scaling of rf cmos...devices, vol. 50, pp. 557-566, march 2003. effect of non-linearity sample rf...
TRANSCRIPT
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Scaling of RF CMOS
S. Simon WongElectrical Engineering Department, Stanford University
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802.11 Evolution
Source : Mehta, et al., “An 802.11g WLAN SOC ," ISSCC, p. 94, 2005.
Prism Chip Set1998
Single Chip180nm CMOS
2007
Source : R. Chang, et al, "A Fully Integrated RF Front-End with Independent RX/TX Matching and +20dbm Output Power for WLAN Applications," ISSCC, p. 564, 2007.
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CMOS Scaling
• For Digital Applications Motivations – Faster; Lower cost/Hz-bit-function
• For RF ApplicationsSpectra (1-6GHz) do not change; Are faster devices needed ?Motivations – Smaller; Lower cost/function; Lower Power
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Outline
• Transistor Scaling • Passive Components• Future Integration Trends• Conclusions
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Sample RF Circuits
Low Noise Amplifier Power Amplifier
Extensive usage of inductor to tune out capacitance
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MOSFET Frequency Response
gm = transconductanceCgg = gate-channel capacitanceCgdo = gate-drain overlap capacitanceCgso = gate-source overlap capacitanceCpar = gate parasitic capacitanceVsat = carrier saturation velocityLg = effective gate lengthRg = gate resistanceRi = equivalent input resistance for non-quasi static effectgds = output conductance
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G
S D
+
ig
_Lg / Vsat
Theoretical LimitLg = 30 nm, ft = 500 GHz
id
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MOSFET fT
Source : Diaz, et al., "CMOS Technology for MS/RF SoC," IEEE TED, 50, p. 557, 2003.
fT >> typical RF spectra
vsat2π Lg
X65nmLg = 29nm
fT = 360GHzfmax = 420GHz
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G
S D
ig2 Rg
id2 Rds
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Effect of Layout on fT and fmax
Parallel Rg improves fmaxGate connected at both endsSource drain metals do not overlapBulk contacts surround device
S GDG
finger width
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Optimum Finger Width
fT scales with 1/L, independent of Tox.
fT depends weakly on finger width.
E. Morifuji, et al., “Future Perspective and Scaling Down Roadmap for RF CMOS," Symposium on VLSI Technology Digest of Technical Paper, pp. 163-164, 1999.L. Tiemeijer, et al., "Record RF Performance of Standard 90 nm CMOS Technology," IEEE International Electron Device Meeting, pp. 441-444, 2004.
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Optimum Finger Width
fmax depends on finger width.
E. Morifuji, et al., “Future Perspective and Scaling Down Roadmap for RF CMOS," Symposium on VLSI Technology Digest of Technical Paper, pp. 163-164, 1999.L. Tiemeijer, et al., "Record RF Performance of Standard 90 nm CMOS Technology," IEEE International Electron Device Meeting, pp. 441-444, 2004.
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fT depends on IDS.IDS can be reduced for similar fT with scaled technology.
P. Woerlee, et al., “RF CMOS Performance Trends," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 48, pp. 1776-1782, August 2001.
Dependence of fT on Bias Current
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MOSFET Noise Model
Source : A. Scholten, et al., "Noise Modeling for RF CMOS Circuit Simulation," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 50, pp. 618-632, March 2003.
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Drain Thermal NoiseDrain current noise is dominated by thermal noise at high f.γ models the excessive noise observed in short L devices.The excessive noise is believed to be due to substrate noise.
noise current source en2 = in2 / gdo
2
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Induced Gate NoiseGate noise induced by drain thermal noise is only a portionof the total noise. β models the excessive noise observed in short L devices.
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Noise Figure• Noises due to parasitic resistances associated with drain,source, bulk and especially gate need to be accounted for.
• Other noise sources, such as short noise due to gate leakage and avalanche noise at high VDS, are usually insignificant.
• Noise figure describes the noise performance of a circuit.
• Noise figure depends on the source impedance matching. When Zs is low, vn dominates. When Zs is high, in dominates.
noiselesstwo-port
Zsvn
invs
S
S
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Noise Figurewith optimum Zs with 50 Ω Zs
• For typical common source type LNA, NF ~ 1+ K f / fT, NF improves with scaled technology.
• In practice, it is very difficulty to achieve the minimum NF because of other constraints.
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Noise Figure versus Bias Current
P. Woerlee, et al., “RF CMOS Performance Trends," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 48, pp. 1776-1782, August 2001.
NF depends on fT, and hence IDS.IDS can be reduced for similar NF with scaled technology.
with optimum Zs with 50 Ω Zs
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G
S Did_
_
Drain 1/f Noise
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Drain 1/f Noise
Drain current noise is dominated by1/f noise at low f.
Although not critical for LNA,very important for VCO, A/D
Sid = K gm2 / W L Cox2 f
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10
100
1000
10000
from Tavel et al. IEDM2003
65 nm
ITRS roadmap
High K dielectric
RPN oxide
Pure oxide90 nm
0.13 μm
n-M
OSF
ET 1
/f no
ise
(μV2 μ
m2 /H
z))
Equivalent Oxide Thickness EOT (A)
Degradation of 1/f Noise
Source : Mercha, et al., “Impact of Scaling on Analog/RF CMOS Performance," International Conference on Solid State and Integrated Circuits Technology Proceedings, paper A3.2, 2004.
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Characteristics of Scaled MOSFET
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Linearity of MOSFET
Source : C. Diaz, D, Tang and J. Sun, "CMOS Technology for MS/RF SoC," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 50, pp. 557-566, March 2003.
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Effect of Non-Linearity
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Sample RF Circuits
Low Noise Amplifier Power Amplifier
High voltage required for the cascode transistor.
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I. Aoki, et al., "Fully Integrated CMOS Power Amplifier Design Using the Distributed Active Transformer Architecture," IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, Vol. 37, pp. 371 -383, March 2002.
Distributed Power Amplifier
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A. Shirvani, et al., “A CMOS RF Amplifier with Parallel Amplification for Efficient Power Control," IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, Vol. 37, pp. 684 -693, June 2002.
Power Combining
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Typical RF Transceiver
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MOSFET-Based T/R SwitchSolution :Bias the gate through a resistor – allows the gate to be bootstrapped with incoming signal – improve linearity Bias the substrate through a L-C tank – allows the substrate to be bootstrapped with incoming signal,Linearity is greatly improved.
N. Talwalkar, et al., "Integrated CMOS Transmit-Receive Switch Using L-C Tuned Substrate Bias for 2.4-GHz and 5.2-GHz Applications," IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, Vol. 39, pp. 863 -870, June 2004.
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Switch Linearity
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Outline
• Transistor Scaling • Passive Components• Future Integration Trends• Conclusions
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Capacitor Options
Inter-levelMetal-Oxide-Metal
(MOM)
Intra-levelMetal-Oxide-Metal
(MOM)
High KMetal-Insulator-Metal
(MIM)
Metal Thickness
(μm)
Metal Space(μm)
Dielectric Thickness
(μm)
ApproxK
250 nm 0.6 0.4 1 4.1180 nm 0.5 0.3 0.8 3.8130 nm 0.4 0.2 0.5 3.890 nm 0.3 0.15 0.3 3.2
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Capacitor Performance
J. Lin, et al., "State-of-the-Art RF/Analog Foundry Technology," IEEE Bipolar/BiCMOS Circuits and Technology Meeting, pp. 73-79, 2002. 39-42, 2003.
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3D Capacitor
D. Kim, etal., “Symmetric Vertical Parallel Plate Capacitors for On-Chip RF Circuits in 65-nm SOI Technology," IEEE Electron Device Letters, pp. 616-618, July 2007.
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Varactor Options
MOS accumulation mode varactor offers higher C/Area,more tuning range, comparable Q, and less temp sensitivity.
C. Chen, et al., "A 90nm CMOS MS/RF Based Foundry SOC Technology Comprising Superb 185 GHz fTRFMOS and Versatile, High-Q Passive Components for Cost/Performance Optimization," IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 39-42, 2003.
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On-Chip Spiral Inductor
C. Yue and S. Wong, "Physical Modeling of Spiral Inductors on Silicon," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 47, pp. 560-568, March 2000.
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Quality Factor
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Substrate Loss due to E-field Penetration
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Ground Shield to Stop E-field Penetration
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Patterned Ground Shield
C. Yue and S. Wong, "On-Chip Spiral Inductors with Patterned Ground Shields for Si-Based RF IC’s," IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, Vol. 33, pp. 743-752, May 1998.
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Comparison of Back End Technology
3.2370.85 Cu990 nm
3.8470.9 Cu8130 nm
3.86.581 Al6180 nm
47.57.51 Al5250 nm
ApproxK
M5 to Sub(μm)
Top Metal to Sub(μm)
Top Metal Thickness
(μm)
Metal Layers
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0
5
10
15
20
25
250nm 180nm 130nm 90nmTechnology
Max
imum
QOptimized Inductor Q
with all metal layers
with five metal layers
3nH, 2GHz, side < 500 um
65nm offers more options on metal and dielectric, including multiple thick metal layers
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Outline
• Transistor Scaling • Passive Components• Future Integration Trends• Conclusions
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Integration of Off-Chip Components
Significant reduction in system cost
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Chip Comparison
180nm 802.11abg 130nm 802.11n 2X2
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Chip Comparison
130nm GSM
90nm GSM
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Chip Comparison
130nm WLAN 2X2 N
130nm GSM
130nm Bluetooth
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Radio Scaling
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100 150 200 250 300Technology Node
Rad
io A
rea
( mm
2 )
WLAN - single bandWLAN - dual bandWLAN - N per channelScaling
preliminarynot integrated
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Radio Scaling
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 100 200 300 400Technology Node
Rad
io A
rea
( mm
2 )
BluetoothGPSGSMScaling
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Conclusions– Scaled CMOS should improve NF and reduce power consumption; reduction in linearity and voltage capability complicates the design– Advanced technology offers more options for passive components; quality of passive components may be compromised if not all metal layers are used– Further Integration of off-chip components to reduce system cost– Technology selection will depend on analog/digital mix– Chip with mostly RF functions will scale moderately with technology – Chip with largely digital functions will scale with technology–Advanced technology my benefit the integration of multiple radios