SAT TYPE FMD OUTBREAKS IN

SOUTH AFRICA

Dwarka RMSemenya D, Tshabalala T, Mtshali N, Esterhuysen J,

Botha B, Kirkbride E, Jones H, Mkhwanazi R, Shileyi B, Mkhantshwa C, Mutowembwa P.

Trans-boundary Animal Diseases Programme

Range of tests for FMD

(OIE/FAO Reference laboratory status)

• Liquid phase blocking ELISA

• Solid phase competition ELISA

• Virus neutralisation

• Virus isolation

• Non-structural protein ELISA

• Typing (antigen) ELISA

• Molecular diagnostics: PCR, sequencing, phylogenetic analysis of outbreak strains

• Disinfectant testing

Route of possible outbreak samples

Clinical samples

Seq and

Phylogenetics

PCRVirus isolation

Ground Clinical samples

Epidemiological PCRDiagnostic PCR

REPORT

FMD CONTROL ZONES

SWAZILAND

MOZAMBIQUE

BOTSWANA

MBABANE MAPUTO

JOHANNESBURG

PRETORIA

PIETERSBURG

GABORONE

KRUGERNATIONAL

PARK

SOUTH AFRICA

LESOTHO

PIETERMARITZBURG

BUSHBUCKRIDGE

NKOMAZIMIDDELBURG

CAMPERDOWN

DURBAN

BEIT BRIDGE

ZIMBABWE

MASISI AREA

KNP/4/02/ElandskuilKNP/5/02/Hlamalala

SAR/01/02/Phalaborwa-gateKNP/10/90/Reenvoeldam

KNP/1/03/Lower-SabieKNP/2/03/Letaba

SAR/14/01/MessinaZIM/Gn39/91ZIM/3/94

KNP/8/02/MasakosapanKNP/08/03/LangtoondamKNP/9/96

KNP/2/97KNP/1/02/NwarihlangariSAR/2/06/Sibasa/Matiane Diptank

SAR/4/06/Sibasa/Joseph DiptankSAR/1/06/Sibasa/Matiane DiptankSAR/3/06/Sibasa/Matiane Diptank

KNP/6/88ZIM/Hv5/90

KNP/33/94KNP/44/94

KNP/15/96NAM/274/98ZIM/32/90

ZIM/5/91ZIM/05/91ZAM/5/93

ZAM/4/96

100

100

100

99

92

99

100

100

8099

90

95

92

0.02

SAT 3: Sept 2006: SibasaThis outbreak occurred well within the OIE recognised buffer zone of the FMD control zone of SA adjacent to the KNP. The status of South Africa's "FMD free zone without

vaccination" has not been affected by this outbreak, and therefore South Africa's FMD status has not changed and the export of animals and animal products from South Africa is not affected (OIE report).

June 2008: SAT 3 Impala: PafuriSAT 3 isolate clustered as

part of the southern topotype

of viruses, but differed by

16% from the SAT 3

outbreak strain characterised

from the Sibasa area in 2006

KNP/5/02/HlamalalaKNP/4/06/Crooks Corner

SAR/01/02/Phalaborwa-gateKNP/25/94/Lower-SabieKNP/1/03/Lower-Sabie

KNP/21/08/Lower SabieKNP/16/08/Lower Sabie

KNP/19/08/Lower SabieKNP/2/03/Letaba

10/1337/NDUMO BUFFALOKNP/3/08/Lower SabieKNP/4/10/Lalapalm Windmill

KNP/5/08/Lower SabieZIM/Gn9/91

ZIM/Ck4/91ZIM/3/94SAR/14/01/Messina

KNP/6/88KNP/8/02/MasakosapanKNP/1/08/Impala

KNP/26/07/BoyelaKNP/2/07/DzomboZIM/3/10/Sengwe Corridor

KNP/1/02/NwarihlangariSAR/1/06/Sibasa/Matiane DiptankKNP/08/03/LangtoondamKNP/11/96

KNP/2/97KNP/3/94KNP/44/94ZIM/2/10/Sengwe CorridorKNP/6/08/Lower Sabie

ZIM/Hv5/90ZIM/5/91ZIM/05/91

ZIM/24/91ZAM/7/93

ZAM/4/96ZAM/11/96

99

9999

99

99

99

99

7199

99

91

74

99

79

80

91

95

65

98

79

82

84

Jan 2011:SAT 2: ImpalaMOZ/1/10/Gaza ProvinceKNP/1/10/Crooks Corner

KNP/9/03/Ribye-WaterholeKNP/1/06/2/Masakosa

KNP/9/08/Lower SabieKNP/2/10/Banyini PanKNP/3/10/Banyini PanKNP/25/07/Boyela

KNP/160/91KNP/5/06/2/Nwambi blockKNP/4/07/Dzombo

KNP/16/93/CapricornKNP/183/91/Krokodilbrugarea

KNP/05/03/Lower-SabieKNP/6/96KNP/1678/98/BumeKNP/06/03/Shangoni

KNP/11/07/BububuKNP/16/07/ShingumeniKNP/15/07/ShingumeniKNP/18/07/ShingumeniKNP/20/07/Langtoon Dam

SAR/2/04/Selwana-farmSAR/01/01/Mhala-districtKNP/12/08/Lower Sabie

KNP/07/88KNP/19/89KNP/18/95KNP/1/11/Impala

SAR/1801/1/Spelenyane DTSAR/1801/2/Spelenyane DTSAR/1801/3/Spelenyane DTSAR/1801/4/Spelenyane DTKNP/04/03/Punda-Maria

SAR/1/10/Limpopo Safaris/buffaloKNP/143/91KNP/32/92/Boyela

KNP/5/91/SataraSAR/1/03/Masisi

SAR/1/08/Maruleng/buffaloZIM/6/03/HarareZIM/7/03/ChinhoyiZIM/9/03/HarareBOT/31/98/Vumbura

NAM/1/08/NamibiaSWA/4/89

ZIM/09/02/BikitaZIM/10/02/BikitaZIM/01/01/Bulawayo

BOT/13/02BOT/4/06/2BOT/5/06/2100

10094

99

58100

98

8583

100

100

100

99

263547

100

99

98

100

99

57

86

99

77

65

87

62

97

85

80

61

67

79

53

SAT 2 strain characterised

from impala at

Renosterkoppies, KNP

differs by 6% from the SAT 2

outbreak strain

Outbreaks in MP Protection zone

(Dr Ben du Plessis)

• SAT 1: 2009

• SAT 2: 2011/2012

FMD: Kwa-Zulu Natal

FMD

outbreak

First serological positive sera

(February 2011)

POS1.51.4

Red dots: positive LPBE

Yellow: negative LPBE

PCR on probangs/clinical samples

from Ndumo, Ezulwini• 7/25 weak PCR positive

• No virus cultured in PK cells

Lesion material: Zidlele DT• No Positives on PCR

• No virus isolated on PK cells

Buffalo sampling (Ndumo Game

Reserve)

• Sera and probangs from buffalo

Buffalo:

Serology: High SAT 3

Ab titres

NSP positive

Initial Outbreak

area

KNP/4/02/Elandskuil

KNP/5/02/Hlamalala

KNP/4/06/Crooks Corner

SAR/01/02/Phalaborwa-gate

KNP/25/94/Lower-Sabie

KNP/10/90/ReenvoeldamKNP/2/03/Letaba

10/1337/NDUMO BUFFALOKNP/1/03/Lower-Sabie

KNP/8/02/Masakosapan

KNP/1/08/Impala

ZIM/Gn9/91

ZIM/Ck4/91

ZIM/Ck10/91

SAR/14/01/Messina

ZIM/Gn39/91

ZIM/3/94

ZIM/Hv5/90

KNP/26/07/Boyela

KNP/2/07/Dzombo

KNP/08/03/Langtoondam

KNP/9/96

KNP/11/96

KNP/3/97

KNP/2/97KNP/1/02/Nwarihlangari

SAR/2/06/Sibasa/Matiane Diptank

SAR/4/06/Sibasa/Joseph Diptank

SAR/1/06/Sibasa/Matiane Diptank

SAR/3/06/Sibasa/Matiane Diptank

KNP/33/94

KNP/14/96

KNP/15/96

KNP/3/94

KNP/44/94

KNP/6/88

ZIM/32/90

NAM/10/1054/buffalo

ZIM/11/94

BOT/9/98

NAM/274/98

ZAM/5/93

ZAM/7/93

ZAM/4/96

ZAM/11/96

ZIM/31/90

ZIM/24/91

ZIM/16/91

ZIM/5/91

ZIM/05/91

100

100100

99

100

94

92

100

100

71

86

100

99

99

93

100

9491

100

99

83

93

79

99

80

76

98

89

90

88

0

.

KZN: Ndumo

Nature Reserve

SAT 3: buffalo

Positive Serological results in feedlot in Gauteng

Virus isolation: KZN samples

• VI was a challenge using PK cells

• ZZR2 goat cell lines and the BHK

cells (Kerstin and Juanita)

• ZZR2 BHK2 cattle (caused

lesions)

• Sequenced lesion material

Pictures of lesions observed in

experimentally infected cattle (KZN

SAT 1 strain)

Courtesy of Dr Paidamwoyo Mutowembwa

KNP/35/92/SHINGWEDZIKNP/36/92/SHINGWEDZI

KNP/29/92/PAFURIKNP/10/07/Bububu

KNP/29/07/MpongoloKNP/9/07/DzombieneKNP/3/07/DzomboKNP/5/07/DzomboKNP/8/07/Dzombiene

KNP/8/95/MONDSWENIKNP/14/95/MONDSWENI

KNP/7/03/ShangoniKNP/45/92/SHINGWEDZI

KNP/1584/98/Baranukee10/1364/Zidlele DT KZN epithelium10/1693/Feedlot GP lymph node

KNP/6/06/MakwadsiKNP/03/03/Pafuri

KNP/886/98/SHIPANDI-WINDMILLKNP/893/98/SHIPANDI-WINDMILL

KNP/10/03/NshawuKNP/3/02/Elandskuil

KNP/2/02/ElandskuilKNP/2/06/Maseya Sandveld

KNP/3/06/Maseya SandveldGN13/91KNP/01/01/Shipandi-Windmill

SAR/9/81MOZ/03/77

KNP/24/91/NTSHAWAKNP/1/05

SAR/1/09/Makoko DTSAR/5/09/Phameni DT

KNP/5/05KNP/196/91KNP/148/91

HV3/90ZIM/05/99

KNP/11/03/MasoriniKNP/21/07/Langtoon Dam

SAR/08/02/MauricedaleKNP/17/96

SWL/01/00SAR/32/00KNP/397/98/RIETPANKNP/400/98/RIETPAN

KNP20/89/KWA-MFAMEBTOSAR/1/00/Buffalo/PhalaborwaSAR/7/03/buffaloSAR/6/03/buffalo

10/939/Welverdien buffalo probang10/507/Phalaborwa buffalo10/501/Gravelotte Cattle epithelium10/587/Gravelotte cattle epithelium10/547/Gravelotte Cattle probang

BOT/2/98BOT/8/98

SWA/2/89BOT/1/06/1

NAM/307/98NAM/306/98NAM/308/98

BOT/37/98ZIM/02/03/Chiredzi

ZIM/3/88ZAM/1/05

ZAM/06/1ZAM/29/96ZAM/2/93TAN/01/99

MAL/1/85ZIM/03/95ZIM/14/98

ZIM/9A/91ZIM/08/03/BulawayoZIM/11/03MOZ/03/02MOZ/01/02MOZ/02/02

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

70

99

75

99

94

99

52

99

99

99

99

99

99

99

97

99

86

99

99

99

91

92

84

58

77

60

79

96

5779

57

51

0.02

Southern

Topotype

Western

Topotype

Northern

Topotype

KZN: SAT 1

Surveillance:

Jan 2012

• 800 sera randomly selected

• 50 diptanks: 16 sera per diptank

Acknowledgement

• Dr Grietjie De Klerk (DAFF) for maps

Thank You