science warm-up 3/19/2012
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Science Warm-up 3/19/2012. ~52. There is a dead man lying in the desert next to a rock. What happened? 62. Two children born in the same hospital, in the same hour, day, and year, have the same mother and father, but are not twins. What happened?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Science Warm-up 3/19/2012
• ~52. There is a dead man lying in the desert next to a rock. What happened?
• 62. Two children born in the same hospital, in the same hour, day, and year, have the same mother and father, but are not twins.• What happened?
• ~52. The dead man is Superman; the rock is Green Kryptonite. Invent a reasonable scenario from there.
• ~62. The children are two of a set of triplets.
Chapter 3: Communities, Biomes
and Ecosystems. Wood
Chapter 3 Overview
• Big Idea: Limiting factors and ranges of tolerance are factors that determine where terrestrial biome and aquatic biomes exist.
• Section 1: Community Ecology• Section 2: Terrestrial Biomes• Section 3: Aquatic Ecosystems
Section 1: Community Ecology
• Main idea: All living organisms are limited by factors in the environment.
• Key Concepts:–Communities p.60– Ecological Succession p.62
Community
• A biological community is a group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time.
• Communities are affected by things called limiting factors.
Limiting Factors
• Any abiotic factor or biotic factor that restricts the numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms is called a limiting factor.• Includes sunlight, climate,
temperature, water, nutrients, fire, soil chemistry, and space, and other living things
Range of Tolerance
• An upper limit and lower limit that define the conditions in which an organism can survive
• The ability of any organism to survive when subjected to abiotic factors or biotic factors is called tolerance.
Ecological Succession
• The change in an ecosystem that happens when one community replaces another as a result of changing abiotic and biotic factors is ecological succession.
• There are two types of ecological succession—primary succession and secondary succession.
Primary Succession
• The establishment of a community in an area of exposed rock that does not have any topsoil is primary succession.
Lichens
Secondary Succession
• The orderly and predictable change that takes place after a community of organisms has been removed but the soil has remained intact is secondary succession.
Section 2: Terrestrial Biomes
• Main Idea: Ecosystems on land are grouped into biomes primarily based on the plant communities in them.
• Key Concepts:– Effects of Latitude and Climate p. 65–Major Land Biomes p. 66–Other Terrestrial Biomes p. 72
Latitude
• The distance any point on the surface of the Earth north or south from the equator is latitude.
Climate
• The average weather conditions in an area, including temperature and precipitation, describe the area’s climate.
• Remember, this is the type of clothes you would find in your closet for a season.
• This graph shows how temperature and precipitation influence the communities
Major Land Biomes
• Biomes are classified by 3 things:–Their plants–The temperature–The amount of precipitation.
Tundra
• The tundra is a treeless biomes with a layer of frozen soil below called permafrost.
• Avg temp: -34 to -12 degrees Celsius• Avg precipitation: 15-25cm per year• Abiotic factors: soggy summers;
permafrost; cold and dark much of the year
Boreal Forest
• Avg Precipitation: 30-84cm per year
• Avg Temp: -54 to 21 degrees Celsius
• Abiotic factors: summers are short and moist; winters are long, cold, and dry
Temperate Forest
• Average precipitation: 75–150 cm per year
• Temperature range: -30°C to 30°C
• Abiotic factors: well-defined seasons; summers are hot, winters are cold
Temperate Shrubland
• Average precipitation: 38–100 cm per year
• Temperature range: 10°C to 40°C• Abiotic factors: summers are
very hot and dry; winters are cool and wet
Temperate Grassland
• Average precipitation: 50–89 cm per year
• Temperature range: -40°C–38°C• Abiotic factors: summers are hot;
winters are cold; moderate rainfall; fires possible
Desert
• Average precipitation: 2–26 cm per year
• Temperature range: high: 20°C to 49°C; low: -18°C to 10°C
• Abiotic factors: varying temperatures; low rainfall
Tropical Savanna
• Average precipitation: 50–130 cm per year
• Temperature range: 20°C to 30°C• Abiotic factors: summers are hot
and rainy; winters are cool and dry
Tropical Seasonal Forest
• Average precipitation: >200 cm per year
• Temperature range: 20°C–25°C• Abiotic factors: rainfall is
seasonal
Tropical Rain Forest
• Average precipitation: 200–1000 cm per year
• Temperature range: 24°C to 27°C• Abiotic factors: humid all year;
hot and a lot of precipitation
Mountains
• Biomes on mountains change with an increase of elevation.
Polar Regions
Section 3: Aquatic Biomes
• Main Idea: Aquatic ecosystems are grouped based on abiotic factors such as water flow, depth, distance from shore, salinity and latitude.
• Key Concepts:– Freshwater ecosystems p. 74– Transitional ecosystems p. 78–Marine ecosystems p. 79
Freshwater Ecosystems
Rivers and Streams
• The water flows in one direction, beginning at a source called a headwater and travelling to the mouth, where the flowing water empties into a larger body of water.
• The faster the water, the lower the number of organisms.
• Fast-moving rivers and streams prevent much accumulation of organic materials and sediment.
Lakes and Ponds
• The temperature of lakes and ponds varies depending on the season.
3 Zones of Lakes
• Littoral zone- area closest to shore
• Limnetic zone- open water, well lit
• Profundal zone- deepest area, coldest
Transitional Aquatic Ecosystems
• Estuaries- where freshwater from a stream mixes with saltwater.
Intertidal Zone
• The narrow band where ocean and land meet.
Open Oceans
• Photic- with sunlight• Aphotic- without sunlight• Benthic zone: area on the bottom
of the ocean containing sand, silt, and dead organisms.
• Abyssal zone: deepest zone of ocean.
Coastal Ocean and Coral Reef
• Coral reefs are natural barriers that protect shorelines from erosion.