scientific processes & termssteinbrink_heidi/steinbrink/physical... · what is science? science...
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Scientific Processes & Terms
Unit 1: Scientific Processes Geophysical Science
Steinbrink
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What is Science?
Science is the knowledge obtained by observing natural events and conditions in order to discover facts and formulate laws or principles that can be verified or tested.
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Branches of Science
! Chemistry ! Physics ! Biology ! Astronomy ! Oceanography ! Meteorology ! Zoology ! Geology
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What is Pseudoscience?
! Research that has the appearance of science but does not follow the scientific method, usually lacking peer review and repetition of observations by independent researchers.
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Examples of Pseudoscience
! Big Foot ! Loch Ness Monster ! UFO’s ! Psychic Phenomena ! Astrology
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Scientific Law
! A summary of many experimental results and observations; a law tells how things work
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Scientific Theory
! An explanation for some phenomenon that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning.
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Hypothesis
! An educated guess that helps to guide the research or experiment study.
! Possible explanation for a set of observations or possible answer to a scientific question
! If_________ then ________ statement.
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Variables
! A factor that changes in an experiment in order to test a hypothesis.
! How many variables should you test during an experiment?
! Just one variable at a time!
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Independent Variable
! What you choose to measure in an experiment.
! Often times this will be time units. ! Graphed on the x-axis
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Dependent Variable
! Value depends on what happens in the experiment.
! Result of the independent variable. ! Graphed on the y-axis.
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Observation
! The act of making and recording information by using your senses. – Sight – Hearing – Touch – Smell – Taste
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Inference
! Interpreting an observation or statement based on prior knowledge.
! An inference is an act of reasoning, not a fact.
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Observation vs. Inference
Sample Observations Sample Inferences
The footprints in the soil each have five toes.
An animal made the footprints.
The larger footprints are about 20 cm long.
A bear made the footprint.
The space between each pair of footprints is about 30 cm.
The animal was walking not running.
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Qualitative Data
! Deals with descriptions. ! Data can be observed but not
measured. ! Colors, textures, smells, tastes,
appearance, beauty, etc. ! Qualitative → Quality
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Quantitative Data
! Deals with numbers. ! Data which can be measured. ! Length, height, area, volume, weight,
speed, time, temperature, humidity, sound levels, cost, members, ages, etc.
! Quantitative → Quantity ! THINK NUMBERS