla, these controls can be in turn be influenced by the corte" F hypothalamus
Corte" and :ypothalamus can modify B. via
relays to medullary centers
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+aintaining B*- hemicals that increase B*
Eorepinephrine and epinephrine
Antidiuretic hormone /A$:0
Angiotensin 77
@ndothelin and prostaglandin-derived growthfactor /.$G*0
All cause vasoconstriction
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+aintaining B*- Longerm +echanisms- 0enal
Controls B. by controlling blood volume
5 B., 5 water loss by idneys; lowers B.
# B., # water loss by idneys9 raises B.
Controls B. by controlling renin-angiotensin
mechanism
InterActive Physiology ®:
Blood *ressure 0egulation2 !ages ,5,<
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=idne" 'ction and Blood *ressure
Figure 19.9
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+'* Increases
Figure 19.1<
Blood
doping
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 19.11
'ctivit" of muscular !um! andres!irator"
!um!
0elease
of ';*
Fluid loss from
hemorrhage2
excessive
s#eating
risis stressors-
exercise2 trauma2
bod"
tem!erature
Bloodborne
chemicals-
e!ine!hrine2
;E2 '2
angiotensin II>
';* release
Bod" si?e
onservation
of ;a@ and
#ater b" $idne"
Blood volume
Blood !ressureBlood !2 82
8
eh"dration2
high hematocrit
Blood
volumeBarorece!tors hemorece!tors
Venous
return'ctivation of vasomotor and cardiac
acceleration centers in brain stem
eart
rate
&tro$e
volume
iameter of
blood vessels
Cardiac output
Initial stimulus
0esult
*h"siological res!onse
Mean systemic arterial blood pressure
Blood
viscosit"
Peripheral resistance
Blood vessel
length
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+onitoring irculator" Efficienc"
Vital signs9
pulse
blood pressure
respiratory rate
body temperature
.ulse9 pressure wave caused by the e"pansion and
recoil of arteries
&adial pulse /taen at the wrist0 routinely used
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*al!ated *ulse
Figure 19.11
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Variations in Blood *ressure
Cycles over a 2
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'lterations in Blood *ressure
:ypotension % systolic pressure # (?? mm :g
:ypertension % (
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"!otension
Orthostatic hypotension % temporary low B. and
di66iness when suddenly rising from a sitting orreclining position
Chronic hypotension % hint of poor nutrition and
warning sign for AddisonKs disease
Acute hypotension % important sign of circulatory
shoc
1hreat to patients undergoing surgery and those in
intensive care units
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"!ertension
:ypertension maybe transient or persistent
.rimary or essential hypertension % (
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Blood Flo# hrough Bod" issues
Blood flow /tissue perfusion0 is involved in
$elivery of O2 and nutrients to, and removal of
wastes from, tissue cells
Gas e"change /lungs0
Absorption of nutrients /digestive tract0
Lrine formation /idneys0
"ate of flow is precisely the right amount to
provide for proper function
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 19.1,
Brain
eart
&$eletal
muscles
&$in
=idne"
'bdomen
8ther
otal blood flo# during strenuous
exercise 1623
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Velocit" of Blood Flo# *erfusion 0ates
Figure 19.1,
&ate inversely
proportional to=sec area
'low flow in
capillaries allows
for
gas!nutrient!waste
e"change
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ontrol of 'rteriolar &mooth +uscle
Figure 19.1/
3ilate
Constrict
CO""4C56O 5O O"676#8 98634::::
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issue *erfusion 'utoregulation
&egulation of blood flow thru tissues based on needs
via vasodilation of vessels 'hort-term9
etabolic % in response to O2, nutrients;
+esser response to9 M, :, .G@, lactic acid levels
yogenic- vascular smooth muscle responses to changes in B.
+ong-1erm9
Angiogenesis /production of more vessels0 in response to9
Coronary vessel occludes
:igh altitudes
i * f i B i
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issue *erfusion Brain
7n most tissues, response /autoregulation0 is
controlled by # o"ygen F 5 waste materials
6n brain$
% p+, CO = vasodilation; not as sensitive to
% O
yogenic controls9
vasodilate during # B. Vasoconstrict during 5 B.
i * f i L
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issue *erfusion - Lungs
7n lungs9
'hort pathway
Arteries!arterioles thin-walled, large lumens
+ower arterial pressure /2
% O. , vasoconstriction
O. , vasodilation
Allows for proper o"ygen loading in the lungs
ill E h f 0 i t d
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a!illar" Exchange of 0es!irator" ases and
;utrients
Figure 19.13.
ill E h Fl id + t
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a!illar" Exchange- Fluid +ovements
Eet *iltration .ressure /E*.09 % all the forces acting on a capillary bed
E*. /:.c % :.if 0 % /O.c % O.if 0
:.c Capillary hydrostatic pressure- pressure of blood against thecapillary walls /fluid inside to
outside0
:.if 7nterstitial fluid :ydrostatic pressure
O.c Capillary Oncotic pressure- osmotic pressure /fluid outside toinside0
O.if 7nterstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
7f E*. high, then :. 5 O. F fluid moves out of capillaries
7f E*. low, then :. # O. F fluid moves into capillaries
At the arterial end of a bed, hydrostatic forces dominate /fluids flow out0; Atvenous end, oncotic forces dominate /fluids move in0
InterActive Physiology ®: #utoregulation and Capillary 3ynamics, pages -<
; t Filt ti * (;F*)
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;et Filtration *ressure (;F*)
Figure 19.17
i l t &h $
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irculator" &hoc$
Circulatory shoc % any condition in which blood
vessels are inade8uately filled and blood cannotcirculate normally
&esults in inade8uate blood flow to meet tissue
needs
i l t &h $
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irculator" &hoc$
1hree types include9
:ypovolemic shoc % results from large-scale
blood loss
Vascular shoc % poor circulation resulting from
e"treme vasodilation
Cardiogenic shoc % the heart cannot sustain
ade8uate circulation
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+ypovolemic shoc!/
compensated
i l t * th
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irculator" *ath#a"s
1wo distinct circulations
( .ulmonary circulation % short loop that runs from
the heart to the lungs and bac to the heart
2 'ystemic circulation % routes blood through a
long loop to all parts of the body and returns to the
heart
ifferences Bet#een 'rteries and Veins
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ifferences Bet#een 'rteries and Veins
#rteries eins
$eliveryBlood pumped from heartinto single systemic artery % the aorta
Blood returns via superior andinterior venae cavae and drainsheart via the coronary sinus
+ocation$eep, and protected bytissue
Both deep and superficial
.athways *air, clear, and defined Convergent interconnections
'upply!drainage .redictable supply$ural sinuses and hepatic portal
circulation
evelo!mental 's!ects
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evelo!mental 's!ects
1he endothelial lining of blood vessels arises from
mesodermal cells, which collect in blood islands Blood islands form rudimentary vascular tubes
through which the heart pumps blood by the fourthwee of development
*etal shunts /foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus0 bypass nonfunctional lungs
1he ductus venosus bypasses the liver 1he umbilical vein and arteries circulate blood to
and from the placenta
evelo!mental 's!ects
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evelo!mental 's!ects
Blood vessels are trouble-free during youth
Vessel formation occurs9
As needed to support body growth
*or wound healing
1o rebuild vessels lost during menstrual cycles
ith aging, varicose veins, atherosclerosis, and
increased blood pressure may arise
*ulmonar" irculation
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*ulmonar" irculation
Figure 19.1:b
&"stemic irculation
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&"stemic irculation