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Kenya in AfricaWildlife richness and

specificityWildlife value

Wildlife underpressure

Some solutions

5 neighbors

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Google Map

CDC

KENYAKENYA




Some solutions

Various relief… … lead to various ecosystems.

Jurrian Bendien

Africa Atlas UNEP




Some solutions

Around 25,000 species of animal have so far been recorded!

Kenya is rich in biological diversity

With 1,019 species, Kenya ranks amongst the top 20 countries in the world

with the highest numbers of bird species. Bird species

Mammal species

UNEP (african environment outlook 2), 2011




Some solutions

National Parks and Reserves

About 8% of Kenya’s land mass is made up of protected areas for wildlife conservation.

Parks and Reserves

Kakamega

Google Map

Maasai Mara

KWS

author unknown

Amboseli

author unknown

Mombasa

Tsavo

David Cayless

Martin Harvey

Nakuru

author unknown




Some solutions

Federico Veronesi

Jeffrey Kirkpatrick

Federico Veronesi

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T.Crocetta

Alamy




Some solutions

Kenya is regarded as Africa's premier safari destination.

Tourist earnings are a key source of foreign exchange earnings.

Why wildlife protection is so important for Kenya?

author unknown

Kenya is the home of safari.

The tourism industry accounts for 11% of Kenya’s Gross Domestic Product (2013).




Some solutions

People come from all over the world to

visit the sheer wildlife variety and to enjoy

the varied vistas…

Flamingos at the Lake BogoriaJeffrey Kirkpatrick

William Davis

A cheetah watching

M. Dupuis Elephant herd in Amboseli National ParkWildlife scenes at sunset

author unknown




Some solutions

Specifically, Kenya boasts superlative wildlife phenomenon,

including the last large ungulate migrations left on the African

continent :

The wildebeest migration in Kenya and Tanzania.

author unknown

The “flagship species” and wildlife events are of enormous economic value to the

tourism industries of Kenya.




Some solutions

Besides economic value, Kenya’s wildlife is part your cultural heritage.

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But Kenyan wildlife is in danger!But Kenyan wildlife is in danger!




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Mid 1800s on :

Trophy hunters have

major impacts on

wildlife populations.

Mid 1800s on :

Trophy hunters have

major impacts on

wildlife populations.

1896-1901 :

The Uganda railway is built.

1896-1901 :

The Uganda railway is built.

Kenyan wildlife already suffered in the past :Kenyan wildlife already suffered in the past :

1914-1918 : WWI

Wildlife killed to

feed troops.

1914-1918 : WWI

Wildlife killed to

feed troops.

First half of the 20th

century : ‘Vermin’ Policy

authorizes settlers and

Game Department to

exterminate lions, wild

dogs, leopards, hyenas,

otters, baboons,

monkeys, crocodiles,

and others animals to

make room for

agriculture and

livestock.

First half of the 20th

century : ‘Vermin’ Policy

authorizes settlers and

Game Department to

exterminate lions, wild

dogs, leopards, hyenas,

otters, baboons,

monkeys, crocodiles,

and others animals to

make room for

agriculture and

livestock.

1939-1945 : WWII

Wildlife killed to

feed troops.

1939-1945 : WWII

Wildlife killed to

feed troops.

TimelineTimeline




Some solutions

Today, the threats are varied and many ecosystems are concerned :Today, the threats are varied and many ecosystems are concerned :

FreshwaterFreshwater Pollution, dams, …Pollution, dams, …

Marine and coastalMarine and coastalOver-harvesting, destructive fishing methods (use of

dynamite), pollution, climate change (coral bleaching),

coastal erosion, …

Over-harvesting, destructive fishing methods (use of



TerrestrialTerrestrial

Agricultural expansion, mineral and oil extraction,

infrastructure development, fire wood collection, over-

harvesting, land degradation, illegal killing and trade,

wildfires, human/wildlife conflict, armed conflict, wildlife

disease, biofuel production, genetically modified crops




wildfires, human/wildlife conflict, armed conflict, wildlife

disease, biofuel production, genetically modified crops

Cross cutting issuesCross cutting issues Climate change, invasive external species, lack of capacity

and resources

Climate change, invasive external species, lack of capacity

and resources




Some solutions

Today, the threats are varied and many ecosystems are concerned :Today, the threats are varied and many ecosystems are concerned :

FreshwaterFreshwater Pollution, dams, …Pollution, dams, …

Marine and coastalMarine and coastalOver-harvesting, destructive fishing methods (use of



Over-harvesting, destructive fishing methods (use of



TerrestrialTerrestrial




wildfires, human/wildlife conflict, armed conflict,

wildlife disease, biofuel production, genetically modified

crops




wildfires, human/wildlife conflict, armed conflict,

wildlife disease, biofuel production, genetically modified

crops

Cross cutting issuesCross cutting issues Climate change, invasive external species, lack of capacity

and resources

Climate change, invasive external species, lack of capacity

and resources




Some solutions

ILLEGAL KILLING AND TRADEILLEGAL KILLING AND TRADE

Ivory, rhino horns, reptiles and pangolins are some of the wildlife and wildlife

products being poached and trafficked for the international black markets.

Brent Stirton

Ivory strongroom underneath the Kenya Wildlife

Service HQ, Nairobi

Brent Stirton

Customs search of personal suitcases at Jomo

Kenyatta International Airport, Nairobi.

✔ 302 elephants and 59 rhino poached in 2013 in Kenya!

✔ Since the beginning of 2014, 116 elephants and 26 rhinos has been killed by

poachers.




Some solutions

HUMAN/WILDLIFE CONFLICTHUMAN/WILDLIFE CONFLICT

Jeffrey Kirkpatrick




Some solutions

1900 2000

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5

10

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25

30

35

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1948 1962 1969 1979 1989 1999 2009

Population of Kenya (millions)

Kenya Population Situation Analysis, 2013

1) The population of Kenya grew a lot during the last century :

Toth et al., 2014




Some solutions

Toth et al., 2014

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Directly or indirectly, the

agricultural sector contributes

for around 50 percent of the

Kenyan GDP.

Geographical pressure on wildlife lands

2) People need land for agricultural activity :

1900 2000




Some solutions

More than 70% of Kenya’s wildlife lives outside Protected Areas :

When moving move out of the protected areas, they interact with

people on private and community land causing human/wildlife

conflict.

wildlife moves in and out of these areas in search of

pastures and water during certain periods of the year.

most of the protected areas are not fully fenced




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ELEPHANTSELEPHANTS

Presumed historical habitatPresumed historical habitat

Current habitatCurrent habitat

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Elephant population in Kenya

170,000 on independence in 1963

Only 16,000 in 1989!

In 1989, the international trade in ivory and

other elephant products was banned.

The elephant population rose back to around

26,000 by 1996.

In 1997, some Southern African countries

allowed limited trade in ivory. This decision

stimulated poaching in Kenya's elephant ranges.




Some solutions

An orphan baby elephant and her keeper, Daphne Sheldrick Elephant

Orphanage, Nairobi

Brent Stirton

IFAW

The killing for ivory left a lot of orphan baby elephants.




Some solutions

RHINOCEROSRHINOCEROS

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65,000 (1970)

10,000 (early 1980s)

only 3100 today!

In Africa

In Kenya

20,000 (1970)

550 (1984)

381 (1987)

398 (1991)




Some solutions

Horn poaching is the major cause in the decline of the black rhino population.

More than 800 African rhinos have been killed in the past three years - just for their horns.

With the most serious poaching upsurge in South Africa, Zimbabwe and Kenya.

Timeslive

Meluaya was a 17-year-old black rhino

killed and dehorned by poachers at

the Lewa Wildlife Conservancy (2013).

The dead rhino, which was suspected

to have been pregnant, also had a

two-year-old calf with her.

Outside AND inside the Protected Areas, parks and reserves.




Some solutions

IUCN RED LISTIUCN RED LIST

In Kenya, 35 animal species are classified as Critically Endangered (CR)* by the

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

(Only 5 countries of Sub-Saharan Africa count more)

* A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the

wild in the immediate future.

Jodi Cobb

Elephants and Rhinoceros are not the only ones in dangerElephants and Rhinoceros are not the only ones in danger

Wiki Luc Lens

Some CR species in Kenya :




Some solutions

But at risk animal species are not all classified as CR.

In Kenya, 53 animals species are also classified as Endangered

(EN)* by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species…

author unknown wiki Ariadne Van Zandbergen

* A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critically Endangered but is facing a very high risk of

extinction in the wild in the near future.

Some EN species in Kenya :




Some solutions

A need to enforce current solutionsA need to enforce current solutions




Some solutions

FIGHT AGAINST ILLEGAL WILD SPECIES TRADEFIGHT AGAINST ILLEGAL WILD SPECIES TRADE

✔money-making way

✔ low detection risk

✔ low judicial proceedings risk

✔ small fine and sentence

Illegal wild species trade is related to organized crime due to :

Illegal wild species trade is the 4th profitable illegal activity in the world

IFAW

drugs human

traffickingcounterfeiting

Protected wild speciesPetrol art gold human

organs gunsdiamonds




Some solutions

are well-trained

are well-organized (huge network, corruption use)

have efficient weapon and tool (automatic military

weapons, helicopters, advanced technology)

Those criminals

Trade routes for large-scale (>500kg) seizures of ivory, 2012-2013IFAW

There is a need for

coordination between anti-

fraud agencies and between

countries.




Some solutions

5 tons of burning ivory during the day for law

enforcement on the elephant july 20, 2011, KWS

manyani's training center.

S. Njumbi

Routine search of a warehouse for the canine

sniffer dog unit at Jomo Kenyatta International

Airport, Nairobi.

Brent Stirton

Some current actions :




Some solutions

New tools for fighting against traffickers

Mandatory DNA tests for large-scale seizing of ivory

identify the origin direct the fight against poaching

Alarm systems connected to fences around protected areas

rangers receive text message in case of breaches

Drones watching project

cameras on the plane send back images to the command

center via a satellite




Some solutions

How to improve the fight?

✔ Connect the different network fighting against illegal wild species trade

✔ Enforce politics and laws and develop an efficient judicial system

✔ Raise consumers awareness




Some solutions

IMPROVE THE HUMAN/WILDLIFE RELATIONSHIP IMPROVE THE HUMAN/WILDLIFE RELATIONSHIP

Protected areas are unconnected and too small to support viable

populations of wildlife.

Wildlife go outside protected areas.

USAID

Elephant beginning the translocation

process from Narok North back to the

Maasai Mara National Reserve.




Some solutions

Study animal population dynamics

Kenya does not have to choose between its people and its wildlife

Protected areas are not always important wildlife areas.

Study wildlife to determine important areas and lead to a more

efficient protection of ecosystems.

Anticipate which areas could become zones of human/wildlife

conflicts

Some research could help to protect efficiently both parties :

We do not inherit the land of our fathers,

we borrow the land of our children.(St Exupéry)

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Some solutions

Are you familiar with poaching data?Are you familiar with poaching data?

1) On average, how many elephants are poached for their ivory in a single day?

2 14 360100




Some solutions

Are you familiar with poaching data?Are you familiar with poaching data?

1) On average, how many elephants are poached for their ivory in a single day?

2 14 360100

2) Trained sniffer dogs and their handlers in Kenya boast what percentage rate of

accuracy in detecting rhino horn or elephant ivory at airports and seaports?

5% 30% 90%70%

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