ooi science drivers and design i: observing the dynamic...
TRANSCRIPT
Science Community Workshop IBaltimore, Nov 11-12, 2009
Ocean Observatories Initiative
OOI Science Drivers and Design I: Observing the Dynamic
Coastal Ocean
Schofield, Barth, Plueddemann
Science Community Workshop 1 2
Community Input• Pre-ORION and observatory-related workshops
– DEOS, SCOTS, ALPS, RECONN, Profiler, …
• ORION-era workshops– San Juan, Salt Lake City
• RFA process• Advisory committees
– STAC, PAC
• Review committees– Blue Ribbon Panels, CDR, PDR, FDR, …
Science Community Workshop 1 3
Program Documents
• Science Prospectus
• Science Plan
• Final Network Design
Science Community Workshop 1 4
OOI Coastal Arrays• Prototypical eastern boundary system
(wind-driven upwelling)• Links to climate forcing (PDO, ENSO)
• Prototypical shelfbreak system (buoyancy-driven current)
• Links to climate forcing (NAO)
Plueddemann and Cook (WHOI)
Science Community Workshop 1 5
Middle Atlantic Bight• Persistent advection
of cold, fresh water from the north
• Fresh water input from a series of rivers along the coast
• Influence of Gulf Stream rings and meanders from the south
• Complex frontal zone at the shelf-break
Plueddemann, Trowbridge, and Sosik (WHOI)
Science Community Workshop 1 6
Shelf Break Processes
Science Community Workshop 1 7
Frontal Dynamics• The front is distinguished by the transition from
cold, fresh shelf water to warmer, saltier slope water
Linder and Gawarkiewicz (1998)
• Surface- intensified jet, near the 150 m isobath
• Mechanisms of cross-front exchange are largely unknown
Science Community Workshop 1 8
Frontal Dynamics
• Upwelling at base of front due to bottom boundary layer convergence
• Filamentation and turbulent stirring over slope
Houghton (1997)
Science Community Workshop 1 9
Ecosystem Dynamics• The shelfbreak front is a biological as well as a
physical property boundary
Chlorophyll (H. Sosik)SST (APL/Johns Hopkins)
Science Community Workshop 1 10
Ecosystem Dynamics• Slope nutrient input
important to primary production on shelf
• Shelfbreak exhibits a spring chlorophyll maximum via local nutrient enrichment
• Process(es) of nutrient exchange among shelf, front, and slope are not understood
chlorophyll 18-20 June 2001 (H. Sosik)
Science Community Workshop 1 11
Marine Habitats
• The shelfbreak and coastal zone are the most important marine habitats in the MAB
• The shelfbreak has highest diversity of marine mammals in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic EEZ
Natural Resources Defense Council (2001)
Science Community Workshop 1 12
Climate Connections
• NAO state modifies storm tracks, circulation and stratification in the North Atlantic
Heidi and Cook (WHOI)
Science Community Workshop 1 13
Climate Connections
Irminger SeaArrayIrminger SeaArray
Pioneer ArrayPioneer Array70°W70°W
40°N40°N
• North Atlantic variability linked to MABCEV (UW)
Science Community Workshop 1 14
Climate Connections
• High-latitude source waters
• Climate variability drives water property changes
• Altered circulation and stratification patterns
• MAB ecosystems experience regime shifts
Green and Pershing, Science (2007)
Science Community Workshop 1 15
Coastal CO2 Flux
• Coastal ocean adds complexity to oceanic CO2 balance
• Global analyses do not adequately resolve the coastal zones
• MAB CO2 monitoring recommended by North Am Carbon Program
Sabine et al. (2004)
Science Community Workshop 1 16
Pioneer Infrastructure• A Multi-Element, Multi-Scale Array
– Moored Array resolving frontal scale at shelfbreak
– Glider Array resolving mesoscale features from outer shelf to slope sea
– AUVs with docking stations allowing adaptive sampling at intermediate scales
– Sensors for interdisciplinary observations– Expandability for science user experiments
Science Community Workshop 1 17
Observing Infrastructure
Plueddemann and Trowbridge (WHOI)
Science Community Workshop 1 18
Pioneer Array• Multi-platform, multi-scale• Fixed and mobile assets• Integrated with regional
observing assets
glidersmooringsPlueddemann and Trowbridge (WHOI)
Science Community Workshop 1 19
Pioneer SitesPlatform Site Location Depth Comments
EOM mooring, AUV dock, winched profiler with ADCP inshore
40o 14’ N 70o 45’ W 110 m
Typical inshore extent of shelf break front and jet
Moored profiler with ADCP central inshore40o 08’ N 70o 45’ W 130 m
10 km horizontal separation, resolves frontal correlation scale
EOM mooring, MFN, winched profiler with ADCP central
40o 03’ N 70o 45’ W 150 m
At climatological shelf break front, MFN for science user instruments
Moored profiler with ADCP central offshore39o 57’ N 70o 45’ W 300 m
10 km horizontal separation, resolves frontal correlation scale
EOM mooring, AUV dock, moored profiler with ADCP offshore
39o 52’ N 70o 45’ W 500 m
Typical offshore extent of shelf break front and jet
Moored profiler with ADCPupstream inshore
40o 14’ N 70o 38’ W 110 m
15 km horizontal separation, resolves along-stream correlation scale
Moored profiler with ADCPupstream offshore
39o 52’ N 70o 38’ W 500 m
15 km horizontal separation, resolves along-stream correlation scale
AUVsshelfbreak region various various
~80 km transects along and across shelf, centered on shelf break
glidersouter shelf & slope sea various various
~150 km transects from outer shelf to slope sea
Science Community Workshop 1 20
Pioneer Array• Full water
column• Cross-front
resolution• Power-
generating buoys
• Multi- function nodes
• AUV docks
Plueddemann and Cook (WHOI)
Science Community Workshop 1 21
Pioneer Array• Surface mooring/profiler pair• EOM mooring
– Satellite communications– Power generation at buoy– Meteorology– Sensor breakout at 5 m– EOM connection to seafloor– MFN at base, AUV docks
• Profilers– Wire crawler, to 20 m depth– Winched, surface piercing– ADCPs at base
Science Community Workshop 1 22
Pioneer Array• Wire crawler profilers
– Surface expression– Iridium telemetry – 20 m minimum depth– Inductive link to surface– ADCP at base
Science Community Workshop 1 23
Pioneer Infrastructure
Moored Array40 x 15 km
Site spacing10 km cross15 km along
AUV Region80 x 80 km
Glider Region150 x 130 km
Plueddemann (WHOI)
Science Community Workshop 1 24
Pioneer Infrastructure
Typical AUV mission
220 km along- track
(80 km transect in 12 hr)
35 hr mission7 day repeat
Plueddemann (WHOI)
Science Community Workshop 1 25
Pioneer Infrastructure
Typical glider mission
2000 km along- track
(150 km transect in 1 week)
3 mo endurance
Plueddemann (WHOI)
Science Community Workshop 1 26
NE Pacific Coast• North Pacific High
dominates regional meteorology
Huyer (1983)
• California Current and coastal upwelling dominate along the coast
Science Community Workshop 1 27
Coastal Dynamics
• Wind forcing, coastal currents, upwelling and topography interact to create complex flow fields
Barth (2007), Drawing by Barth and Reinert
COAS (OSU)
Science Community Workshop 1 28
Ecosystem Dynamics• Coastal upwelling fuels primary production
chlorophyll temperature• Increased carbon fixation
• Increased POC flux
• Localized in time and space
Barth (2007), Drawing by Barth and Reinert, data courtesy of T. Strub
Science Community Workshop 1 29
Columbia River Outflow• Primary production• CO2 exchange• Stratification• Marine habitats
Chlorophyll (R. Kudela, UCSC)summer winter
Science Community Workshop 1 30
Hypoxia• Local
response to increased primary production at the surface
• Results in increased POC, decreased O2 in the BBL
Dissolved Oxygen
Particulate Org. Carbon
Velocity (N-S)
Hales et al. (2006)
hypoxic
Science Community Workshop 1 31
Hypoxia• Advection
subarctic water along the Oregon coast
• Source waters are nutrient rich, oxygen poor
• Associated fish and crab mortality
125 124.8 124.6 124.4 124.243.9
44.1
44.3
44.5
44.7
Longitude (°W)
Latit
ude
(°N
)
50
Heceta Bank
Stonewall Bank
HH-Line
NH-Line
0% 1-25% 26-50% 51-75%76-100%
SH-Line
70100200300400
Newport
100
500
B
Florence
A
124
Crab Mortality Classes
Percentage of Pots0 50 100
Grantham et al. (2004)
Science Community Workshop 1 32
Acidification• Upwelling brings
low pH waters to the coastal zone
• Aragonite compensation depth may be <100 m
Feely et al. (2008)
Science Community Workshop 1 33
Coastal CO2 Flux• Coastal zone is
both a source and sink
• Riverine inflow with low pCO2 creates an ocean sink
• Strong coastal upwelling of high CO2 water results in ocean source
Chavez, Takahashi et al. (2007)
Science Community Workshop 1 34
Climate Connections• PDO, ecosystem
changes documented
• Neither physical mechanisms nor biogeochemical consequences well understood
Peterson and Schwing (2003)
Science Community Workshop 1 35
Endurance Infrastructure• A Multi-Element, Multi-Scale Array
– Two mooring lines spanning key shelf regions and contrasting along-shore regimes
– Glider Array resolving mesoscale features from inner shelf to slope
– Seafloor Cable providing high power and bandwidth
– Sensors for interdisciplinary observations– Expandability for science user experiments
Science Community Workshop 1 36
Endurance Array• Multi-platform,
multi-scale• Fixed and mobile
assets• Cross-shelf arrays
at Newport and Grays Harbor
• Oregon Line Cabled to RSN
COAS (OSU)
Science Community Workshop 1 37
Endurance SitesLocation
descriptionLatitude
°NLongitude
°WDepth
mComments
OregonOffshore
44.65 124.90 500 Offshore site, cabled, shared infrastructure with RSN
OregonShelf
44.64 124.30 80 Mid-shelf site cabled, shared infrastructure with RSN
OregonInshore
44.65 124.10 25 Inshore site, uncabled
WashingtonOffshore
46.91 124.95 500 Offshore site, un-cabled
WashingtonShelf
47.00 124.27 80 Mid-shelf site un-cabled
WashingtonInshore
47.00 124.162 25 Inshore site, un-cabled
Science Community Workshop 1 38
Endurance Oregon Line• Full water
column • Key cross-
shelf sites• High power
& bandwidth via RSN cable
• Benthic experiment nodes
Inner shelfMid
shelf
Slope COAS (OSU), Illustration by Cook (WHOI)
Science Community Workshop 1 39
Oregon Inner Shelf• Surface mooring
– Iridium communications– Hardened, battery power– Upper ocean sensors – EM to seafloor– MFN platform at base
• Winched profiler– Stand-alone, battery powered– Surface piercing
Science Community Workshop 1 40
Oregon Mid-Shelf• Surface EM mooring
– Satellite comm’s– Power generation
(wind/solar)– Meteorology– Sensor breakout at 5 m
• Winched profiler– Cabled to RSN
• Benthic Exp Platform– Cabled to RSN
Science Community Workshop 1 41
Oregon Slope• Surface mooring
– (as before)• Hybrid profiler mooring
– Winched above– Mid-water platform– Wire crawler below– Cabled to RSN
• Benthic Exp Platform– Cabled to RSN
Science Community Workshop 1 42
Endurance Washington Line• Full water
column • Key cross-
shelf sites• Power-
generating buoys
• Multi- function nodes
COAS (OSU), Illustration by Cook (WHOI)
Science Community Workshop 1 43
CGSN Core Sensors• Derived from community input (RFIs), Advisory Groups
(iOSC, BRP), Trace Matrices and SUR• 32 CGSN Sensor Types in 18 Measurement Classes• 237 sensors in Endurance Array, 150 sensors in Pioneer
Air-sea fluxes (3) Turbulent velocity (1) Nitrate (1)CO2 flux (2) Dissolved oxygen (2) Nutrient 4 Chan (1)Surface waves (1) pH (1) ZP sonar (2)Temp/cond/press (5) PAR (1) Digital still camera (1)Pressure (1) Spectral irradiance (1) Hydrophone (1)Mean currents (point and profile) (5)
Optical attenuation and absorption (1)
Chl-a, CDOM, and turbidity (2)
(x) = number of sensor types in measurement class
Science Community Workshop 1 44
Sampling Rates• Fixed sensors
– Baseline sampling: hourly– Capable of: >=1 Hz depending on sensor
• Profilers– Baseline sampling: Uncabled: 4x/day, Cabled: 8x/day– Sub-meter vertical resolution– Capable of: 150 m vertical profile in 20 min
• Gliders, AUVs– 1 m along-track resolution– Horizontal resolution 10x profile depth– Capable of: defined or adaptive mission control
Science Community Workshop 1 45
Coastal Core Sensors• Details by measurement type and platform
– Air-Sea interface• On all EM and EOM buoys
– Surface boundary layer• EM & EOM 5 m breakouts, winched profilers
– Water column• Profilers, gliders, AUVs
– Benthic boundary layer• MFN, BEP, winched profilers
Science Community Workshop 1 46
Summary• Overarching science drivers
– Process focused, interdisciplinary, climate related
• East and west coast arrays with– Common elements (platforms, sensors)– Unique features
• Real-time data flow• Command and control• Extensible, expandable
Science Community Workshop 1 47