SCIENCE TO PRACTICE:

LESSON LEARNT FROM

COMMUNITY BASED

ADAPTATION IN SEMI ARID

REGION OF INDONESIA

The SPARC Project

Directorate General of Climate Change Manggala Wanabhakti Building, Blok Wing 7, 12th Flr Gatot Subroto Street Senayan, Central Jakarta Email: setditjenppi@menlhk.go.id

STRATEGIC PLANNING AND ACTIONS TO STRENGTHEN CLIMATE

RESILIENCE OF RURAL COMMUNITY

SPARC

Supervisor

Nur Masripatin

Sri Tantri Arundhati

Triwidayati

Author

Perdinan

Assistants

Arezka Ari Hantyanto

Ryco F Adi

Enggar Y Arini

Hilda A Prakasiwi

Annisa Purwaningsih

Rizki Abdul Basit

Tri Atmaja

Science to Practice:

Lesson Learnt from

Community based Adaptation in

Semi Arid Region of Indonesia

4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Indonesian government already paid a serious attention to address the potential

impacts of climate change, particularly since the convening of the Climate Change

Conference in Bali in 2007. In 2010, a report on the potential impacts of climate change

on various economy sectors was documented by the Ministry of National Development

Planing – Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (BAPPENAS) in a report named

Indonesian Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap (BAPPENAS 2010). Understanding the

impacts of climate change, climate change adaptation should be devised and

mainstreamed into development plan as described in the document of the National

Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation, Rencana Aksi Nasional Adaptasi Perubahan

Iklim (RAN-API) published in 2014 (BAPPENAS 2014). In supporting the needs for

devising climate change adaptation (CCA), as is also mandated by the law No.32/2009

verse no.16 on vulnerability assessment, a tool designed for measuring regional climate

change vulnerability has been released (KLHK, 2015). In accordance, the government

through the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan

Kehutanan (KLHK) has also released the ministerial decree No. 33/2016 to provide the

guidance for devising strategies on climate change adaptation. As a focal point on

managing climate change issues, the Directorate General of Climate Change under the

Ministry of Environment and Forestry has been formed in 2015 through presidential

decree No.16/2015. The government has also ratified the Paris Agreement in October

2016 that showed the government commitment in the global initiative on climate change.

The government attention is considerably high because climate change has been

identified also to impact social livelihoods particularly those who lived in rural and coastal

areas (i.e., farmers, fisherman). Concerning this potential issue, in 2013, the Indonesian

government and the provincial government of East Nusa Tenggara Timur - Nusa

Tenggara Timur in cooperation with international institutions launched a project called

"Strategic Planning and Action to strengthen climate resilience of rural society in East

Nusa Tenggara" or known as SPARC (2013-2016). The United Nations Development

Programme (UNDP) with support from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) facilitated

the implementation of SPARC program. The KLHK is the implementing partner at the

national level and the Planning and Development Agency, Badan Perencanaan Daerah

(BAPPEDA) of the NTT Province, is the responsible partner at the provincial level. The

SPARC program focuses on strengthening the resilience of rural communities to the

impacts of climate change, particularly on three sensitive sectors: agriculture, water

resources and livelihoods. For pilot sites, three districts of the NTT province, namely:

East Sumba, Manggarai, and Sabu Raijua, suggested by the NTT provincial government

with consideration of geographic and economic conditions were chosen.

The SPARC program geared to devise and implement CCA activities in the

three-targeted districts, i.e., Manggarai regency, East Sumba and Sabu Raijua. In

support the SPARC program, the project team was formed, composing of the national,

the provincial, and the district government officers. The provincial government also

released Peraturan Daerah (PERDA), a provincial regulation, No. 1/2014. At the district

5

level, Surat Keputusan (SK) Bupati, the regent decree, was issued to form a task force

for each district. At the moment, programs on CCA have not been included into Rencana

Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah (RPJMD) – Medium Term of Development

Plan at the district level, but the CCA programs have been integrated into Rencana Kerja

Tahunan (RKP) - Annual Development Plan of the targeted-districts. The SPARC

programs also targeted different beneficiaries. For the local government, the SPARC

enhance their capacities on CCA through capacity building programs such as trainings

and workshops. For the community, the implementation of CCA actions engaged with 78

communities in the three districts. The priotized locations and actions for each targeted-

district was determined based on the vulnerability assessment, planned development

programs, and stakeholder consultation. The CCA programs promoted by the SPARC

aimed at improving the resilience of agriculture, water resources, and livelihoods.

As of 2015, the CCA actions have been implemented in 9 villages (three villages

per district). In the district of Manggarai, the three villages are Desa Gapong, Ndehes

Copang Village, and Village Iteng, and CCA actions involve 18 communities. The CCA

actions in Gapong included the provision of water infrastructure, the cultivation of

vegetables, business on cotton mattress and traditional woven fabric called ‘kain tenun’,

cattle and fattening pigs. The results of these activities included water infrastructure,

vegetable cultivation such as carrots, beans, chickpeas, eggplant and tomato, mattress

and the traditional woven fabric. The mattress is sold @IDR100.000,- a piece and the

traditional woven fabric is sold @ IDR 450.000,-. As of this report, there were about 10

mattresses and 67 ‘kain tenun’ sold. In Copang Ndehes, the activities included

cultivation of vegetables, provision of water infrastructure, irrigation, and reforestation.

The activities resulted in about 3000 trees planted, provision of drinking water networks

and irrigation system repairs. In Iteng, the activities were cultivation of green beans and

horticulture, cooperation with fruit seed supplier, livestocks such as pigs, chickens and

goats. The results were cultivation of watermelon and melon, adjustments of planting

schedule based on the market demand.

The other CCA implementation was in the district of Sabu Raijua, involved about

20 communities. The works were placed in three villages, namely: Eimau, Ledekapaka,

and Tada. In Eimau, there are several activities, i.e., enhancement of agricultural

products, solar pumping, water conservation and catchment (water drill called Sumur),

fiber craft for creating a boat and cemented bricks. The results were ‘big’ harvest

attended by the Regent Mayor (BUPATI), the management of community groups with

dues 5000/month/ member, eight 8-observation wells, a boat and 800 cemented bricks,

and 200 wind-stone. In Tada, the adaptation activities were installation of solar pump

and pipeline, and plant cultivation. The results were cultivated plant sold @ IDR 10,000 -

15,000. In Ledekapaka, the activities were vegetable cultivation, conservation of water

ponds called “embung”, installation of solar pumping and manufacturing water channels.

The outputs included crop cultivation of purple sweet potato, five points of solar

pumping, and 22 culverts for market sale. The other adaptation activities were

implemented in East Sumba (involved 40 community groups). The implementation of

activities was in the villages of Napu, Palanggai and Rakawatu. In Napu, the activities

6

were construction of Solar Pump, crop cultivation, and climate field school. The activities

resulted in the installation of solar pump and pipeline, the development of vegetable

gardens, planting 200 coconuts, 2500 cashew seedlings, and the training of rainfall

observation as a part of climate field school. In Palanggai, the activities included the

construction of wellbore, field school of cultivating paddy and diversifying local food,

cultivation of annual crop, and climate field school. The results were the constructed

wellbore, 3000 coconut seedlings, 1000 breadfruits, 3500 cashew seedlings, and a

training of rainfall observation. In Rakawatu, the activities were field school of paddy

cultivation, the use of biochar technology for vegetable cultivation, cultivation of snails for

animal feed, freshwater fish farming, cultivation of annual crop, and climate field school.

The results included harvesting of vegetables, cultivation of cassava with cutting-

methods, cultivation of peanuts, and plantation of annual crop (i.e., 2500 hazelnuts,

1500 breadfruits, 2500 coconuts, 1000 coffes, 1000 oranges, and 5000 mangos).

The implementation of CCA activities under the SPARC provides a lesson-learn

on the process of adaptation efforts from planning to actions. The SPARC offers a list of

learning processes that can be grouped into: 1) issues in the implementation,

2) awareness on climate change impacts, 3) rules and actions on CCA at the local level,

4) mainstreaming CCA into local government programs and budget allocations. The

implementation of CCA activities under the SPARC, which are spread acroos three

districts, is a challenge on the efficiency and effectiveness of monitoring and evaluation.

The targeted districts of Sumba Timur, Sabu Raijua, and Manggarai are geographically

laid on three different islands, affected financial needs and mobilization. A district

coordinator was assigned for each district to manage SPARC activites, which is

considerably effective concerning the geographical condition. The coordinator also

works collaboratively with the local non-government organization recruited by the

SPARC to assist in implementing CCA activities at the community level. The local

culture of targeted-implementation area, i.e., villages is another concern. The target

villages have traditional leaders who are significantly influential in deciding local actions.

The other concern is that the CCA activities has not been included in the Medium Term

Development Planing called Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah

(RPJMD) at the district level; although, the CCA has been ruled by the local regulation,

called Peraturan Daerah (PERDA) at the provincial level through PERDA No.1/2014.

Specifically for one of the SPARC focus on strengthening livelihoods, efforts

have been made to diversify source of income. For example, in the Gapong village of

Manggarai district, a group of women spend their time to create the traditional woven

fabric called ‘kain tenun’. As of this report, the group has produced 67 pieces of ‘kain

tenun’ sold for IDR 450.000,- a piece. Another example is the production of fiber boats,

800 cemented-bricks and 200 windstones In the Eimau village of Sabu Raijua district.

Concerning the longer dry season period, the salt production and sea grass cultivation

are two major economic activities along the coastal lines of the targeted-districts, whose

products are exported to the other districts or province in Indonesia. The local

government is in chage in promoting the products.

7

As for the other two focuses, agriculture and water resource, the SPARC

promotes the cultivation of superior varieties to adapt with the climate fluctuation,

cultivation of vegetables and annual plantation, and development of access to water

infrastructure. In general, the implementation of SPARC program has led to encourage

local activities that can be sustained after the project ends; although, the effectiveness

and efficiency of budget utilization should still be improved. Based on the implementation

of CCA activities under the SPARC, further steps are proposed as follows:

Defining criteria to incorporate CCA programs into local development plans that

consider stakeholders’ involvement, stakeholders’ understanding, human

resources capacity, a sense of ownership, funding availability, local resources,

and government policy.

Promotion of the CCA implementation through training and community facilitation

by local partners, particulalrly the formation of local community groups as the

implementor of Climate Village Program - Program Kampung Iklim (PROKLIM).

Measurement of CCA investment for determining the costs and the targets

through documentation of initial condition prior to the CCA implementation,

agreement on unit analysis for monitoring the CCA activities, and documentation

of the activities in a systematic reporting format.

Strengthening the capacity of stakeholders (public and private), considering the

implementation of CCA actions involved multi-stakeholders, leading to the needs

for developing the technical guidelines for CCA implementation.

Strengthening funding allocations and mechanism for CCA, learning from the

involvement of a financial institution in the CCA implementation under the

SPARC, namely: BANK NTT, offering an approach for the disbursement of CCA

funding to communities, leading to the needs for developing the technical

guidelines for the involvement of financial institutions in the implementation of

community-based adaptation to climate change.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4

TABLE OF CONTENTS 8

LIST OF FIGURES 9

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. CLIMATE IMPACTS IN THE PROJECT AREA 4

3. DESIGNING CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION 11

A. APPROACH AND TARGETS 12

B. PROJECT LOCATION 13

C. STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVEMENT IN ADAPTATION ACTIONS 15

D. IMPLEMENTATION ACTIVITIES 17

4. COMMUNITY BASED ADAPTATION ACTIONS 22

5. LESSON LEARNT 28

REFERENCES 34

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Geography dan topography condition of East Nusa Tenggara (left) and

information on annual rainfall for the climatological periode of 1971-2000

(middle) and land use (right) of the districts of Manggarai (above), Sumba

Timur (middle), dan Sabu Raijua (bottom). Source: prepared by PIAREA.co.id

using various data sources………………………………………………………...4

Figure 2. Climate condition in East Nusa Tenggara. Source: BPS 2016………………....7

Figure 3. Climate Information of monthly precipitation and air temperature for the period

of 1980-2011 in the study area. Data source: BMKG 2016……………………..7

Figure 4. Distribution of historical hidrometeology hazards for the districts of Sumba

Timur (above), Manggarai (bottom-left), and Sabu Raijua (bottom-right).

Legends indicate the type of hazard and the numbers indicate the name of

the administrative area within each district. Source: compilation of Perdinan et

al. (2016)……………………………………………………………………………..8

Figure 5. The identifation of the impacts of climate-related hazards on various sectors in

the region of East Nusa Tenggara. Source: compilation of Perdinan et al.

(2016). ………………………………………………………………………………..9

Figure 6. Process of forming adaptation options in SPARC target region………………12

Figure 7. The activities approached for each major goal of the SPARC program ……..13

Figure 8. The villages based vulnerability mapping for Manggarai district (left), Sabu

Raijua district (middle), and Sumba Timur (right). Source: Perdinan et al

(2015)……………………………………………………………………………….13

Figure 9. Location of the villages selected for climate change adaptation actions …….14

Figure 10. Stakeholders’ involvement in the implementation of adaptation actions ……15

Figure 11. The approaches made by The Technical Team of the provincial and district

level in supporting the SPARC program ……………………………………….18

Figure 12. Activities on capacity buildings organized by the other institutions followed by

the government staff of NTT supported by the SPARC ………………………19

Figure 13. Deliverables of the SPARC Activities at community level …………………….21

Figure 14. Adaptation actions at the villages in the Manggarai district …………………..22

FIgure 15. Adaptation actions at the villages in the Sabu Raijua district …………..…….23

Figure 16. Adaptation activities at the villages level in East Sumba the district ………...23

Figure 17. Identification of lesson-learnt obtained from the SPARC project in NTT ……28

1

1. INTRODUCTION

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in the Fifth Assessment

Report (AR5) (IPCC 2013) reported that global climate change has a significant impact

on countries in the Southeast Asia region. At the global level, the impact of climate

change is exarcebating due to increased environmental damage. Human activity causes

an increase in greenhouse gas emissions because of energy use, fossil fuels use, and

reduced absorption of greenhouse gases (due to reduced green open spaces, illegal

logging, or forest fires). A report released by ADB entitled "The Economics of Climate

Change in Southeast Asia," said Southeast Asia is the most vulnerable area of the world

to climate change, and may result in famine, water shortages, and economic losses. By

2100, Southeast Asia's economy will suffer a loss of 6.7% of the total regional GDP per

year. This means that the loss of this region is more than the doubled global economic

loss. The report also mentions that Indonesia is the most vulnerable country to the

impacts of climate change in Southeast Asia (ADB 2009).

Indonesian government already paid a serious attention to address the potential

impacts of climate change, particularly since the convening of the Climate Change

Conference in Bali in 2007. In 2010 the Indonesian government through the Ministry of

National Development Planning (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional -

BAPPENAS) published a report on the potential impacts of climate change on various

economy sectors through the document called Indonesia Climate Change Sectoral

Roadmap (BAPPENAS 2010). Understanding the impacts, climate change adaptation

should be devised and mainstreamed into development plan as described in the

document of the National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation published in 2014

(BAPPENAS 2014). In supporting the needs for devising climate change adaptation

(CCA), as is also mandated by the law No.32/2009 verse no.16 on vulnerability

assessment, a tool designed for measuring regional climate change vulnerability has

been released (KLHK, 2015). In accordance, the government through the Ministry of

Environment and Forestry, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (KLHK) has

also released the ministerial decree No. 33/2016 to provide the guidance for devising

strategies on climate change adaptation. As a focal point on managing climate change

issues, the Directorate General of Climate Change under the Ministry of Environment

and Forestry has been formed in 2015 through presidential decree No.16/2015. The

government has also ratified the Paris Agreement in October 2016 that showed the

government commitment in the global initiative on climate change.

The government attention is considerably high because climate change has been

identified also to impact social livelihoods particularly those who lived in rural and coastal

areas (i.e., farmers, fisherman). Bickerstaff et al. (2004) revealed that people tend to be

less concerned with climate change and forget it both in temporal and spatial so that

they were experiencing difficulties to identify the climate change impacts on their local

environment and daily life. This has implications to adaptive capacity of the community.

The adaptation strategies should be designed in order to increase the adative capacity

2

and climate resilient of the community. Empirical evidence suggests that adaptation is

locally specific contexts (e.g., Risbey et al., 1999). Socio-economic characteristics,

social networks, local knowledge, and non-climatic factors play a key role in shaping the

adaptation actions. Communities and local government are considered as the most

capable groups in providing protection for vulnerable groups. Best adaptation options

must be adjusted to the cultural, social, and economy of the local area. A set of values

should be considered when devising adaptation efforts. In this context, the values are

defined as the standard that guides the decisions, choices, and behavior (Rokeach

2000). These values also determine the purpose of adaptation plans, for example, to

preserve the status quo of a particular ecosystem or to improve the quality of life and

well-being. Values and goals of adaptation also determine what is considered as the limit

and what adjustments should be made (Adger et al. 2009). Decision on adaptation

efforts should involve various elements of social institutions, especially the culture,

resources and vulnerable groups at the local level.

Climate change in Indonesia almost be felt in many areas. As an example, the

regional impacts on agriculture sectors in East Nusa Tenggara. Based on the

assessment of CCROM IPB (Boer et al. 2015), the livelihoods in East Nusa Tenggara

heavily dependent on agriculture (80%) with rural incomes about six times lower than the

income of urban communities. The farm is dominated by rainfed with subsistence-based.

The rural communities are heavily dependent upon agricultural production and water

resources, which significantly affected by climate fluctuation. Thefore, ensuring food and

water security is a major challenge. Furthermore, the impacts of the disruption caused

by climate change will very likely exceeded the capacity of the rural communities in East

Nusa Tenggara, which urges actions on climate change adaptation as a necessity.

Adaptation strategies should be designed specifically for an area depending

upon the impacts of climate change and should be directed to enhance community

resiliency to the impacts. Concerning the potential impacts of climate change and socio-

economic condition of the East Nusa Tenggara, hereafter called Nusa Tenggara Timur

(NTT) was selected as a case study. The livelihood condition and income per capita of

NTT were lower that most province in Indonesia. Meanwhile, global climate change is

expected to significantly affect extreme climate events in NTT (Boer and Faqih 2011),

which will significantly affect the agricultural activities as the main source of income

contributing to the regional economy.

In order to reduce the potential risks of climate change, especially in the food

sector, water resources, and livelihoods, the Indonesian government and NTT provincial

government in cooperation with international institutions launched a project called

"Strategic Planning and Action to strengthen climate resilience of Rural Communities in

East Nusa Tenggara" or known as SPARC (2013-2016). The United Nations

Development Programme (UNDP) with support from the Global Environment Facility

(GEF) facilitated the implementation of SPARC activities. The KLHK is a partner at the

national level and the Planning and Development Agency (BAPPEDA) NTT Province is a

responsible partner at the provincial level. The SPARC program focuses on

3

strengthening the resilience of rural communities to the impacts of climate change,

particularly on three sensitive sectors: agriculture, water resources and livelihoods. For

pilot sites, three districts of the NTT province, namely: East Sumba, Manggarai, and

Sabu Raijua, suggested by the NTT provincial government with consideration of

geographic and economic conditions were chosen.

The main objective of SPARC is to design adaptation strategies in order to

increase adaptive capacity and strengthen climate resilience of communities (resilience

capacity), especially those who live in the targeted-districts of the SPARC project. The

adaptation programs developed for NTT focus on strengthening and developing the

capacity of institutions and rural communities so that they are resilient to climate change,

particularly in the three sensitive sectors, i.e., livelihoods, food and water security. This

project has also contributed to the development of national policies on climate change

adaptation. SPARC also resulted in the development of community action plans derived

based on the vulnerability and risk assessments. Based on the assessment, community-

based adaptation strategies (CCA) were prepared. Local facilitators have been trained to

guide the implementation of the CCA actions by the community designed to manage the

risks of climate change on food and water security, and livelihoods. The SPARC project

team composing of KLHK, UNDP, and BAPPEDA NTT are responsible for the facilitation

and monitoring of the CCA actions implemented by the targeted-communities.

This book aims to identify the planned adaptation measures, targets and

activities that had been implemented in the NTT province, particularly the locations of

SPARC targeted-district, i.e., Sumba Timur, Sabu Raijua, and Manggarai. The other

objective is to provide information on how CCA actions are prepared starting from

planning to implementation at the local level. Therefore, the sections are divided into

specific dicsussions on the climate change impacts, desiging process of CCA actions,

the implementation of community-based CCA actions, and lesson-learnt based on the

implementation of the SPARC project, particularly the implementation of adaptation

actions and the involvement of multi-stakeholders in the project.

4

2. CLIMATE IMPACTS IN THE PROJECT AREA

East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) is a province located in the southeastern part of

Indonesia precisely the western region of the Timor (Timor Leste). NTT located between

8ᵒ - 12ᵒ south latitude and 118ᵒ - 125ᵒ east longitude with a total area of 47931.54 km².

Geographically, the province is composed of 1,192 islands, where there are 432 that

have a name and only 42 islands are inhabited. The large island inhabited are

Flobamorata (Flores, Sumba, Timor, Alor, and Lembata). The regional boundaries of the

province of East Nusa Tenggara include:

• In the north, bordering the Flores Sea

• In the south, bordering the Indian Ocean

• In the west, bordering the Province of West Nusa Tenggara

• In the east, bordering Maluku province, Banda Sea and the East Timor Nation

Figure 1. Geography dan topography condition of East Nusa Tenggara (left) and

information on annual rainfall for the climatological periode of 1971-2000 (middle) and

land use (right) of the districts of Manggarai (above), Sumba Timur (middle), dan Sabu

Raijua (bottom). Source: prepared by PIAREA.co.id using various data sources

Based on data from BPS (2016), NTT has 21 counties and one city, 306 districts,

2,952 villages and 318 sub-villages. The largest area are the East Sumba district with an

area of 7005 km² (14.61%) and Kupang district with an area of 5,525 km² (11.53%). The

smallest region are the city of Kupang with an area of 180.27 km² (0.38%) and Sabu

Raijua with an area of 460.47 km² (0.96%).

LEGEND

Rainfall (mm)

Land Use

1000 4000 2500 1750 3250

Rainfall Land Use Elevation

Bandara

Belukar

Belukar Rawa

Hutan Lahan Kering Primer

Hutan Lahan Kering Sekunder

Hutan Mangrove Primer

Hutan Mangrove Sekunder

Permukiman

Pertanian Lahan Kering

Pertanian Lahan Kering Campur

Rawa

Rumput

Sawah

Tanah Terbuka

Bandara

Belukar

Belukar Rawa

Hutan Lahan Kering Primer

Hutan Lahan Kering Sekunder

Hutan Mangrove Primer

Hutan Mangrove Sekunder

Permukiman

Pertanian Lahan Kering

Pertanian Lahan Kering Campur

Rawa

Rumput

Sawah

Tanah Terbuka

Bandara

Belukar

Belukar Rawa

Hutan Lahan Kering Primer

Hutan Lahan Kering Sekunder

Hutan Mangrove Primer

Hutan Mangrove Sekunder

Permukiman

Pertanian Lahan Kering

Pertanian Lahan Kering Campur

Rawa

Rumput

Sawah

Tanah Terbuka

5

Most of the relief in the regions of NTT is mountainous and limestone hills with

slopes greater than 40%. Region with a slope of less than 8% is quite limited, causing

the rate of erosion and landslides is considerably high. Only small areas of the coastal

region is lowland, while the central parts of the island is a plateau such as Kalimutu

Mountain in the Flores Island. NTT included in the Circum-Mediterranean mountains

where there are active volcanoes such as: Mount Ineria (2,245 m), Mount Lewotobi

(1,704 m), and Mount Kalimutu (1,690 m). While, Sumba, Rote, Timor, and Sawu

included in the Circum-Mediterranean are outside of the arc and does not have active

volcanoes. This causes the area of Flores and Alor Solor Islands is a volcanic region

that has fertile soil. Most land in NTT has shallow solum (<30 cm). Based on the

distribution, the percentage of soil types in the region of NTT is comprised of mediteran

soil (51%), mixed soil-types (32.25%), Latosol 9.72%, Grumusol 3.25%, Andosol 1.93%,

Regosol 0.19%, and 1.66% Alluvial.

On the islands of Flores, Sumba and Timor, there are grassland areas (savanna)

and the large steppe. Some grassland areas are cut by the river flows. The rivers

located in NTT, such as Reo and Wera rivers (Flores island), Menet and Melolo rivers

(Sumba), Benain and Mina rivers (Timor Island). There is no lake in NTT. The area are

also covered by marine, such as: Flores Sea, Sawu Sea in the south of Flores island,

Timor Sea in the east of Rote island, Sumba strait at the north of Sumba island, Ombai

strait, Sape strait, and others.

As mentioned above, the NTT was chosen as a project location for climate

change adaptation action focused on the three selected districts, which are Sumba

Timur, Sabu Raijua, and Manggarai. The districts are the three zones of agro - ecology

with different characteristics. Sabu Raijua topography is hilly and rocky. Soil mostly

savanna, which is about 31% of the total area, with shrubs around 11 718 ha (25%) and

agriculture around 10 437 ha (22.65%). Manggarai district characterized by upland areas

around 1200m - 1500m above sea level. Most of the area is mountainous (84% of the

total area), agriculture and coastal lands located on the flat plains (16% of total).

Agricultural land in Manggarai is 31 030 ha, and about 210 624 ha of forest cover.

Sumba Timur is characterized by semi-arid climate. The rainy season per year is about

3-5 months from February to March, with minimum temperature of 28,8 ᵒC and

maximum temperature of 31,4 ᵒC. The dry season occurs from August to September.

The topography mostly rocky and hilly, dominated by coral reefs and terraced plains.

The above information on the NTT characteristics shows that NTT is a semi-arid

region. As a semi-arid region, this area has a specific climate and environment, which is

different from other areas in Indonesia. Region with semi-arid climate type is a region

characterized by lower rainfall and higher potential evapotranspiration. Another specific

characteristic of a region with semi-arid climate is striking difference of dry and rainy

season. The average rain season fell in three to four months and the dry season is about

seven to eight months. Another feature of the semi-arid region is very high intensity

rainfall occurred in the rainy season.

6

The region of NTT, similar to the most regions categorized into monsoonal

climate type in Indonesia, has two seasons: dry season and rainy season. The dry

season occurs in May to October, while rainy season occurs in December to Maret. The

season changes every half a year after a transitional period in April-May and October-

November. This climate condition classifies the regional NTT as a semi-arid region

where just four months (December to Marc) that are relatively wet, and eight months

remain relatively dry (KLHK 2014).

Climate condition, based on 10 climate stations in NTT, reported that the highest

temperature in 2015 was 37,4 °C and the lowest was 8,8 °C. Typically, NTT has a high

temperature, with average temperature of 26-28 °C all year in 2015. Average

precipitation recorded by the climate stations was between 600-2700 mm. On the basis

of the highest numbers of rainy days in a year, Manggarai has 160 rainy days,

Manggarai Barat has 125 rainy days, and Ngada has 121 days. Area with low rainy days

are Sumba Tengah with only 31 rainy days, then Timor Tengah Selatan with 62 rainy

days, and Timor Tengah Utara with 68 rainy days in 2015. The lowest relative humidity

(63-76%) occurs in the season of Southeast-East from June to November, and the

highest humidity occurs in the Southwestern season (82-88%) from December to May.

The average wind speed in November to April is anout 3 to 5 knots and the wind speed

during the Southeast-East season from May to October can reach 6-10 knots. The

region climate information are presented in Figure 2 and Figure 3.

A study conducted by Gianinni et al. (2007) in Riwu Kaho (2013) shows there is

the impact of climatic anomalies (climatic change from normal) classified as strong in

NTT where the El-Nino occurs (prolonged drought), marked by the declining rainfall from

October to December in most NTT, causing a delay on the beginning of rainy season up

to 2 months and leaving only about 2-3 months of rainy season, the occurrence of false

rain and prolong dry-spell. On the other hand, La-Nina, which may cause prolonged

rainy season, often cause flooding in prone areas to flood. Furthermore, exploration of

historical information on hazard events related to climate, such as flood, drought,

landslides, and tornados, especially for the three targeted-districts of SPARC (i.e.,

Sumba Timur, Sabu Raijua and Manggarai), show that these three regions have also

experienced various incidences of climate-related hazards as described in Figure 4.

7

Figure 1. Climate condition in East Nusa Tenggara. Source: BPS 2016

Figure 2. Climate Information of monthly precipitation and air temperature for the period

of 1980-2011 in the study area. Data source: BMKG 2016

8

Figure 4. Distribution of historical hidrometeology hazards for the districts of Sumba Timur (above), Manggarai (bottom-left), and Sabu Raijua (bottom-right). Legends

indicate the type of hazard and the numbers indicate the name of the administrative area within each district. Source: compilation of Perdinan et al. (2016).

NO.SUB-DISTRICT

1.HAHARU

2.KAHAUNGUETI

3.KAMBATAMAPAMBUHANG

4.KAMBERA

5.KANATANG

6 KARERA

7.KATALAHAMULINGU

8.KOTAWAINGAPU

9.LEWA

10.LEWATIDAHU

11.MAHU

12.MATAWAILAPAWU

13.NGADUNGALA

14.NGGAHAORIANGU

15.PABERIWAI

16.PAHUNGALODU

17.PANDAWAI

18.PINUPAHAR

19.RINDI

20.TABUNDUNG

21.UMALULU

22.WULAWAIJELU

NO.SUB-DISTRICT

1.CIBAL

2.KEC.LELAK

3.LANGKEREMBONG

4.RAHONGUTARA

5.REOK

6.RUTENG

7.SATARMESE

8.SATARMESEBARAT

9.WAERII

NO.SUB-DISTRICT

1.HAWUMEHARA

2.RAIJUA

3.SABUBARAT

4.SABULIAE

5.SABUTENGAH

6.SABUTIMUR

LANDSLIDE

DROUGHT

FLOOD

EXTREMEWINDSPEED

LEGEND

LANDSLIDE

DROUGHT

FLOOD

EXTREMEWINDSPEED

LEGEND

9

The impact of climate change in NTT is expected to increase the frequency of

high and low rainfall extremes based on the scenario of RCP4.5. In most areas, the

intensity of extreme wet rain will increase in the future. Based on analysis of historical

data for 30 years (1983-2012), the monthly rainfall had increased by 25-100 mm, and

monthly air temperature on average increased by 0.2-0.4 ᵒC. While the onset of the rainy

season is likely to be deterred 1-3 dasarian (1 dasarian = 10 days) than normal. The

rainy season will be shorter, whereas, the dry season will be longer. The climate

projections of future period 2011-2040 for NTT show that the change in the return period

of ten-year events in the future. The incidence of extreme dry and wet frequency will be

increased to once in 4-8 years (KLHK 2014). This condition may increase the

occurences of climate related hazards in many areas. For instance, the hill region that

has a high slope, the extreme wet rain will increase the potential occurrence for

landslides (the Lewa sub-district of Sumba Timur, the sub- district Cibal of Manggarai,

and the sub-district Sabu Timur of Sabu Raijua). Based on the discussions during a

training on climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction held in the three

districts, the participants reported that there is an increasing frequency of hazard

occurences in the last decade.

Figure 5. The identifation of the impacts of climate-related hazards on various sectors in

the region of East Nusa Tenggara. Source: compilation of Perdinan et al. (2016).

10

The sector mostly affected by the impacts of climate change is water resources.

Drought is a common issue throughout the year in NTT. The province is known to have

dry areas, and water is the main limiting factor every year. In addition, the low rainfall,

rocky soils, and limited areas of water catchment is the main constraint for water

availability in NTT. Studies of Research and Development Centre for Geotechnology –

National Science Agency (Lembaga Ilmi Pengetahuan Indonesia – LIPI) in NTT Province

(Sule et al 1989; Arsadi et al 1995) showed that the amount of groundwater available is

very limited and the cost of exploitation is relatively expensive. Sumba Timur for

example, as many as 80% of the population are worked in agriculture and water supply

is a necessity for the production process as well as needed for domestic needs. Clean

water is also an obstacle for the majority of communities in coastal areas and upland

savanna.

Furthermore, climate change affects the agricultural sector. The heavy rainfall

occuring at the time of harvest may decline crop production. Repeated crop failures due

to extreme climate events contribute to the problem of food security in the province.

Food and water security has become an endemic problem in the province of NTT for

over 15 years. There are indications that the situation of food security and water has

begun to deteriorate and has a strong relationship with increasing climate variability and

extreme events (SPARC Team 2014). Based on the study of CCROM IPB (2013), a

rural community in NTT heavily dependent on agricultural production and their water

resources on climate fluctuation, so ensuring food and water security is a major

challenge for the province.

The change in rainfall pattern is vary from location to location. The farmers who

live in the highland regions will be most miserable because of the loss in soil layers due

to erosion. The production of crops cultivated in highland areas such as soybeans and

corn can be decreased. The threat of landslides in the highland areas, not only

threatening residential areas, but also agricultural areas or sources of their livelihood,

including sources of clean water. Landslides may also isolate upland area because the

main road is buried by landslides.

Climate anomalies are not only characterized by extreme rainfall, extreme wind

speed is also a threat to human life. One of the communities directly affected by the

extreme events were fishermen, especially the artisanal fishermen. With the wind speed

is above average, it will be followed by high waves. The high waves would be a threat to

the artisanal fishermen who employed a traditional fishing gear. The high waves and

strong winds in 2010, for example, has eliminated the livelihoods of fishermen in NTT.

The coastal area is also under threat from rising sea levels, especially the islands whose

locations are spread-over in NTT.

11

3. DESIGNING CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION

The impacts of climate change directly affect people's lives, especially in

sensitive sectors to fluctuating climatic conditions. According to IPCC (2007) poorest

communities will be the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because it can

be hard for them to make efforts in preventing and mitigating the effects of climate

change due to lack of adaptive capacity. To overcome these conditions, increasing the

adaptive capacity of society is a necessary as an effort to improve the community

resilience to the impacts of climate change. Multi-stakeholders’ involvement is also

required in the preparation and implementation of climate change adaptation.

Theoretically climate change adaptation is a social process that requires the support of

various parties ranging from individuals, households, communities, and government

(Adger et al., 2003, 2006). Perdinan and Winkler (2014) recommend combining the

results of the risk assessment or the impacts of climate change, based on the use of

climate/impact models (top-down approach) with the local knowledge (bottom-up

approach) in designing climate change adaptation options. Desigining climate change

adaptation plan has currently been set in the Ministerial Decree of Ministry of

Environmental and Forestry No. P.33/2016, as described in the introduction.

The ministerial decree provided a guidance to design CCA, which is described

briefly as follows. The first step in determining the adaptation options, the affected areas

or sectors should be identified through consultation among stakeholders. The

consultation aims to collect data and information related to the impacts of climate events.

Then, the scope of works should be decided, containing the target analysis, the impacts

of climate events, and the contribution of focused sectors or region to regional income

(Pendapatan Domestic Regional Bruto – PDRB). The next step is conducting the

vulnerability and risk assessment under a set of climate change scenarios as an effort to

understand the potential impacts of climate change. In this stage, the indicators of

vulnerability should have identified and decided. The vulnerability and risk analysis are

purposed to measure the degree of vulnerability and risk of a region or sector using a

vulnerability/risk method such as those employed in the Sistem Informasi Data Indeks

Kerentanan (SIDIK) – Information System on Vulnerability Index, issued by the KLHK.

Climatic conditions such as extreme climate, future climate scenarios, and the impacts of

historical climate events are also included in the analysis. Next, the guidance suggested

to mapping the capacity of stakeholders in a region or sector in order to obtain supports

for the development and mainstreaming climate change adaptation into development

planning. The results of vulnerability and risk assessment are used as the basis for

identifying adaptation options. Thus, the options for specific targeted-area or sectors are

determined based on: (1) the recommendations of vulnerability/risk assessment, (2) the

regional socio-economic information, (3) the regional biophysical conditions, (4) the

available essential resources and local knowledge, (4) the local capacity, and (5) the

benefits of adaptation options on environmental quality. These steps of developing

adaptation options has been employed by the SPARC and summarized in Figure 6.

12

Figure 6. Process of forming adaptation options in SPARC target region

In general, the stages of developing climate change adaptation options are below:

Determination of priority areas for the implementation of adaptation action based on

the analysis of climate vulnerability/risk

Determination of priority adaptation actions with regard to determinants of

vulnerability and its contribution to development, and the other related information

(e,g., topography and land cover)

Determination of the targets and the implementation period for the priority actions

Determination of the parties to support the implementation of the planned actions

(upscaling and expansion, improvement of adaptation actions)

Coordination of the implementation of adaptation actions

A. Approach and Targets

SPARC program has two major goals: (1) to improve the ability of institutions in

integrating climate actions into sustainable development at district and provincial levels

(integration of climate resilience into development), (2) to diversify and improve the

livelihood and source of income for rural communities that are vulnerable to climate

change. The first goal was approched using the five strategies shown in Figure 7. This

approach is proposed concerning the lack of institutional capacity for climate change

adaptation and the lack of local government capacity mandated to support the

integration of actions to strengthen climate resilience into programs and policies of the

district and the province. The SPARC attempted to address these issues through

stakeholders trainings/workshops targeted to about 100 participants. For the second

goal, the activities are targeted at the level of rural households in the targeted districts,

which are highly vulnerable to climate risks. Actions to reduce climate risks are also

implemented in order to raising community awareness at the local level. The activities

are purposed to strengthening the resilience of vulnerable communities through the

development of community-based adaptation actions, which are targeted to reach 40

villages as outlined in Figure 7.

The risk level of the current

and future climate

Identification of regions

or sectors

Determining factors of

vulnerability and

potential hazards

Mapping the characteristics

of topography and climate

Identification of current

adaptation actions

List of recommended

adaptation options

13

Figure 7. The activities approached for each major goal of the SPARC program

B. Project Location

Selection of the target location for each targeted-districts, hereafter called the

steps of selecting target location, was determined based on vulnerability analysis

conducted in partnership with CCROM IPB and suggestions from the local area. Several

criteria are used, namely: 1) the degree of vulnerability, 2) the local governments

recommendation, 3) the location coincided with the provincial government program

named “ANGGUR MERAH” or programs of the district government, and 4) the

commitment of the local stakeholders to participate in implementing climate resilience

program focusing on water, food, and livelihood. The selections are also considered the

analysis of Rural Rapid Appraisal - Kajian Cepat Pedesaan (RRA), a household survey

of socio-economic and climate related risk assessments, which resulted in the targeted

villages and climate adaptation options for the community. The villages potentially

targeted for the implementation of CCA for the 3 districts are presented in Figure 9.

Figure 8. The villages based vulnerability mapping for Manggarai district (left), Sabu

Raijua district (middle), and Sumba Timur (right). Source: Perdinan et al (2015)

ClimateResilienceIntegratedto

DevelopmentPlan

StakeholdersDialog(Government,Media,NGO,andUniversity)

StakeholdersTraining(Government,Media,NGO,and

University)

ManagementonClimateVariability

Strenghteningcapacityofhumanresources

Strengtheningthesystem

Strengtheningtheknowledge

Integra ontoRPJMD(DevelopmentPlan)2014-2018

Programandbudgetalloca on

1

Diversifica onand

improvementof

livelihoodsand

sourceofincome

forvulnerablerural

communi esto

climatechange

Diversifica onofIncomeSources

Encouragementtoswitchintoflexiblefarmingsystem

DevelopmentofClimateRiskInforma onSystem

ImprovementofManagementandInfrastructureofWaterResources

Introduc ontoclimateriskreduc onmeasures

2

14

In the process of developing adaptation options, a list of adaptation options was

also obtained by literature study (Perdinan et al., 2015). The list of adaptation options

was then grouped based on recommended adaptations spesifically intended for:

Management and Utilization of Water Resources, Agricultural Value Added, Rural

Institutional Development, Animal Husbandry Management, Technology for Water

Scarcity and Drought, Adjustment to Seasonal Patterns and Changes in Climate

Extremes. The list of adaptation options for each group can be used as a reference for

the development of adaptation actions intended for specific purposes. The selection of

adaptation options was also considered its potential application in the three target

districts based on the results of field survey. Understanding the importance role of

stakeholders in the implementation of CCA, the list of selected adaptation options were

also discussed with stakeholders in each district. This selection process proposed a list

of adaptation options for the three-targeted districts as presented in Table 1.

Table 1 Adaptation options for three target regions of SPARC

• The use of high yielding varieties/other plants

• Implementation of Climate Field School/Field Schools and Integrated Pest Diseases • Dissemination of planting calendar • Development of agroforestry systems and garden plants/local annual • Development of coastal communities and institutions (e.g. seaweed business)* • Conservation of upland areas with local annual crops or agroforestry • Improved harvest index • Greening coastal areas* • Development of breeding areas (savanna) • Development of inventory system or the availability of local crop seeds (seed center) • Water saving technology/water harvesting • Greening for water conservation area/expansion of rainwater catchment area • Improved transportation to support agriculture • Value-added on bussiness of agricultural products/domestic industry • Early warning system and weather station • Development of rural institutions (dissemination of information, financing mechanisms) • Repair drainage/irrigation system • Development of a network of climate stations to support Climate Field School • Integration system for conservation in the upstream and water catchment areas *specifically for coastal areas.

Figure 9. Location of the villages selected for climate change adaptation actions

15

C. Stakeholders Involvement in Adaptation Actions

The implementation of SPARC project in NTT targeted as many as 21 vulnerable

villages to climate change impacts in the three districts, namely: Sumba Timur, Sabu

Raijua, and Manggarai, expecting of bringing benefits to more than 1000 households.

The SPARC intervention is proposed concerning the difficulties faced by the

communities in NTT, especially during the dry season (April to October) due to a

shortage of water for their daily needs and farming purposes. For examples, community

residents in Sabu Raijua and Sumba Timur even must walk about 10 km or two hours to

fetch water from available water sources. The dry climatic condition causes difficulty in

doing agricultural activities over the dry season. This condition is exacerbated by the

lack of other livelihood options that can be done by the community.

As mentioned in the previous section, the results of climate change risk assessments

and a participatory approach of rural community groups were combined to identify

appropriate adaptation actions for each village on the basis of the determinants

contributing to regional vulnerability or risks of each village. Then, the community groups

implement the selected adaptation actions through the facilitation process. The

facilitation was made by the SPARC project team in collaboration with the Local

Government (Bappeda) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the target area

to ensure inclusiveness and quality of the implementation of adaptation actions in the

villages conducted by the community. For financial supports, the funding disbursement

for implementing the community-based adaptation actions was distributed through

cooperation with the Bank of East Nusa Tenggara (Bank NTT). The role of each partner

in the implementation of CCA actions is presented in Figure 10.

Figure 10. Stakeholders’ involvement in the implementation of adaptation actions

1. Facilitatethecommunitytoiden fyandpriori zeadapta onac onsbasedonclimate

vulnerabilityandriskmaps,

2. Verifytheselectedadapta onac ons,

3. Thelegalbasisandtheestablishmentofcommunitygroups,

4. Provisionoftechnicalassistancefortheimplementa onandthevillage-levelpolicy

advocacytomainstreamclimatechangeadapta on,

5. Crea ngacommunica onmediabetweenthecommunityandthegovernmentoffici als,

6. Se ngpriori esanddesigningadapta onac ons.

Government+NGO

Community groups implement the self-selected ac ons based on the vulnerability

assessmentconductedbythecommunitywiththefacilita onoftheSPARCproject.

Community

Channelingfundstocommuni esinthetargetvillages.Eachvillageisprovidedwithan

accountwithwhichthegrantsforadapta onac onsisallocated.

Bank

16

As can be seen from Figure 10, the role of local government and NGOs are

facilitating the community to 1) identify and prioritize adaptation actions based on the

information on climate risks, 2) verify the selected adaptation actions, 3) establish the

community group, 4) provide information on the legal basis, 5) provide technical

assistance during the CCA implementation, and 6) support the policy advocacy at the

village level to mainstream CCA into the development planning. In general, the process

of desigining development planning in Indonesia is started from planning meetings

named ‘Musrembang’ at the village level up to the provincial level. However, concerning

the competition of submitting proposed activities at the community level, the vulnerable

groups are often misrepresented in the planning process at a higher level. In this case,

the local government and NGOs of the SPARC project can play an important role by

creating a communication between the community and government officials. The NGO

also facilitates the targeted-communities in setting priorities and designing adaptation

actions, so the communities can have a better understanding on the CCA actions that

they selected. This process also can increase a mutual cooperation between the

communities and the NGOs with the support of local governments.

The mechanism of distributing grants on the SPARC program is under the

coordination of Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan dan Pembangunan (BPKP) – Auditing

Agency for Finance and Development. The BPKP provides guidance related the auditing

process of the project implementation. The procedure of project implementation follows

the written agreement documented in Standardized Operating Procedure (SOP). The

program is audited following the SOP as the reference. The BPKP also reminds specific

concerns of the finance ministry in particular the Directorate General of Budgeting and

Treasury. The SPARC project in cooperation with the regional development banks, i.e.,

Bank NTT, is channeling the CCA funds to communities in the targeted-villages. Each

targeted-village has one bank account with which the allocated grants for CCA actions

were added to the account. This mechanism is chosen considering the flexibility for rural

communities to access the CCA funds, which can be managed to each individual

schedule. The funding mechanism is also intended to increase transparency in using the

CCA funds, also to introduce the community to the banking system. The involvement of

the financial institution such as Bank NTT also provides an opportunity to provide

microfinance scheme for potential business in the village as part of the implementation

of CCA actions. The execution of the funding disbursement through the Bank NTT has

been running successfully. In the first quarter 2015, a grant of USD 750,000,- has been

accessible to nine (9) villages, the targeted-areas for the implementation of CCA actions

implemented by community groups. Through the partnership, the Bank NTT have also

expressed interest in the company's obligation to allocate funds to support community-

based social activity known as corporate sustainability response (CSR) to add the CCA

grants for the community. This situation offers a possibility for sustaining the CCA

actions at the local level when the SPARC project ended. The provincial and district

government and the Bank NTT are expected to continue the initiation that has been

made the SPARC to implement CCA actions mainstreamed into development plan in

order to enhance the community resilience to the impacts of climate change.

17

D. Implementation Activities

In general, the implemented activities in the SPARC project at the provincial level

and the three districts have been directed to: (1) increase the institutional capacity in

formulating development program adaptive to climate change, and (2) increase the

capacity of rural communities that are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. As of

the year of 2015, the SPARC already conducted many activities to improve the

institutional capacity to integrate CCA actions into development plan at the provincial

and the district level. The implementation has produced below results.

Technical Team on Climate Change at the Provincial and the three targeted-

districts of the SPARC project has been formed and work.

The technical team on climate change at the provincial and the district level has

been established and validated with the Decree of Head of Bappeda NTT Province and

the Regent of each district. The technical team supports the SPARC activities starting

from planning, implementation, and monitoring. In the planning process, the technical

team has a role and function in:

o Identification and verification of targeted-location and technology needs for

enhancing climate resilience. Technicaly, verification was executed by the

related department of the technical team members at the district and the

province; while, the identification biophysical land suitability and technological

requirements was made by Badan Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian (BPTP) –

Agency for Assesing Agricultural Tecnology of the Ministry of Agriculture.

o Review of adaptation actions proposed by Kelompok Masyarakat Program

Kampung Iklim (Kemas Proklim) – the community involved in Climate

Village Program. The Technical Team has done the review process to the

received proposal in early 2015 to determine the 9 pilots of Proklim Phase I and

at the end of 2015 to 12 pilots of Proklim Phase II.

For the implementation, the Technical Team provided technical inputs such as

seed types/varieties that are more resistant to climate extremes. Specifically, the

BPTP of NTT Province provide technical recommendations on (i) rice varieties

(ciherang, Inpari, Inpago), corn variety (Lamuru), green beans variety (Vima 1); (ii) the

land cultivation method with low cost technology. The Technical Team also contributed

in increasing the capacity of the NGO partners and Kemas Proklim through various

technical trainings and field school (FS) including Climate Field School (CFS). The

Technical Team of the provincial and the district levels also worked together in

designing the format for monitoring and conducting the evaluation of the

deliverables of activities at the community level. The evaluation is important to

provide feedback needed to improve the implementation of CCA actions at the

community level. The designing of monitoring format to evaluate the deliverables of CCA

actions at the community level, implemented by the NGO partners and Kemas Proklim,

has been completed in January 2015, and the evaluation processes conducted by the

Technical Team has also been performed several times in 2015.

18

In addition, the Technical Team of NTT province has also made a series of

meetings related to the coordination for several purposes as described below:

Coordination to agree on the implementation mechanism of adaptation

actions and disbursement grants to Kemas Proklim involving Bank NTT

and three (3) NGO partners (CIS Timor, Koppesda and Tunas Jaya). The

coordination confirms the role of each member of the technical team. Bank NTT

as the channeling grants, can also provide technical assistance to community

groups, the NGO partners as a companion community, the District Coordinators

as the program manager (on behalf of the SPARC), BPTP as a provider of

technology-based climate, BMKG as providers of climate information, the other

related technical institutions (Agriculture, Food Security, BLHD, Cooperatives,

Forestry, BAPPEDA, etc.) play a role in facilitating regional programs.

Coordination to supply climate Information involving BMKG, BPTP,

Agricultural Agency, Food Security Agency, and Agricultural Extension

Workers of the NTT Province. Coordination was held to discuss constraints

faced regarding access to climate information (such as the technical term on

climatology) and the efforts needed to facilitate public access to available climate

information such as Rainfall Analysis and Forecast and Planting Calendar.

The series of coordination meetings have reached an agreement for the roles of

each agency, namely: BMKG in the provision and dissemination of climate information/

forecasts of rainfall, BPTP in the provision of planting calendar, and the NGO partners in

disseminating climate information to the communities. The dissemination mechanism of

climate information has also been decided through Posko Iklim or Kemas Proklim.

Figure 11. The approaches made by The Technical Team of the provincial and district

level in supporting the SPARC program

ClimateResilienceIntegratedto

DevelopmentPlan

Technicalteamhasbeenformedandsupportedtheprojectac vi es

Iden fica onandverifica onoftargeted-loca onandtechnologyneeds

Reviewofadapta onac onsproposedbycommunitygroupofProgramKampungIklim(KemasProklim)

Providingtechnicalinputssuchasseedtypes/varie esthataremoreresistantto

climateextremes

Coordina ontoagreeontheimplementa onmechanismof

adapta onac onsanddisbursementgrantstotheKemasProklim

Coordina ontosupplyclimateInforma oninvolvingBMKG,BPTP,AgriculturalAgency,FoodSecurityAgency,andAgriculturalExtensionWorkersoftheNTTProvince

1

Diversifica onand

improvementof

livelihoodsand

sourceofincome

forvulnerablerural

communi esto

climatechange

Trainingonbuildingtechnicalcapacityforthevillagefacilitators,thefieldextensionspecialists,andtheNGOsinthethreedistricts

Trainingondevisingclimatechangeadapta onprogramsandworkingplanofthelocalgovernmentins tu ons(SKPD)

Trainingonclimatechangeanditsimpactsforjournalists

Trainingonu liza onofclimatevulnerabilityandriskinforma onforevalua ngtheintegra onofCCAac onsintotheworkingplanoftheSKPD

2 OutputAchievement

Designingtheformatformonitoringandevalua onof

theac vitydeliverables

19

The SPARC activities at the provincial level have also been conducted to

strengthen the capacity of local governments and stakeholders through training and

technical assistance provided by the SPARC team or the participation of relevant

stakeholders in a number of activities on the topics of climate change organized by other

organizations. The training activities that have been implemented are below:

Training on building capacity in formulating and devising climate change

adaptation programs and working plan of the institutions/SKPD

Training on building technical capacity for the village facilitators, the field

extension specialists, and the NGOs in the three districts

Training for journalists to disseminate information on climate change and its

impacts on rural development and community livelihoods

Training on Technical Preparation and Evaluation of Working Plan of the local

government institutions (Rencana Kerja SKPD) and the utilization of the

Vulnerability Maps and Climate Risk Information to support the development of

working plan at the provincial level – the NTT Province.

Besides the trainings organized by the SPARC, the government staff of NTT,

supported by the SPARC, has also participated in the following activities:

Workshop on the implementation of RAN-API Pilot Sites in 16 Regions, as an

effort to share best practices and build capacity among the provinces and

districts as the implementers of RAN-API activities

Meetings on designing working plan of the local government named in

Indonesian Rencana Kerja Pemerintah Daerah abbreviated as Pre-Musrembang

RKPD 2015 and the Launching of NTT One Data program.

The above activities to strengthen the capacity of institutions are presented in Figure 12.

Figure 12. Activities on capacity buildings organized by the other institutions followed by

the government staff of NTT supported by the SPARC

.university

.media

.government

targets

Forma onofClimateandDevelopmentspecializa ononEnvironmentalSciencesinGraduateSchool

ProgramofUniversityNusaCendana

Prepara onofEnvironmentalSciencecurriculum

EncouragingKPIDtoincludetheissueofclimatechangeandadapta onac onsintotheKPIDworkingprograms

OrganizedagenerallectureonclimatechangeattheEnvironmentalSciencesprogram

EncouragingtheRoleofParliamentinensuringthemainstreamingofclimatechangeintodevelopment

planningandbudge ng

PROGRAMSan

dACTIVITIES

ClimateResilience

IntegratedtoDevelopmentPlan

StakeholdersDialog(Government,Media,NGO,andUniversity)

StakeholdersTraining(Government,Media,NGO,and

University)

ManagementonClimateVariability

Strenghteningcapacityofhumanresources

Strengtheningthesystem

Strengtheningtheknowledge

Integra ontoRPJMD(DevelopmentPlan)2014-2018

Programandbudgetalloca on

20

As another effort to improve the institutional capacity (i.e., systems, programs,

and human resources) in tackling the challenges of climate change, the SPARC also

supports several activities through cooperation with relevant institutions, among others:

Establishment of academic specialization of Climate and Development in

Environmental Science of Graduate program offered by the Universitas Cendana

UNDANA located in Kota Kupang, the capital city of NTT, and the General

Lecture on the Environmental Science Program provided by professors in climate

sciences of Bogor Agricultural University - IPB.

Development of Environmental Science curriculum, which included subjects on

the climate and development specialization field, starting from the competency

criteria for the master degree beared in the profile of environmental science

program and the curriculum development for the Environmental Science

The initial meeting with the parliament to share information related to climate

change and also promote the role of Parliament in ensuring the mainstreaming of

climate change issues into development planning and budgeting

Encourage the Commission on Broadcasting of Indonesia at the local level -

Komisi Penyiaran Indonesia Daerah (KPID) - to incorporate climate change

issues and adaptation actions into KPID working program. The collaboration

begins with a meeting coordination and training for 54 journalists to provide

better understanding on climate extremes.

Furthermore, as of the year 2015, several activities have also been performed to

achieve the second goal of SPARC that is to strengthen community capacity on

implementing CCA actions designed for the sectors of food security, water resources,

and livelihoods. The deliverables are below:

Selection of three (3) NGOs as partners in assisting the implementation of CCA

actions at the community level. The NGOs are: CIS Timor (Sabu Raijua),

KOPPESDA (East Sumba district), and Yayasan Tunas Jaya (Manggarai)

A total of 46 primary groups/communities have been conducted activities in

agriculture/food security. A total of 105 primary groups in targeted-villages of the

SPARC Phase II is in the planning process to conduct activities in 2016

Initiated the establishment of the Information Center on Climate Risk (Post

Climate named Posko Iklim in Indonesia term), the installation of rainfall

observation tool and the implementation of Climate Field School at 9 villages

A total of 46 communities have grown a variety of crops

A total of 18 community groups involved in livelihood programs to improve the

household economy, such as cultivation of main crops (rice, corn, green beans,

peanuts), horticulture/vegetables, planting annual crops, creating mattresses and

fiber boats. A total of 114 other primary group will involve in Phase II 2016

The water supply infrastructure in the 9 targeted-villages of the SPARC Phase I

has also been used for domestic and agricultural needs. The government of Sabu Raijua

district has also expressed the intention to replicate the solar pumping activities.

Summary of the project activities at the community level is presented as follows.

21

Figure 13. Deliverables of the SPARC Activities at community level

Providingfacilita ontothecommunitygroups

NGOPartners

Implementerstheadapta onac ons

Plantorcropcul va on

Buildthewaterinfrastructure

Diversifica onofIncomesources

PrimaryGroups

Theinstalla onoftoolforrainfallobserva onandimplementa onofClimateFieldSchool

PoskoIklim(ClimateKios)

22

4. COMMUNITY BASED ADAPTATION ACTIONS

In the previous section, the discussion is directed to the SPARC project activities

on planning and implementation at the provincial and the district levels. In this section,

the discussion focuses on the project implementation at the community level, climate

change adaptation actions that are conducted by involving the community (community-

based). In the execution, 46 primary groups involved in conducting activities in

agriculture or food security through the cultivation of plants, and planned to be 105

groups involved with refer to the submitted proposal for the year of 2016). The Other

activities included the establishment of Climate Risk Information Centre named Posko

Iklim – Climate Kios initiated by installing the rainfall counter and the execution of

Climate Field School at the nine (9) pilot-villages, the implementation of economic

activities by the involved households in 18 communities, and infrastructure development

of water resources in the nine villages for domestic and agricultural needs. Selected

communities conducted the CCA actions at the community level. For example, in

Manggarai district, 18 community groups located in three (3) Villages, i.e., Compang

Ndehes, Iteng and Gapong, involved. Four other villages, namely: Papang village, Liang

Bua, Wae Mantang and Bea Rahong will start in 2016. Various activities at the villages

in each targeted-district, which were selected as the SPARC sites, are presented below.

Figure 14. Adaptation actions at the villages in the Manggarai district

23

Figure 15. Adaptation actions at the villages in the Sabu Raijua district

Figure 16. Adaptation activities at the villages level in the Sumba Timur district

24

In detail, the undertaken activities and deliverables of each of the community groups

involved in each pilot-village are described below and summarized in Appendixes 2 – 4.

Manggarai district (18 Communities)

Gapong Village

- Provision of water infrastructure for agriculture (2 groups) and fresh water

- Vegetable cultivation by Baeng Koe groups. Types of vegetables which were

grown are carrots, beans, chickpeas, eggplant, and tomatoes. The vegetable

area had increased.

- The cotton mattresses business were conducted by women's groups. Through

this initiative, it has sold 10 mattresses at a price of 1 million rupiah per mattress.

The next step is the process of producing mattresses Phase II.

- Breeding pigs (Wae Nanga 2 Group) and fattening pigs (Gendang Gampong

Indigenous groups) were conducted through the cultivation field school.

Copang Dehes Village

- Horticultural/mixed vegetables cultivation: planting schedules based on market.

- Procurement of fresh water by utilizing water resources owned by individuals, in

cooperation with the village government, serving about 400 families in four

hamlets. Operations and maintenance will be regulated in the village regulation.

- Reparation/construction of irrigation network for paddy and vegetables.

- Trees planting in the area around the reservoir (3000 trees) assisted by Army.

Iteng Village :

- Green Beans Vima 1 and horticultural cultivation. Planting schedules tailored to

the needs/demand of market.

- The cultivation of watermelon and melon are in cooperation with Panah Merah

and Bissi Supplier

- Development of pigs breeding (1 group), the development of broilers (1 group),

the development of the goat breeding (1 group)

Sabu Raijua district (20 Communities)

Eimau Village

- Increased crop production in the rainy season (corn, peanuts, dry-land paddy,

and green beans) in the period from November to March. Seeds were distributed

to farmer groups and planted in the end of December 2015.

- Increased productivity of vegetables in the summer (April to October). The

Regent of Sabu Raijua attended the first harvest in October 2015.

- Development of solar pump and piping network installation (Nawonga Mandiri

group) was implemented in September 2015. PROKLIM already formed a group

25

of water managers and determined the monthly fee of Rp. 5.000,- for each

member of the group.

- Water conservation using the infiltration-well system. Activities have been

conducted from December 2015 to January 2016 at eight (8) wells owned by the

primary group members of the four (4) community groups.

- Fiber Crafts (boats). This activity was performed by a new group of ‘Karena

Kasih' (14 people). They began the business in January 2016. A total of three (3)

fiber boats already produced and ready for the market. Primary Group "Karena

Kasih" had also received orders of 6 fiber boats from Eiada village in April 2016.

- Cemented bricks and wind-stone (Batu Angin) production performed by the

group 'Purudonga', consisted of 13 members, started in January 2016. A total of

800 bricks and 200 wind-stone are now ready for the market.

Tada Village

- Installation of solar pump and pipeline for farming papaya California, planted in

area of 1.5 hectares or about 500 trees (Group Mangngi Ruba Ruba Muri, Ruba

Ama and Bersatu group). The provision of solar pumping by Vice Regent Sabu

Raijua to PROKLIM had been conducted on October 31, 2015. Solar pump is not

only used for agricultural purposes, but also for fresh water supply.

- The cultivated vegetables had been sold. The second planting had been done.

Area of vegetables were not too large, the total selling of about IDR 10000,- -

15000,-. The income was generally used to buy rice or children needs.

- Increased production of crops (corn, rice, mungbean, peanut), followed by nine

(9) Primary Groups who planted in December 2015 and early January 2016.

Although the rainfall was very low, but the distributed seeds were considerable

resilience so the growth of a number of commodities was relatively better than

the local commodity such as those cultivated in the sub-district of Sabu Tengah.

Ledekekapa Village

- Cultivation of vegetables (Naliru group, Gape). Vegetable farming activities were

conducted around the reservoir and already harvested by several members of

the group. Obstacles faced by the Leolungi Group and Latamako as the water

reservoir called ‘embung’ was drying, causing several group members moved the

cultivation activities to locations near water sources in the neighboring village.

- Efforts to preserve the area around the reservoir using purple sweet potato was

conducted and the development of purple sweet potato seedlings was prioritized.

- Installation of solar pumping and piping network of the water source resided at

the Hawwi to the Ledekepaka village for a distance of 3 km for fresh water

supply, inaugurated by the Sabu Raijua Regent in October 28 2015. The water

source is used by the Ledekepaka villagers (50-60 households). The water

source was added from one (1) point intended only for the Ledekepaka village to

six (6) points so that fresh water can be supplied also to the Raedewa villagers.

The addition of the five (5) water-source-points was a community initiative that

was independently conducted.

26

- Six (6) primary groups had done cultivation of crops such as corn, green beans,

and peanuts. The green beans were firstly harvested. The cultivated green bean

seed produced better yields than the local seeds at very low rainfall conditions.

- Production of cemented-water-channels performed by Raemabua group of 20

people. The production began in late January 2015, producing of 22 culverts.

Sumba Timur district (40 Communities)

Desa Napu

- Cultivation of vegetable gardens. Nursery operation and cultivation of vegetable

gardens were centrally conducted in one location closed to a water source (3 ha).

Vegetables had been grown and harvested since the beginning of August 2015.

The planting had been done four times. The income obtained from selling the

vegetables was used for domestic purposes, i.e., buying rice and school needs.

- Plant nursery of coconut and cashew nut had produced 300 coconut seedlings

and 2500 cashew seedlings. About 500 cashew trees had been sold to

neighboring villages. The seeds planted on land owned by the group members.

- Solar Pump and piping networks already installed and used by communities

resided at the Prailangina hamlet (56 men and 50 women), the members of the

three groups (Rinjung Pahamu, Kama Ninya and Mangga Manung).

Desa Palanggai

- Cultivation of paddy using SRI system. In August, two members of the group on

total area of one (1) hectare performed the replication. The SRI system offers

more efficient use of paddy seeds, water, time and energy, and higher yields.

- Cultivation of annual plants. Types of plants seedled in the nursery were 3000

coconut, 1000 breadfruit, and 3500 cashew seeds. The activities performed by

five groups (Mandaki Ruku, Lupang Tahamu, Andali Mahamu, Bidihunggar and

Harapan), a total of 75 members of the group (male 15 and female 60).

- Cultivation of maize, peanuts and green beans. To increase the production of dry

land and the diversity of local food, the project supplied 75 machetes, 500 sharp-

wires, 600 kg superior corn seed, and 500 kg peanuts. Cassava stem and green

beans supplied by the community (self-supply). The beneficiaries are five (5)

dryland groups (~75 people) cultivated total area of 53.75 ha.

- Drilling-wells and diesel fuel pumping performed by 13 groups. The drilling-wells

of 72-meter depth and the reservoir basin had been supplied.

Rakawatu Village

- Cultivation of paddy. About 1,450 kg of ciherang seeds were supplied to three (3)

groups (Inamete, Rarapandak, and Hamupeka), whose total members were

about 59 people and total area of 43 ha.

- Cultivation of vegetables (Group Ampera 1 & 2).

- Cultivation of freshwater fish since August 2015, but still needs more assistance.

27

- Processing golden snails for the livestock feed (the forerunner of the productive

unit of PROKLIM), the animal feed processing engine and training fodder

provided by BPMD of East Sumba had performed.

- Cultivation of maize, cassava, peanuts. Supply about 525 kg of corn seeds to

community groups of Ampera I, Ampera II, Mbuhangu Palori Rinjungu Pahamu,

Elungera, covering a total area of 21 ha. The communities commercialized the

cassava cuttings and peanut independently.

- Cultivation of citrus, nuts, walnuts and coconuts by 74 members of the group,

with details of 2,500 trees of hazelnut, 1,500 tress of breadfruit, 2,500 of coconut

trees, 1,000 of coffee trees, 1,000 of orange trees, and 500 of mango trees.

28

5. LESSON LEARNT

East Nusa Tenggara is a province, consisting of three major islands called Flores,

Sumba and Timor Island. The SPARC project implemented in the three islands and

represented by one district in each of the main islands, namely: Manggarai, Sabu Raijua,

and Sumba Timur. The implementation of the SPARC project has been done in the last

three years with the involvement of the multi-stakeholders from the national government,

province and district goverment, non-governmental organizations, and the community.

The adaptation efforts offered learning-experience on how the process of adaptation

actions from planning to implementation as described in Figure 17.

Figure 17. Identification of lesson-learnt obtained from the SPARC project in NTT

29

Figure 17 summarizes key points of lesson learnt from the implementation of the

SPARC project in NTT. The points provide information on what subjects should be

considered for implementing CCA actions at target-locations. Further discussion on each

subject is detailed below.

A. Climate Task Force

Climate Task Force is assigned to ensure the implementation of the SPARC

project through the formation of Technical Team or working group on Climate Change at

the provincial and district level of the SPARC pilot sites. The team has been established

and validated with the Letter Head Bappeda NTT Province and Regent decree of the

each district. The technical team/working group supports the SPARC activities, from the

planning, implementation and monitoring. The Technical Team is also responsible for

the coordination among stakeholders involved in the SPARC project.

B. Issues for the Implementation

Implementation of adaptation activities at geographically distributed locations

across the NTT province is a challenge and impact efficiency and effectiveness of

program management, considering the constraints and barriers as follows.

- Geographical locations. The SPARC project are located in the three islands of NTT

province affected financial needs for mobilization. Air transportation is the

appropriate mode to conduct monitoring and evaluation conducted by the SPARC

team to the targeted-districts. Conditions of the targeted-villages chosen as the

project locations are also quite distant, and the road infrastructure is still under

development affected the travel time to the targeted-villages.

- Local culture. The targeted-villages have a strong traditional leaders who can

influence the decision for actions. For example, the use of agricultural land, the time

of planting, and the choice of crops for farming. Understanding this situation, the

implementation was not only to community groups but also through traditional

leaders and religious institutions at the village and district level.

- Local development planning. The issue of climate change has not been included into

RPJMD of the targeted-districts, since the targeted-districts have compiled the

RPJMD in previous year. Thus, the SPARC project contributed to facilitate and

integrate CCA actions into the annual development plan and the implementation of

CCA actions at community level by the primary groups.

- Local capacity on financing and policy. The financial support is required in

implementing CCA actions in the NTT province considering the provincial income is

considerably lower than the national averages. The issue of climate change is

considerably ‘new’ for the government and community, so local policy should be

established to support the acceleration of CCA actions as has been suggested by

the national government following the issuance of Ministerial Decree of Ministry of

Environment and Forestry No.P33/2016.

30

C. Awareness on Climate Change

The impact of climate change is already felt, particularly farmers. Repeated crop

failures due to extreme climate events contribute to threat food security in NTT. Factors

identified threatening the food security are a prolonged drought, accounted for about

54%, plant pests and diseases (31%), floods/landslides (6%) and high wind speed (6%).

Food security and water resources are being endemic development problems in NTT for

over 15 years. There are indications that the situation of food security and water

resources might be worsen due to increased climate variability and extreme events.

Thus, the support of government policies and programs as well as development partners

needed to be more effective in addressing these problems.

In order to increasing awareness on climate change, the SPARC coordinated

with the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency of NTT Province (Badan

Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika – BMKG NTT) to supply rain gauges at the

selected targeted-districts and villages, used as a learning media for community groups.

The SPARC organized trainings for provincial and local government staffs and the NGO

partners in conducting vulnerability mapping and identification of climate risks and CCA

options. The government staffs at the district and provincial level followed the training on

Climate Field School, providing knowledge and skills on identifying the local wisdoms for

doing seasonal forecasts, ‘modern’ technique for seasonal climate forecasts,

introduction to weather instruments (e.g., rainfall measurement), understanding climate

information, cropping calendars, and agroclimate information. The trained-field staff is

then trained and assisted the community groups on understanding the climate subjects.

D. Local Actions on Formulation Rules

In supporting the mainstreming of CCA into the development plan, The SPARC

team together with the team of experts from the University Cendana, Wirya Mandira

Catholic University and the Public Health Association of Indonesia (IAKMI) promoted the

integration of climate change issues into RPJMD 2014-2018 of the NTT Province,

focussing on food security, water resources, and livelihoods. The document of RPJMD

2014-2018 has been available at the website of BAPPEDA NTT

(bappeda.nttprov.go.id/new) and legalized by the provincial regulation named Peraturan

Daerah (PERDA) No. 1 year of 2014.

To support the implementation of the SPARC activities in the three targeted-

districts, the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) were signed between Sabu Raijua

Regent, Sumba Timur Regent and Manggarai Regent, and the NTT Provincial Governor

and the Deputy of Climate Change – Ministry of Environment and Forestry. This

agreement aims to improve the capacity and resilience of the NTT community in

responding to climate change issues focusing on food security, water resources and

livelihoods. The scope of the collective agreement covers a number of agrements such

as the provision of funds, team coordination, monitoring, evaluation, and reporting. The

MoU is also the basis for the assigment of responsibility of each involved stakeholder,

particularly the local government districts and provinces, for the project implementation.

31

E. Investment on Adaptation and Partnership

The implementation of the CCA activities under the SPARC project requires

investment and active participation of multi-stakeholders. The multi-stakeholders’

participation has been throughout the SPARC project activities. The socialization of

CCA actions to community in the targeted-villages, facilitation of the development of

working plan, technical inputs for strengthening institutional capacity, already involved

the local government institutions named Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah (SKPD),

namely: as Agencies on Agriculture and Plantation, Development and Planning Agency,

Cooperation, Forestry, Environment, Public Works, and Food Security. The multi-

stakeholders’ involvement is intended to increase the ownership of the SPARC project.

At the community level, the SPARC project provided assistance starting from

planning to implementing the prioritized CCA actions, including the financial resources.

The disbursement of grants to the community is in in collaboration with the local

development bank named Bank NTT. Each targeted-village has one bank account with

which the allocated grants for CCA actions were added to the account. This mechanism

allows for the flexibility for rural communities to access the CCA funds. The funding

mechanism is also intended to increase transparency in using the CCA funds and to

introduce the community to the banking system. The involvement of the financial

institution such as Bank NTT also provides an opportunity to provide microfinance

scheme for potential business as part of the CCA actions.

F. The Programs and Budget Allocation

The CCA actions are directed to integrate climate change issues into

development programs in the province legalized in RPJMD (2014-2018), and formalized

by the issuance of PERDA No. 1 year 2014 as dicussed above. However, for the district

level, the integration of CCA actions is included in the local government working plan of

the related sectors. At the district level, Surat Keputusan (SK) Bupati, the Regent

decree, was issued to form a task force for each district. The SPARC programs also

targeted different beneficiaries. For the local government, the SPARC enhance their

capacities on CCA through capacity building programs such as trainings and workshops.

For the community, the implementation of CCA actions engaged with communities in the

three districts. The priotized locations and actions for each targeted-district was

determined based on the vulnerability assessment, planned development programs, and

stakeholder consultation. The CCA programs promoted by the SPARC aimed at

improving the resilience of agriculture, water resources, and livelihoods.

The CCA actions are vary from location to location depending upon the needs.

For example, the CCA actions in the Gapong village of Manggarai included the provision

of water infrastructure, the cultivation of vegetables, business on cotton mattress and

traditional woven fabric called ‘kain tenun’, cattle and fattening pigs. Another example is

in the Eimau village of Sabu Raijua, the CCA actions were enhancement of agricultural

products, solar pumping, water conservation and catchment (water drill called Sumur),

fiber craft for creating a boat and cemented bricks. The other adaptation activities were

implemented in the Napu village of Sumba Timur that included activities such as

32

construction of Solar Pump, crop cultivation, and climate field school. In general, the

CCA actions focused on agriculture and water resource were the cultivation of superior

varieties to adapt with the climate fluctuation, cultivation of vegetables and annual

plantation, and development of access to water infrastructure.

The SPARC project also focuses to strengthen livelihoods through diversification

of income sources. For example, in the Gapong village of Manggarai district, a group of

women has produced 67 pieces of the traditional woven fabric called ‘kain tenun’ sold for

IDR 450.000,- a piece. Another example is the production of fiber boats, 800 cemented-

bricks and 200 windstones in the Eimau village of Sabu Raijua district. Concerning the

longer dry season period, the salt production and sea grass cultivation are two major

economic activities along the coastal lines of the targeted-districts, whose products are

sold to the other districts or province in Indonesia, promoted by the local government. In

general, the implementation of SPARC program has led to encourage local activities that

can be sustained after the project ends; although, the effectiveness and efficiency of

budget utilization should still be improved.

The SPARC project is working with the Bank NTT to provide channel funds to

communities in the targeted-villages. Each target village has a village account, with all

the grants allocated for adaptation action was added to the account. This mechanism is

chosen to allow for easier accessibility of rural communities in accessing the CCA funds.

The funding disbursement through the Bank NTT, as of the first quarter 2015, already

channeled a grant of USD 750,000 to be accessed by the nine (9) targeted-villages to

support the implementation of adaptation actions undertaken by community groups.

Furthermore, through this partnership, the Bank NTT have expressed interest in

allocating CSR funds to add the funded grants to the community. After the SPARC

project ended, it is expected the local government and the Bank NTT can continue the

mechanism of CCA financial disbursement and increase the financial resources to

support the implementation of CCA actions intended for enhancing the resilience of

vulnerable communities to the impacts of climate change in the future.

33

VE GE T ABLE

S E E DLING

BIG HAR VE ST ING S OLAR P UM P

AND P IP E LINE

CAS HE W P IP E LINE

T E NUN

T E NUN

IR R IGAT ION

S YS T E M

DE LIVE R ABLE OF ADAP T AT ION ACT IVIT Y

34

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[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. 2016. Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Dalam Angka 2016. Kupang : BPS Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur

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BAPPENAS. 2010. Indonesia Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap – ICCSR. Syntesis Report.

Kemeterian Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional.

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Kementerian Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional.

Bickerstaff, Simmons, and Pidgeon, 2004: public perceptions of risk, science and governance: main findings of a qualitative study of five risk cases.

IPCC. 2013. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp, doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.

Perdinan, R. Boer, A. Rakhman, A. P. Situmorang, M. Zulaikha, and B. Nurbaeti, 2015: Pilihan Adaptasi Perubahan Iklim. Dirjen Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim-Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan

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Rokeach, M. 2000: Understanding Human Values: Individual and Societal. Free press

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Widiyono W. 2002, Konservasi embung di Nusa Tenggara Timur melalui analisis tutupan vegetasi dan sumberdaya air. Tesis S-2. Depok : FMIPA-UI

35

APPENDIX 1 Identification of CCA Actions in each village of the three targeted-districts

Identification of adaptation actions in Manggarai district SPARC Village

Activitiy Community

involved Allocated

Fund (IDR) Achievements

Geographycondition

Local Resources

Gapong village,

Cibal sub-district

Provision of water infrastructure

2 groups

445,750,000

Provision of water infrastructure

Wide area:

1.68 km². Slope: 50-95%

(steep). Altitude: 300-800

masl (Low-High land)

Carrots, Tomatos, Beans,

Eggplants and lettuce, peanuts

Vegetable cultivation

Baeng Koe community

Types of vegetables are grown: carrot, long beans, beans,

eggplant, tomato and additional total area

Making cotton

mattresses

Female

community

Sold 10 mattress (IDR 1

million/mattres)

Field school for farming pigs

Wae Nanga 2 Community

The process of fattening pigs successfully

Diversified Farming “cash

crop”

67 pcs tenun (IDR 450.000/pcs)

Cattle farming with colony system

(BPTP)

Reforestation land

for potential landslides

Installation of

rainfall station and Climate Field School

Increased production of crops

Copang

Dehes village, Wae Rii

sub-district

Cultivation of horticulture/ vegetables

592,100,000

Planting schedule customized to the needs /demand market

Wide area: 6.20 km². Slope: 8-

39% (sloping). Altitude:

600-650 masl (Middle

land)

Paria, long

beans, cucumbers, Petsae;

Pack Choy, cabbage, Broccoli,

Eggplant, pumpkin; chili,

Tomato, Beans

Clean water supply

Local government,

400 families

Construction of drinking water supply

Repair and construction of

irrigation system

Repair of irrigation system

Reboisation around water ponds

Army, Community

Planting 3000 trees

Iteng village, Satarmese

sub-district

Cultivation of

greenpeas Vima1 and horticulture

433,350,000

Planting schedule

customized to the needs / demand market

Coastal

area, low land. Slope: 0-15%.

Altitude: 0-300 masl.

Green peas, chili, longbeans,

eggplant, tomato, water-

melon, melon, spinach,

papaya

Collaboration with seed supplier of Panah Merah and

Bissi

Cultivation of watermelon and melon

Livestock

development of pig, chickens, and goats

8 Groups

36

Identification of adaptation actions in Sabu Raijua district

SPARC

Village Activitiy

Community

involved

Allocated

Fund (IDR) Achievements

Gegraphy

Condition

Local

Resources

Eimau village,

Sabu Tengah sub-

district

Increasing crop production in the rainy season

2 Groups (Gala Iki and Nada Sehati)

532,150,

794

The seeds have been

distributed to farmer groups and already planted end of December

2015.

Wide area:

11 km²

Paddy, maize,

peanut and Green

peas

Increasing crop

production in the dry season

3 Groups (Nawonga,

Lobokepelu and Mira Dei Hari)

The first harvest has done

by the Regent of Sabu Raijua in October 2015.

Development of solar pump and

pipeline installation

Nawonga Mandiri

community

Have been conducted in September, forming a water management group

as well as dues of IDR 5000/month/member

Water

conservation with infiltration wells

Primary group members (4 groups)

It has been done in December 2015 at the 8 wells of group members

Fiber crafts (creating boats)

"Karena kasih" community

Boats fiber can be produced and marketed

Fabrification of cemented bricks

and “Batu Angin”

‘Purudonga’ community

(13 people)

The fabrification started in January 2016. 800 brick

and 200 “Batu angin” is ready for the market

Tada village, sub-district

Sabu

Tengah

Development of solar pump and pipeline

installation

Local

government, Mangngi Ruba, Ruba

Muri, Ruba Ama and Bersatu group

456,010,364

Have been grown and sold about IDR 10,000,-

to 15,000,-

Wide area: 10.82 km²

Paddy, peanuts,

green peas

and maize

Cultivation of vegetables

Increased Crops Production

9 primary groups

Seeds have a better durability than the local

commodities. Planting in December 2015 (maize, paddy, greenpeas,

peanut)

Ledekapaka village,

Sabu Barat

sub-district

Vegetable Cultivation

Naliru group, Gape

418,614,863

Planted near the water

ponds, but sometimes the ponds dries up, moved to nearby water sources in

the neighboring villages.

Wide area: 6.9 km²

Greenpeas, peanuts

and paddy

Conservation around the ponds area

Conducted successfully,

the next target is the development of purple sweet potato seedlings

Installation of

solar pumping and piping from water resources

Ledekepaka community

(used by 50-60 family), Raedewa

village

Inaugurated by the Regent in October 2015,

used by 50-60 families. The addition of 5 spot for Raedewa village.

Cultivation of crops such as

maize, green beans, and peanuts

6 primary

groups

Has been harvested, greenbean seeds

introduced had higher yields than the local seeds in very low rainfall

Fabrification of culverts for water drainage

Raemabua (20 people)

22 unit culverts were ready to be marketed

37

Identification of adaptation actions in Sumba Timur district

SPARC Village

Activitiy Community

involved Allocated

Fund (IDR) Achievements

Geographycondition

Local Resources

Napu village, Haharu

district

Development of Solar Pump

Prailangina village 106 people: 56

male and 50 female) from 3 groups

(Rinjung Pahamu, Kama Ninya

and Mangga Manung).

380,000,000

Installed Solar Pump and piping network

Wide area: 142.6 km².

Altitude:

207 masl (Low Land)

Maize, buckwheat,

cassava, local

pottato,

cashew, coconut, various

vegetables

Vegetable

demonstration plot

Community

groups

9,300,

000

Vegetable gardens have

been developed and harvested

Diversification of

local food

Community

and proklim

118,250,

000

Start planting the other

crops

Increasing the numbers of annual

plantation

Members of the group of

Proklim

72,500,

000

Planting 200 coconuts,

2500 cashew seedlings

Climate Field School

Farmer,

BPTP, BMKG, LSM, Kemas Proklim

24,000, 000

Training on rainfall

observation and maintaining the observation tool

Operational costs of Proklim and office stationery

Proklim 20,400,

000

Total

624,450,000

Palanggai

village, Pahunga

Lodu

district

Development of

drilled wells in Laomang

13 groups 335,000,

000

Installation of the solar

pump, artesian well (height 72 m)

Wide area:

33.5 km². Altitude: 88 masl (Low

Land)

Paddy, Maize,

Cassava,

peanuts, local

pottato,

cashew, coconut, breadfruit

Paddy field school

2 groups

17,500, 000

Utilizing System Rice Intensification (SRI) at

land area of 1 ha Increased rice production

58,520, 000

School field

diversification of local food

5 groups (mandaki ruku, lupang

tahamu, andali mahamu, bidihunggar

and harapan) (75 people)

18,500, 000

Cultivation of maize, peanuts and greenbeans Diversification of

local food

21,000,

000

Cultivation of

annual plantation with biochar technology

101,250,000

3000 palm seedlings,

1000 breadfruits, and 3500 cashew nuts

Climate Field School

Famers, BPTP, BMKG, LSM, Kemas

Proklim

24,000, 000

Training on rainfall observation and maintening the

observation tool

Operational costs and office

stationery

20,400,

000

Total

595,900,

000

Rakawatu village,

Lewa district

Paddy field school 3 groups (Ina Mete,

Rarapandak, Hamu Peka) (59 people)

18,250, 000

Distribution of seeds and planting has been

conducted as much as 1,450 kg of Ciherang seeds for 43 ha of land

Paddy production in each group

89,900, 000

38

Cultivation of

vegetables with Biochar technology

Ampera 1

and Ampera 2 group

16,500, 000

Planting and harvesting vegetables

Wide area: 16.6 km².

Altitude: 543 mdpl

(Midle land)

Paddy,

maize, cassava,

local

pottato, manggo, orange,

breadfruit, cadlenut,

coffe

Cultivation of snails for animal feed and fertilizer

granules

Community groups, BPMD

10,000, 000

Animal feed processing engine and provided training fodder by BPMD

Sumba Timur

Diversification of

local food

Groups of

Ampera I, Ampera II, Mbuhangu

Palori Rinjungu Pahamu,

Elungera

79,500,

000

525 kg maize seedling with total area of 21 hectares. Community

commercialized cassava cuttings and peanuts

Freshwater fish farming

5,000,

000 Starting in August 2015, still need assistance

Increasing the

cultivation of annual plantation

Community

group (74 people)

169,350,

000

2,500 hazelnut trees, 1,500 breadfruit trees, 2,500 coconut trees,

1,000 coffee trees, 1,000 orange trees, 500 mango trees

Climate Field School

24,000,

000

Operational costs and office stationery

15,600,

000

Total

428,100,000