sarna (writing of sience).pdf

7/26/2019 Sarna (writing of sience).pdf

1/38

1

CMBUk 1esckIepIm

1>1 lkNTUeTAbcb,nenHedaysarEtmankarrIkcMerInxagEpkesdkic nigbeckviCaTMenIb . raCrdaPi)al

)ankMBug ykcitTukdak;xagEpkksi-]sSahkmy:agxaMgkaCaBiessCYyelIkkMBs;plitplksikm[mankarEkceTA CaplitplseRmc . kalBImunmnusSminsUvmankarcab;GarmN_elIkarbriePaKGaharmansarRbeyaCn_ b:unaneT b:uEn\LvenHmnusSCaeRcInRtUvkarbriePaKGaharTaMgLayNaEdlmanRbeyaCn_cMeBaHsuxPaBxn eRBaHEtBYkeK)aneXIjnUvKuNvibtinkarEdlbNal[manCmWdUcCa CmWTwkenamEpm

elIsQam nigCmW ebHdUgpgEdr. ktaTaMgenH)anCMruj[GkviTasaRs nigGkEkccMNIGahar)anxitxMRbwgERbgeFVIkar Rsav RCavplitplfIRBmTaMgeFVI[ RbesIreLIgnUvKuNPaBplitplmbGaharedIm,IbMeBjnUvesckIRtUvkareTAdl;d GtifiCn.

beckviTaEkcKWmansarsMxan;;kgkarEklMGrplitplksikm[manKuNPaBlEpkesaPNPaBrsCati GaharUbtm Gnamy nigbegIntmplitpl . KuNPaBrbs;plitplGaharGackMNt;tamrykta rUb KImI KuNPaBjaN KuNPaBsarFatuciBawm nigKuNPaBesvakm. cMeBaHmbGaharEdl)anEk

cecjBIkareRkblMGgparukCatidUcCa TwkXMKWmanRbeyaCn_y:agxaMgdl;suxPaBGkeRbIR)as;eRBaHminRtwmEtbMeBjesckIRtUvkarxagmbGaharb:ueNaHeT EfmTaMgeFVI[RbesIreLIgdl;suxPaBGkeRbIR)as;eTotpg.TwkXM)anpl;sarRbeyaCn_CaeRcInsRmab;mnusSdUcCa pl; vitamin CMnYydl;sarBagkayRKb;Ebby:agBiessRsIeTIbnwgqgTenrYc cMeBaHvisyevCsaRs TwkXMCMnYyCmWxVHQam )aymin)aneKgminlk; CmWehImTb;sat;Es,kRCIvRCYjkat;bnyCatiBul nigCaGg;TIGuksuIdg;Tb;Tl;nwgkareFVIRbtimBIBBYkmIRkUsarBagkayepSg Et Kuyeha 2001.

edIm,ICRmuj[mankaryl;dwg BIviFIsaRskgkarEkcplitplTuk)anyUr pl;sarRbeyaCn_cMeBaHsuxPaBmnusS nigkat;bnykar)at;bg;eRkayeBlRbmUlplkdUcCa karelIksyesdkicCati. eTIbsikSaBIbeckeTsEkceRkamRbFanbT :karEkcePsCTwkXM ::mksikSaedIm,I[bn nigplitkrGacyl;dwgBIplitkmenH .

1>2 mUlehtunkarsikSa

edaymankarekIneLIgnUvcMnYnRbCaCneRcIn eTIbeFVI[mankgVHxatxagplitkmEkcedIm,I bMeBjnUvtRmUvkarpal;xn . TwkXMCaplitplcRmaj;BIXMEdleRkbBIrukCatinigBuMTan;mankarEkc eTACaplitpl


2/38

2

seRmcNamYyenAeLIyeT . TwkXM)anpl;sarRbeyaCn_dl;mnusSRKb;rUb BiesscMeBaH RsIeTIbqgTenrYccMeBaHxagEpkevCsaRsvijCMnYydl;pvtMrgenam CmWTgsYt eraKhWt CatiBul RKuncaj; ktcegar bM)at;nUvsaksamrbYs kat;bnyCatixaj;eFVI[sm3 eKalbMNgnkarsikSakarsikSaRbFanbTenHerobcMeLIgkgeKalbMNg

-EsVgyl;BIplitkmfI-brimaNCatisrkgTwkXMnigGasuItsuIRTicEdlsmRsbkgplitpl-viPaKsmasFatuEdlmankgplitplePsCTwkXM-eFVIetsedayjaNelIplitplseRmc .

1>4 TMhMnkarsikSaenAkgkarsikSaRsavRCavenHRtUv)ansikSaeTAelI PaBERbRbYlbrimaNCatisr nigGasuItsuIRTickg

plitpl . kareFVIetsedayBaaNRtUv)anBiesaFn_enAkgsaklviTalyPUminksikmEdlmanGkcUlrYm30nak; . lkNplitplEdlelIkykmksikSa RtUvkMNt;CabcyEdlCaviFIsaRslbMputedIm,I[plitplRbesIreLIg nigTTYl)ankRmitnkarcUlcit rsCati kin BNEdlsmRsbeTAtamcMNg;cMnUlcitrbs;

GtifiCn . enATIkEngsRmab;eFVIkarsikSaBiesaFn_enH RtUv)aneFVIeLIgenAkgbnb;Ekcrbs;mhaviTalyksi-]sSahkmnigenAmnIrBiesaFn_rbs;naykdanRtYtBinitTMnijnIhrN GahrN nigbRgabkarEkgbnMkaMkugRtUl . karsikSaenHeFVIeLIgcab;BIEx kum qaM2009 dl;mifuna qaM2009 .


3/38

3

CMBUk 2sMryaKksar

2>1 lkNTUeTArbs;XM

ral;RbePTstV nigrukCatiTaMgGs;EtgEtmannUvkarEbgEckcMNat;fak; BYk GMbUr nigRbePTebs;vaEdr cMeBaHstVXMvij RtUv)aneKEbgEckeTACa 6 fak;Edlman saxa fak; lMdab; GMbUr> BYk> nigRbePT .

Eastern Honey BeesmanbIRbePTKW-Apis dorsata: Giant Honey Bees

KWCaRbePTXMEdlmanTMhMFMCageKbgs;vacUlciteFVIsMbukrs;enAelIedImeQIx


4/38

4

sMxan;man Apis mellifica ligestica eRkABIenHkenAmanBUCepSgeTotEdleKrkeXIj enAkgTVIbGWr:ub manCamiolan, Carpathian, Caucasian, Syrian, Iberian, Cyprian, Sicilian, Punic and Saharan .

-African Honey Bees

manRbPBmkBIAfrican

PaKxagt,gnSahara Dessert

BYkenHmanTMhMFMCagEuropean Honey

Bees ehIyBYkenHRtUv)anGkviTasaRs[eQaHfa Apis millifera adansonii lkNsmal;BYkenHKWvaman PaBsahavCag European Honey Bees EfmTaMggayepIlenAeBlEdlcMNIminRKb;RKan;b:uEnvagaynwgbnSaM CamYynwg GakasFatuekAenATVIb GaRhVic minEtb:uenaHvaEfmTaMgFn;nwgCmW vacUlcitsagsg;TICRmkkgrUgeQIFM EdlmaneRcInbggRsbKa manbrimaNTwkXMeRcIn rhUtmkdl;sBVfenHmankarpSBVpSayesIrEt BaseBjBiPBelak dUcCa eRbsIul PaKxagt,g nigGaemrikkNal nigmiucsuickU

Heifer Cambodia, 2009.2>2 GtRbeyaCn_rbs;TwkXM

TwkXMmansarRbeyaCn_cMeBaHsuxPaBdUcCa pl;famBl bM)at;samrbYs kat;bnyCatiBulQWbMBg;k nigCa AtioxidantTb;Tl;kareFVIRbtikmBIBBYkmIRkUsrIragepSg Et Kuyeha.

TwkXMRtUv)aneKsal; nigeRbIR)as;CaeRcInstvtSmkehIy . TwkXMmansarRbeyaCn_y:ag xaMgcMeBaHsuxPaB eRBaHvasMbUreTAeday Catisr nigvIttamIneRcInRbePTdUcCa sarFatuxniC nigsaFatusMxan;

CaeRcIneTot Edlpl;nUvsaFatucaM)ac;sRmab;sarBagkaylUtlas nigsarFatuAtiovidant Tb;sat;kareFVIRbtikmBIBBYkmIRkUsrIrag.

TwkXMRtUv)anEkcenAkg]sSahkmGahar nigePsC . eRkABIenHvamanbeRmIenAkg]sSahkm visyevCsaRs . TwkXMkCasfsRmab;Ba)alCmWdUcCa xVHQam eKgBMulk; kat;bnyCatiBul CmWRKuncaj; ktcegar CMnYytMrgenam eraKhWt CmWTgsYt kat;bnyCatixaj; sMBaFQammandMeNrIkar)anl CaBiess eTAeTotenaH CMnYycMeBaHRsI eTIbqgTenrYc . eRkABIkareRbIR)as;kgvisyevCsaRsTWkXMRtUv)aneKcMraj;CafaMsRmab;bM)at;samrbYs .

2>3 kasikSaelIvtFatuedImbnab;bnSM2>3>1 Twk

TwkCasaFatusMxan;mYy kgdMeNIrkarplitkmehIyvamanmuxgary:agsMxan;sRmab;kar FananUvkarRbRBwteTArbs;sarBagkay camerin, 1970 .

TwkEdlsRmab;eFVIkarEkc RtUvmanlkN fal Kankin KanmIRkub RtUvmanKuNPaBl edIm,IeCosvag karxUcxatKuNPaBplitpl . sarFatuxniccMbgenAkgTwkmandUcCa GIuyu:g kal;sm nig


5/38

5

m:aej:sm . smasFatuTaMgenHman\TiBly:agxaMg eTAelIKuNPaBplitpl dUecHCa karcaM)ac;Nas;kgkardkecj[Gs; nUvsmasFatuTaMgenH Normann, 1968 .

TwkEdlykmkeRbIR)as;enA kgkarEkcGahar RtUvEtmansg;daxagsuxPaBdUcCa TwksRmab;

briePaK . TwkePg nigTwkFmCatiEdlman sulpYDIGuksuIt kabUnDIGuksIut GasUtGuksIut FUlI nigelahFn;minRtUv GnuBaat[eRbIedayKankarsmatCamun Camerin, 1970 .

TwkEdleRbIkgdMeNIrkarEkcRtUv)anEbgEckCabI-TwksRmab;eRbIR)as;kgbeckeTs KWCaTwkEdlb:HBal;pal;eTAelIvtFatuedIm nigGac bBal

eTAkg plitplseRmc . CakarsMxan;EdlTwkenaHRtUvEt Kankin KanBN KanCatiKanemraK nig CaTwkTn;.

-TwksRmab;pl;cMhay-TwksRmab;bBaHkMedA lagsmat]bkrN_ nigGnamyTUeTA Mircea;1995 .

2>3>2 GasIutsIuRTicGasuItsIuRTic KWCaRbePT GasuItsrIrag EdlGacrk)anenAEpRkUc nigEpeQIEdlman CatiCUr .

GasIutsuIRTic CaGasuItFmCati Edlmanrs;CatiCUrmutxaMg RtUv)aneKeRbIbEnmeTAelImb nig ePCKanCatiGal;kul . GasIutsIuRTicmanmuxgarCaeRcIndUcCa EktRmUv pH begInCatiCUr raraMg )ak;etrIEdlFn;kMedAEfrkSaGahar[Tuk)anyU nigCasmasFatuFmCati EdlkarBarERbRbYlB_etat . eRkABIbeRmIbRmas;kg]sSahkmcMNIGahar GasuItsuIRTic GkGaceRbIkgEpk evCsaRs ]bkrN_smat sabU sarFatulagsmat nig]sSahkmbeckeTsCIv . CaBiess GasuItsIuRTic RtUv)anTTYlsal;CasarFatubEnm EdlmansuvtiPaB sRmab;kareRbIR)as;kgplitplcMNIGahar nigePCedayPak;garmbGaharCati nigGnrCatiGarden at all, 2003 .

2>4 smarsRmab;evcxb; plitplePsCTwkXMRKb;plitplTaMgGs;caM)ac;RtUvmankarevcxb;RtwmRtUv nigmanesaPNPaBeTotpg . smar

evcxb; maneRcInrUbPaB eRcInsNan EdlmanPaBERbRbYleTAtamRbePTplitplnwg eKal bMNgnkarevcxb;. smarTaMgenaHrYmman RbGb;Rkdas;kMb:ugelah Ekv )asic Fellows, 2000 .

smarTaMgenHmantYnaTIdUcCa gayRsYlelIkdak; EfrkSaplitplTuk)anyU gayRsYldwkCBanmanesaPNPaBRbNitPaB nigTuMnukcitBIGtifiCn Smith and hoi, 2004 .


6/38

6

2>4>1 RbGb;Rkdas;RbGb;Rkdas KWCasmarevcxb; EdleKniymeRbIy:agTUlMTUlayTUTaMgBiPBelak edaysarEt

KuNsm,tiCaeRcInrbs;va . KuNsm,tiTaMgenHmandUcCa Tmn;Rsal tmefak sRmab;eRbIR)as;CamYy

plitplEdl mantmTab nigmanGayukalxIgayRsYltubEtgrcna nigRBIn Smith and hoi,2004.elIsBIenHRbGb;Rkdas;maneRcInTMhMeRcInTRmg; EdlGacEkceRbIR)as;eLIgvijgayRsYl

rMlay edayCIvsaRsPab;CamYysmardTdUcCa GaluymIj:m nig)asic CaedIm Fellow, 2000 .elIsBIenH RbGb;RkdasEdlPab;CamYy smardTeTotdUcCa )asic GaluymIuj:m GaceFVI[ va

kan;EtmanKuNPaBmantmekIneLIgdUcCa CYykMu[mankarRCabTwk nig]sn Gacbt;Ebn Fn;nwgkar rEhkkarEbkpH nwgCatixaj; Gacedr)an nigmanesaPNPaBParker, 2003 .

cMEnkKuNvibtirbs;RbGb;Rkdas;rYmman GacraraMgkareRCobxl; nwgTwk)antictYc minFn;nwgktacRg gayRsUbsMeNIm nigkinBIbriyakasxageRkA niggayxUcxatenAeBlb:HTgic benAeBlTukyUminFn;nwgeRbgxaj;CaedIm Smith and hoi, 2004 .

2>4>2 kMb:ugelahRbGb;elahEdleKniymeRbIR)as;rYmman EdkEfb GaluymuIj:m sMN)ahaMg nigRkUmJm . kMb:ug

elahRtUv)aneKniymeRbIR)as;y:agxaMgedaysaEtvaGac Fn;nwgsItuNPaBx3 Ekvbcb,nenHEkvRtUv)aneKniymeRbIy:agTUlMTUlayedaysaKuNsm,tirbs;va . EkveKeRbIsRmab;

evcxb;Gahar KWedIm,Ikat;bnyeRKaHfak;rbs;plitplBIBBYkmIRkUCIvsaRs . Ekvmin RCabTwk semIm]sn kin EkvEdlmanesvIlmantYnaTIy:agsMxan;Tak;Tg nigGayukalplitpl . bcb,neKBMusUveRbIEkveTeRBaHvagaynigEbk BiessesvIledayeRbIkMedA benAeBlb:HTgic dUecJHeKeRbIvaEteTAelIplitplmineRbIkMedAesvIlb:ueNaH . eKeRcIneRbIcMeBaHTwkEpeQIdMNab;Ca edIm Fellow, 2000 .


7/38

7

2>4>4 )asic)asic CaRkumb:UlIEmFmCatiEdlRtUv)ansMeyaKnigEktRmUvehIyeKGacbegItvaeGayman Ca

RbePT TRmg; nigrUbragEbkKa tamrykareRbIkMedA nigsMBaF . b:UlIEmesIrEtTaMgGs;Edl eRbIsRmab

xb;Gahar )anmkBI]sSah_kmeRbg\nnKImI . )assicmanKuNsm,tidUcCa manrag satKYr[Tak;TajTmg;Rsal gayRsYlTukdak; cMNayelIfdwkCBantic Fn;nwgkar)ak;Ebk maneRcInBNgayRsYlbt;Ebn manRTg;RTay eRcIn mantmefak gayRsYlrcna nigEktRmUv briyakaskgkBab; .eTaHbIvamanKuN sm,tieRcInkeday kvamanKuNvibtiEdr . KuNvibtiTaMgenaHman gayRsUbsMeNIm BnW]sn kin BIbriyakasxageRkA plitpl manGayukalxI gayeFVIeGayplitplfycuHnUvKuNPaBnig)at;bg;Smith and hoi, 2004 .

2>4>5 karerobcMsaksBaaenAelIplitplTaMgGs;caM)ac;RtUvEtmansaksBaarbs;xn . saksBaaTaMgGs;RtUvsesrCa

Pasa CatibPasabreTs EdlR)abbgajdl;GkeRbIR)as;dUcCa eQaHplitpl RbePTplitpl brimaNFatupSMsMxan; Tmn;srubKitCaRkam eQaHRkumhunplit bplitkrkalbriecTplit nigGayukaleRbIR)as; Fellow, 2000 .

paksBamansarsMxan; Nas;sRmab;bgaj[GkeRbIR)as;GackMNt;cMNaMplitpl nigsmasFatumanGahar rUbtmEdlmanenAkgplitplmYy edIm,IeRCIerIsGaharEdlBYkeKRtUvkar .GgkarFDA )anGPivDkmviFIpaksBamYy edIm,I[GtifiCnyl;dwgBIcMNIGaharrUbtm EdlmanenAkgGahar BYkeKTijykeTAeRbIR)as;.

paksBaaTaMgGs;enaH)anbgajBIBtman caM)ac;dUcCa brimaN kaLrIsrub brimaNxaj;

xaj;Eqt xaj;minEqt CatitUelesrU:l kabUGuIRdat RbUetGIun sr sUlm nigCatissSmith andhoi.2004

.2>4>6 ktaEdlnaM[plitplTuk)anyU

tamRbPBBI Dominic.2002 )anbBaak;faktaEdlTak;Tg nigkarEfrkSaGayukalrbs;plitplTuk)anyUKWRtUvbBab;skmPaB mIRkUsrIrag edayeFVI Pasteurization, sterilization &High

pressing CaedIm . karkarBar nigTb;sat;karduHlUtlas;nBBYkmIRkubmandUcCa kareFVI[RtCak;karsgt;karsmt karRbLak;GMbil sr bcxb;edaydkxl; Vaccum packaging CaedIm .

edIm,IeCosvagnUvktaepSg EdlnaMeGayekItmanmIRkubsrIragenAkgplitplmandUcCa dMeNIr


8/38

8

karEkc karqgedaysarvtFatuedIm emeraKkgeragcRk nigkarqgedaybrisanCMuvij . smarevcxb;kman\TiBlpgEdreTAelIkarqgemeraKplitpl Dominic, 2002 .

2>5 eKalkarN_eRbIkemAsRmab;EkcGahar nigTb;sat;BIBBYkmIRkubkareRbIR)as;kemACaCIvsaRsmYyy:agmansarsMxan;bMput sRmab;plitplEkcmb Gahar

eRBaHvaeFVIeGayRbesIreLIgnUvKuNPaBGaharsRmab;briePaKRBmTaMgGacbMpajnUvBBYkGg;sIum ktaRbqaMgsarFatuciBaim GtisuxumR)aN stVlit nigBBYk ):ar:asiutEdlmanenAkgGahar . RbsiTiPaBy:agsMxan;mYyeTot rbs;kemAKWkarykecjnUvsmasFatuehIrmYycMnYnecjBI GaharBiessKWTwkEdlCamUldanRKwHnkarsmt nwgbgab; . eRkABIenHvaeFVI[RbesIreLIg nUvPaBEdl Gacrlay)annRbUetGIun nigGamIdugCaedIm . kb:uEnkareRbIR)as;kemAkgkar EkcGaharGac bMpajsmasFatuGaharmYycMnYn dUcCa rsCatiBN kin vaynPaB vItamIn )at;bg;KuNPaBGaharUbtm RBmTaMgeFIV[plitplminsUvmanKuNPaBx5>1 kareFIV):asrkm

KWCadMeNIkarEdleKeRbIR)as;edIm,Ikat;bnycMnYnGtisuxumkay nigsmab;[Gs;nUvPak;gar Edlcmg CmWdl;mnusS BnaGayukalplitpl Parker, 2003 .

kgkarEkcGaharKWeRbIkMedAcab;BI 65GgSaes dl; 100GgSaes EdlmanryeBl 10 eTA20 naTI . enAkgGaharmanGasuItTab pH > 4,5 kareFVI):asrkm RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;edIm,I BnaGayukal plitpl Gg;sIum Fellow, 2000 .

viFIsaRsenaHGacEfrkSar kin rs;CatiBNsarFatuciBaim nigBBYkvItamIn )anRbesIr CagviFIsaRs

dT eKalbMNgnkareFVI):asrkmsRmab;GaharepSgKamanbgaj kgtarag

taragTI2/1 kar):asrkmeTAelIGaharepSg

Ghar eKalbMNg eKalbMNgbnab;bnSM lkxNEkcTwkEpeQI( pH > 4,5 )

bgak;skmPaBGg;sIummYycMnYndUcCaPectinestrerase&Polygalataronase

bMpajmIRkUsrIragdUcCaYeast &Flungi

65 c 30min

77 0c 1min

88 0c 15min

Rsaebor bMpajmIRkuUsrIragdUcCa Lactobacillus &Mycobaetirium

bMpajmIRkUsrIragdUcCaYeast&Flungi

65-68 c 20min

72-75 0c 1-4min


9/38

9

TwkedaHeKa( pH > 4,5 )

bMpajmIRkUsrIragdUcCaBrucellabortis &Mycobaetirium

bMpajGg;sIum 63 c 30min71.5 0c 15min

sutrav bMpajmIRkUsrIragdUcCasalminella&sefenburg

bMpajmIRkUsrIragEdl

eFVI]syrlYy

64.4 c 30min

60 0c 3.5min

kaer:m bMpajmIRkUsrIragdUcCaEdlmanenAkgkaer:

bMpajmIRkUsrIragEdleFVI]syrlYy

65 c 30min

71 0c 10min

800c 3min

RbPB Parker, 2003

2>5>2 kareFVIesrIlkm

kareFVIesrIlKWCaviFIsaRs bMpajmIRkUsrIrag edayeRbIsItuNPaBx


10/38

10

x ktaKImIsaRs

GasIut nigpH RtUv)ankMNt;pgEdr nUvCatiBulEdl)anpliteday mIRkUsrIragcMlgeraK Mar.1998 .GaharEdlman pH TabCag 4/5 vaGackarBarBIBBYkpSitEdl lUtlas;enAEpkxagelI nGahar .

GaharEdlmanpH x7 mUlehtuEdleFVI[GaharxUc

GaharsyrlYybNalmkBI kalUtlas;rbs;mIRkUsrIrag EdlmanenAkgcMNIGahar . ktaTaMgenaH bNalmkBIlkxNsbTuk lkNrbs;cMNIGahar . cMeBaHktaxageRkA RbtikmEdlbg[Gahar xUcman \TiBlsItuNPaB skmPaBTwk ]sn briyakas nigBnWFAO, 1998 .

cMeBaHktaxagkgmandUcCa -Gg;sIum eFVI[GaharmankarERbRbYlTaMgsmasFatuniglkNpgEd .-Gtisuxumkay RsUbyksmasFatukgcMNIGahar nigeFVI [mankarpas;brlkN rUb

KImIlkNedIm nigbegItCaGgFatuBul .-GuksIutkm eFVI[smasFatukgcMNIGahar)at;bg;BNnigrs;Cati.


11/38

11

CMBUk 3viFIsaRsRsavRCav

3>1 TItaMg smar nigvtFatuedImsRmab;karBiesaFn_

3>1>1 kareRCIserIsTItaMgkarsikSaenH RtUveFVIeLIgenAkgmnIrBiesaFn_ rbs;mhaviTalyksi-]sSahkm n

saklviTaly PUminksikmEdlmanTItaMgsitenA PUmixVa sgat;dega xNdega RkugPMeBj. karviPaKrkGRtasrkgTwkXM GasuIt smasFatuKImI nigsarFatuciBawmenAelIplitplseRmc edIm,IBnarGayukalplitplkgkarskTuk nigykeTAviPaKenA naykdanRtYtBinitTMnijnIhrN GahrN nigkarbRgabkarExgbnM kaMkugRtUl nRksYg BaNiCkmEdlmanGasydanpHelx 50Eo pvelx 144

sgat;pSarkNal xNdUneBj PMeBj.

3>1>2 vtFatuedImvtFatuedImsRmab;eFVIkarBiesaFn_rYmman

-TwkXM-Twk

-GasuItsuIRTic3>1>3 smar nig]bkrN_Ekc

- qaMgGaluymIj:m- EvkkUr sabRBa- cRganhas- RkNat;eRcaH bs,eRcaH

- CILav- eRsamd mYk GavBiesaFn_-pH Em:Rt- dbsRmab;Rckplitpl .

3>2 viFIsaRsBiesaFn_

3>2>1 viFIsaRserobcMbcykarBiesaFn_RtUv)aneRCIserIsnUvbERmbRmYleRKOgpSMBIrRbePTKWRtaPaKrysrEdlmanenA kgTwk


12/38

12

GRtaCatisrEdlmanenAkgTwkXM nigGRtaGasIutsuIRTicenAkgplitpl. sMNakTMagGs;enHRtUv)anerobcMedayeFVIetsedayBaaNnrsCatin ePC TwkXMBIsMNak; GkeFVIetscMnYn 30 nak;. KgkareFVIBiesaFn_enHRtUv)anEbgEckCabIRkum nigRkumnImYy manbIbcydUc)an bgajkgtaragxageRkam

taragTI3/1 karerobcMbcyBiesaFn_l>r Rkum bcy TwkXM Twk GasuItsuIRTic

%nePsC1

A

T1

11 890/01

2 T2 0/023 T3 0/034

B

T4

14 860/01

5 T5 0/026 T6 0/037

C

T7

16 840/01

8 T8 0/02

9

T9

0/03

3>2>2 dMeNIrkarEkcdMbUgeRCIserIsTwkXMEdleTIbkac;BIbggedaymanBNRkhmfa bnab;mkykTwkXMmkeFVIkar

eRcaH edIm,IEjkecjCatiTwkXMedayKankMTickMTI rYcvas;CatisrkgTwkXM bnab;mkykTwkXMeTAlaycUleTAkg sUluysgTwkbitCamYynigGasuItsuIRTiceTAtambcynImYyrYcesarryeBl 30 naTI enA

sItuNPaB 60 GsSaes kgenaHRtUvvas;kRmitCatiEpmedayeRbI]bkrN_erRhVak;tUEm:Rt nigvas;GasuItedayeRbI]bkrN_ pHEm:Rt enAcenaHBI 3 eTA 7 FAO,1997. bnab;mkTuk[rgeFVIkareRcaHmgeTotbnab;mkRckdbEtmunnwg RckdbcaM)ac;RtUvesrIldb nigKMrbryeBl 15 naTI enAsItuNPaB125GgSaes ykeTAbitKMrb nigcug bBaab;Sterilization enAsItuNPaB 121 GgSaes ryeBl 3 naTIhuIhak;2004 .


13/38

13

TwkXM

eRcaHkkr

vas;CatisrkgTwkXM

pSMcUlsUluysgTwk nigGasuItsuIRTic

esar30naTI60eTA65GgSaes

Tuk[rg

eRcaH

Rckdb

sterilizationskTuk

3>2>3 ExSsgVak;plitkm

daRkamTI 2/1 KMnUsbMRBYjExSsgVak;plitkmePsCTwkXM


14/38

14

3>2>4 karviPaKsmaFatuKImIkgkarsikSaKuNPaBePsCTwkXMRtUv)anykeTAviPaKsmasFatuKImI sarFatuciBawm GRtasr nig

GasuItsrub enAelIplitplseRmc . karviPaKeFVIeLIgnUvnaykdankaMkugRtUlnRksYgBaNiCkm .

sMNakEdlRtUvviPaKsmasFatuKImIman k karvas;pHsmar

-EkvebEsr-pH Em:Rt

viFIsaRs

yk pH eTAepogpat;CamYyTwkbiT[vaNWt eTIbykvaeTAvas; . yksMNakePsCTwkXM5Rkam cak;cUlkgEkvebEsr250 mIlIlIRt EfmTwkbiT 100 mIlIlIRt dak;kUelIkrma:ej:TicedayRKab;kUryeBl 3 naTI yk pH Em:Rtdak;kgsUluysgkgEkvebEsr rhUtdl;elxenAnwgeTIbkt;RtaCacMnuccugeRkay AOAC, 2000.

x karvPaKsr

smar

-EkvCr-BIEb:Rt-er:RhaVk;tUEm:Rt

viFIsaRsyker:RhaVk;tUEm:Rt eTAepogpat;CamYyTwkbiTenAcMNucsUneTIbykeTAvas;sMNak . yk

BIEb:Rt RtbUmePsCbnk; 2 dMNk; eTAelImuxrbs;er:RhaVk;tUUEm:Rt 2 naTIeRkaymk yker:RhaVk;tUEm:Rt

eTAemIlenAkEngEdlmanBnWqgkat; bnab;mkeFVIkarkt;Rtaelx enAcenaHBN_s nigBN_exovhuIhak;2004.

K karvPaKrkGasutsrub

smarrYmman-Ekv TIeRtt-CBaIg

-EkvsIuLaMg-BIEb:Rt


15/38

15

-krma:ej:Tic nigRKab;kUr-Burette titration

sarFatuKImIEdlRtUveRbI

-Indicator Penolphtaleine-sUluysg sUt

dMeNIrkarviPaK fwgplitplcak;cUlkgEkv titration 10 mIlIlIRt EfmTwkbiT 100 mIlIlIRt dak;RKab;kUrelI

krma:ej:Tic rYckU 3 naTI . bUmsUluysg 50 mIlIlIRt dak;kgEkv titration Efm IndicatorPenolphetanone 2 dMNk;cUlkgEkv titration . eFVIkar titration CamYysUlusg sUt AOAC,

2000.

Edl

V maDsUt EdlRtUvTIeRtKitCa mIlIlIRtN kMhab;sUt esInwg 0>1NM ma:seGKIva:Lg;GasIutsIuRTic esInwg 60m Tmn;sMNak RkamFCa Factor rbs;NaOH esInwg 0>952

X viFIsaRsvPaKrkepH

]bkrN_EdelRtUveRbIR)as;-can GIuNuk-CBaIg-TUdukrMhYt-TUduk Oven-Exicator

-degob-eRsamd

V x N x F x M

GasuItsrubRkam/lIRt=m


16/38

16

dMeNIkarviPaKfwgcansmtrYcfwgplitplenAelIcan dut[rIgkgTUrMhYtenAsItuNPaB 70 GgSaes bnab;mk

eTAdut ykepHkg Oven enAsItuNPaB 600 GgSaes ryeBl 2 ema:g . ykeTAdak;kg Exicator

Tuk[RtCak;rYcfwgsMNak nigcan .KNnatamrUbmn

Edl W0Tmn;canKitCaRkam

W1Tmn;sMNakePsCTwkXM KitCaRkamW2Tmn;sMNak nigcaneRkayeBldut KitCaRkam

g vFIsaRsviPaKrksMeNm

]bkrN_EdlRtUveRbIR)as;-canesra:mic kBak;bGIuNuk-CBaIg

-TUsmtMufe-Exicator-degob-eRsamd

dMeNIrkarviPaK

ykcanTeTeTAfwg rYccak;sMNakePsCTwkXMcMnYn 10 Rkam cUlkgcan . yksMNak

eTAsmtkg Oven enAsItuNPaB 105 GgSaes ryeBl 2 ema:g eBldl;naTIRtUvbiTTukryeBl 20naTIeTIbykecj rYcykeTAfwg ryeBl 5 vinaTIeRkaymkRtUvkt;Tmn;srub .rUbmnKNna AOAC, 2000

Edl

W0 Tmn;cansrub KitCaRkam

W2W0

epH = 100W1

[W0+ W1 -W2]PaKrysMeNIm = 100

W1


17/38

17

W1 Tmn;sMNak ePsCTwkXMKitCaRkamW2 Tmn;sMNakst nigTmn;can KitCaRkam

c karvPaKrkRbetGun

]bkrN_EdlRtUveRbIR)as;man-ceRganGKIsnI Electrical Digestion-Digestion tube-Buchi digestion Unit-Markham Distillation Apparatus-Volumetric flask

-Pipete-Breaker-EkvTIeRt-ma:sIun Kjedahl

sarFatuKImIEdlRtUveRbI-CuSO45H2O

-GasIusulpricxab;95-98 PaKry-sUluysgbricGasIut-eGTIlRkhm 0>1 mIlIRkam nigeGTIlexov 0>05 mIlIRkam

dMeNIrkarviPaKEckecjCabIdMNak;kal-dMNak;kalDigestion

ykBIEb:RtbUmsMNak 5mIlIlIRt eTAdak;kg Buchi digestion tube edaybEnmkatalIkr

(CuSO45H2O 5g + Na2SO4 5gmYysabRBakaehV . bUmGasIutsulpricxab; 10 mIlIlIRtdak;cUlkg Digestion tube rYcykvaeTArMlaynwgceRgan Electrical Digestion ryeBl 4 ema:gsItuNPaB 390 GsSaes rhUtdl;sUluysgERbCaBNeTACafa .

-dMNak;kal Distillationvas;bricGasIutcMNuH 50mIlIlIRt bUkTwk 50mIlIlIRt dak; 2 -3dMNk;kgEkv Elenmyer

eTAdak;kg ma:sIun Kjedahl . Set program, Set H2O cMNuH 50mIlIlIRt Set NaOH 40% cMNuH 50

mIlIlIRt Set ryeBl 30 naTI[manRbtikm NaOH + (NH4)2SO2nigbnSab H2SO4 EdlenAsl;Set Steam 300 vinaTIrYccucra:n;edIm,IdMeNIrkarma:sIun nigcugbBab;sUluysgnwgbrBN_exov .


18/38

18

-dMNak;kalTitrationyksUluysgeTATIeRtCamYy GasIutsulpUric 0>5mU:l rYckt;maD .

KNnatamrUbmn Protein% = N% 6,25

V x N x 1.4

N% =

V1

EdlV maDTIeRt KitCamIlIlIRt

N ma:smU:lrbs; H2SO4V1

maDedInEdl)anvas;KitCamIlIlIRtN CaPaKryGasUt .

q karviPaKrkxaj

tamviFIsaRsRose-Gittlied Method]bkrN_man

-LavEjkcMNuH 250 mIlIlIRt

-sIuLaMgrkitcMNuH 10 nig 25 mIlIlIRt-)aLug nigceRgankemAsarFatuKImIEdlRtUveRbIman

-DIeGTIleGET-95 PaKry Gal;kul-25 PaKry Gam:Ujak; dg;sIueteFobniwgTwk 1>9

dMeNIrkarBiesaFn_bUm 10 mIlIlIRt nsMNakdak;kgLavEjk Efm 1 mIlIlIRt DIGam:Ujak; rYcRkLk[sBVedIm,IrMlay Efm RbUetGIun 10 mIlIlIRt 96 PaKryeGtaNul edIm,IeFVI[RbUetGIun)at;bg;lkNFmCatidak;25 mIlIlIRt DIeGTIleGET edIm,IEjkykeRbg . RkLkryeBl 1 naTITuk[l,ayEjkecjBIKabgrykEpkxagelIdak;kgEkv)aLg . rYcbnkarEjkedayeRbI10 mIlIlIRt nDIeGTIleGEtcMnYn 2 dgbEnmeTot smtEkv)aLg kgTUsmtedIm,IrMhYtFaturMlay nigTwkecj . fwgEkv)aLgedIm,Irk

brimaNeRbg .KNnatamrUbmn PEAESON, 1970


19/38

19

W2-W1 100PaKryxaj;=

W

W1: Tmn;Ekv)aLgmunsmt KitCaRkamW2:Tmn;Ekv)aLgeRkaysmt KitCaRkamWo: Cam:asrbs;PaKsMNak KitCaRkam

C karviPaKrkkabnGuRdat

tamrUbmn

kabUnGuIRdatsrubPaKry = 100 - RbUetGuIn xaj; sMeNIm epH

Edl-RbUetGIun Cama:sRbUetGIun KitCaRkamkg 100 Rkam cMNIGhar-xaj; Cama:sxaj; KitCaRkamkg 100 Rkam cMNIGhar-sMeNIm Cama:sTwk KitCaRkamkg 100 Rkam cMNIGhar-epH Cama:sepH KitCaRkamkg 100 Rkam cMNIGhar

Q viFsaRsvPaKrkfamBl

famBlEdl)anmkBIcMNIGaharmanRbPBBI kabUnhuIRdat xaj;nigRbUetGuInehIyRtUv)anKNna(Hamilton et al, 1988

tamrUbmn

Edl Protein CabrimaNRbUetGuIn KitCaRkam/100g.sMNak-famBl KitCa Cal/100g.sMNak- Fat CabrimaNxaj;KitCaPaKry- Carbohydrate CabrimaNkabUGuIRdat KitCaRkam/100g.sMNak

famBlsrub = ( protein 4cal/g) + (fat 9 cal/g) + (carbohydrate 4 cal/g)


20/38

20

3>2>5 karviPaKKuNPaBtamrykareFVIetsedayjaN(Sensory Quality)kareFVIetseTAelIKuNPaBjaNsMedAeTAelIkRmitnkarcUlcitelI BN kin rs;Cati niglkN

TUeTA rbs;plitplseRmc tamrykarpl;BinrdUcxageRkam

- Bin1 = mincUlcitesaH- Bin2 = mincUlcit- Bin3 = cUlcitFmta- Bin4 = cUlcitlm- Bin5 = cUlcitxaMg

3>2>6 viFIsaRsviPaKTinnyral;TinnyEdlTTYl)aneRkaykarBiesaFn_ RtUvviPaKedayeRbIR)as;kmviFI Microsoft Excel .

lTplnkarviPaKKWRtUv)anbgajkgRkahVicedayepateTAelIkareFVIetsedayjaN niglkxNTUeTAnkRmitcg;)anplitpl RBmTaMgeyabl;bEnmepSgeTot .


21/38

21

CMBUk 4lTpl nigBiPakSa

4>1 lTpl

enAkgkarEkcePsCTwkXM EdlsrubTaMgGs;man 9 bcy bnab;BIeFVIkarEkcrYceRscehIynwgRtUv)anykeTAviPaK edIm,IrksmasFatuKImImYycMnYn EdlmanenAkgePsCEdlRbRBwteTAenAnaykdankaMkugRtYl eRkamkarRKbRKgrbs;RksYgBaNiCkm.

4>1>1 viFIsaRsviPaKsmasFatubnSMKImI nigpH kgplitplseRmcbnab;BIeFVIkarEkcePsCTwkXMrYcmk enAkgePsCenHmansarFatuKImImYycMnYnEdlcaM)ac;RtUvEt

eFVIkarviPaKrk . karviPaKenHnwgRtUvRbRBwteTAenAkg naykdankaMkugRtUl nRksYgBaNiCkm EdlTTYl)annUvlTpldUcxageRkam

taragTI4/1 smasFatKuEdlRtUveFVIkarviPaKkgePsCTwkXM

vtFatuedIm smasFatuePsCTwkXM pH kRmitsr kRmitGasIut RbUetGIun sMeNIm epH kabUGIuRdat famBl

k karvPaKrkkRmit

pH

RkahVikTI4/1 lTplnkarviPaKpH

tamtYelxenAkgRkahVikxagelI eXIjfalTplEdlTTYl)annUvkRmit pH mankarERbRbYleTAtambcynImYy EdlenAkgenaH T1man pH esInwg 3>35 T2man pH esInwg 3>40 T3man pHesInwg 2>98 T4manpH esInwg 3>38 T5manpH esInwg 3>18 T6manpH esInwg 3>00 T7manpH

esInwg 3>45T8

manpH

esInwg 3>25T9

manpH

esInwg 3>10 .

pH

2.7

2.8

2.9

3

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 bcy


22/38

22

rUbftTI4/1 skmPaBvas;pH

x karvPaKrkkRmitCatisr dWeRkRbic

RkahVikTI4>2 lTplnkarviPaKrkkRmitCatisrtamtYelxenAkgRkahVikxagelI eXIjfalTplEdlTTYl)annUvkRmitsr KitCadWeRkRbic

mankar ERbRbYleTAtambcynImYy EdlenAkgenaH T1mankRmitsresInwg 12>10 T2mankRmitCatisresInwg 12>00 T3 mankRmitsresInwg 12>00 T4 mankRmitsresInwg 15>20 T5 mankRmitsresInwg 15>00 T6 mankRmitsresInwg 15>00 T7 mankRmitsresInwg 16>80 T8 mankRmitsresInwg 17>00 T9mankRmitsresInwg 17>00 .

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


kRmits

rdWeRkR

bic


23/38

23

rUbftTI4/2 skmPaBvas;Catisr

K karvPaKrkkRmitCatiGasIt

RkahVikTI4/3 lTplnkarviPaKrkGasIuttamtYelxenAkgRkahVikxagelIeXIjfa lTplEdlTTYl)annUvkRmitGasIut KitCaRkamkgmYylIRt mankarERbRbYleTAtambcynImYy EdlenAkgenaH T1mankRmit GasIutesInwg 1>15 T2man kRmit GasIutesInwg 1>65 T3 mankRmit GasIutesInwg 2>75 T4 mankRmit GasIutesInwg 1>26T5 mankRmit GasIutesInwg 1>87 T6 mankRmit GasIutesInwg 2>75 T7 mankRmit GasIutesInwg1>21 T8 mankRmit GasIutesInwg 1>98 T9 mankRmit GasIutesInwg 2>75 .

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3


kRmitGasIut

RkamkgmYylIRt


24/38

24

X karviPaKrkkRmitRbUetGIn

RkahVikTI4/4 PaKryRbUetGIuntamtYelxenAkgRkahVikxagelI eXIjfalTplEdlTTYl)annUvRbUetGIun KitCaPaKry Edl

mankar ERbRbYleTAtambcynImYy EdlenAkgenaH T1 mankRmit RbUetGIunesInwg 0>08 T2 mankRmitRbUetGIunesInwg 0>10 T3 mankRmit RbUetGIunesInwg 0>08 T4 mankRmit RbUetGIunesInwg 0>10 T5 mankRmit RbUetGIunesInwg 0>08 T6 mankRmit RbUetGIunesInwg 0>10 T7 mankRmit RbUetGIunesInwg 0>08T8 mankRmit RbUetGIunesInwg 0>10 T9 mankRmit RbUetGIunesInwg 0>10 .

rUbftTI4/3 skmPaBvas;RbUetGIun

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12


PaKryRbUetGIun


25/38

25

X karviPaKrkGRtaPaKrysMeNm

RkahVikTI4>5 GRtasMeNImtamtYelxenAkgRkahVikxagelI eXIjfalTplEdlTTYl)annUvsMeNIm KitCaPaKry Edl

mankar ERbRbYleTAtambcynImYy EdlenAkgenaH T1 mankRmit GRtasMeNIm 87>00 T2 mankRmitGRtasMeNIm 86>54 T3 mankRmit GRtasMeNIm 87>52 T4 mankRmit GRtasMeNIm 83>00 T5 mankRmit GRtasMeNIm 84>00 T6 mankRmit GRtasMeNIm 84>44 T7 mankRmit GRtasMeNIm 80>00T8 mankRmit GRtasMeNIm 79>45 T9 mankRmit GRtasMeNIm 78>63 .

g karvPaKrkGRtaPaKryepH

RkahVikTI4>6 GRtaPaKryepH

74

76

78

80

82

84

86

88

90


PaKrysMeNIm

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08


PaKr

yep

H


26/38

26

tamtYelxenAkgRkahVikxagelI eXIjfalTplEdlTTYl)annUvkRmitepH KitCaPaKryEdlmankar ERbRbYleTAtambcynImYy EdlenAkgenaH T1 mankRmitGRta PaKryepH 0>06 T2mankRmitGRta PaKryepH 0>06 T3 mankRmitGRta PaKryepH 0>07 T4 mankRmitGRta PaKryepH

0>04 T5 mankRmit GRta PaKryepH 0>05 T6 mankRmitGRta PaKryepH 0>06 T7 mankRmitGRtaPaKryepH 0>04 T8 mankRmitGRta PaKryepH 0>05 T9 mankRmitGRta PaKryepH 0>06 .

c karvPaKrkkRmitkabnGIRdat

tamtYelxenAkgRkahVikxageRkam eXIjfalTplEdlTTYl)annUvkRmitkabUnGIuRdat KitCaRkamkgmYylIt EdlmankarERbRbYleTAtambcynImYy EdlenAkgenaH T1 mankRmitkabUnGIuRdat12>86 T2 mankRmitkabUnGIuRdat 12>84 T3 mankRmitkabUnGIuRdat 12>33 T4 mankRmitkabUnGIuRdat 16>86 T5 mankRmitkabUnGIuRdat 15>87 T6 mankRmitkabUnGIuRdat 15>4 T7mankRmit kabUnGIuRdat 19>88 T8 mankRmitkabUnGIuRdat 20>40 T9 mankRmit kabUnGIuRdat21>21 .

RkahVikTI4>7 kRmitkabUnGIuRdatq karviPaKrkkRmitfamBl

tamtYelxenAkgRkahVikxageRkam eXIjfalTplEdlTTYl)annUvkRmitfamBl KitCa kal;LrIkg 100Rkam EdlmankarERbRbYleTAtambcynImYy EdlenAkgenaH T1 mankRmitfamBl 51>76T2 mankRmitfamBl 51>36 T3 mankRmitfamBl 49>64 T4 mankRmitfamBl 67>87 T5 mankRmitfamBl 63>80 T6 mankRmitfamBl 62>00 T7 mankRmitfamBl 79>84 T8 mankRmit

famBl 82>00 T9 mankRmitfamBl 85>24 .

0

5

10

15

20

25


kabUnGIuRdatRkamkgmYylIRt


27/38

27

RkahVikTI4>8 karviPaKfamBl4>1>2 karvaytmeTAelIKuNPaBjaN

enAkgplitplePsCEtgEtmannUvBN_ EdlCaBN_FmCati nigkarbEnmBN_ EdlGacTak;TajnUv esckIRtUvkar nigkarcUlcitrbs;GtifiCnkgkarlk;dUrplitplrbs;xnenAelITIpSar .CmYyKaenHpgEdrkenA mansmasFatupSMepSgKa EdleFVi[GkeRcIR)as;TaMgGs;mankarcUlcitTijnigcg;TijdUcCa kin rsCatiEpm rsCatiCUr PaBxab; PaBrav EdlCalkNTUeTArbs;ePsCEdlgayeFVI[GtifiCn mankarcab;GarmN_ . dUcenHkarkMNt;eTAelIlkNrUbBMuEmnCakargayRsYleLIy EdlTamTar[GkplitRtUvEteFVIetssakl,g CamunsinCamYynwg GtifiCn . xageRkamenHKWCakareFVIetssakl,g CamYynwgGksakl,gcMnYn 30 nak;tamrykar[BinCa bnbnab;dUcteTA

taragTI4/2 kareFVIetstamrykardak;Bin

bcysrub kRmitBin

9 1>mincUlcitesaH 2>minsUvcUlcit 3>cUlcitFmta 4>cUlcitbgr 5>cUlcitxaMgNas;

k kareFetseTAelIBNtamtYelxxagelI)anbgajfa tamrykareFVIetsedayBwgEpkeTAelIkar[BinEdlmancMnYn 30

nak; tamkar[BineTAelIBN_RKb;bcyTaMgGs;eday Bin KitCatmmFm eXIjfamankarERbRbYlepSgKapg Edreday enAcenaHBI3>50 Bindl;4>00 BinEdlenAkgenaH bcyTI9 T9TTYl)anBinmFmeRcInCageKKW 4>00 nigbcyTI 1 T1 TTYl)anBinmFm 3>53 mancMnYnticCageK . dUcenHGkeFVIetsTaMgGs;mankareBjciteTAelI bcyTI9 T9 mancMnYneRcInCageK .

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90


famBl

kalL

UrIkg1

00Rkam


28/38

28

RkahVikTI4/9 BnmFmnkareFVIetseTAelIBN_ePsCTwkXMx kareFVetseTAelIkn

tamtYelxxageRkam)anbgajfa tamrykareFVIetseday BwgEpkeTAelIkar[BinEdlmancMnYn30 nak; tamkar[BineTAelIkin RKb;bcyTaMgGs;eday Bin KitCatmmFmeXIjfa mankar

ERbRbYlepSgKapg Edr edayenAcenaHBI 3>40 Bindl;4>03 BinEdlenAkgenaH bcyTI6 T6

TTYl)anBinmFmeRcInCageKKW 4>03 nigbcyTI1 nigTI 3 T1>T3 TTYl)an BnmFm 3>40 mancMnYnticCag eK . dUcenHGkeFVIets TaMgGs;mankareBjciteTAelIbcyTI6 T6 mancMnYneRcInCageK .

RkahVikTI4/10 BinmFmnkareFVIetselIkin

3.0

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

4.0

4.1

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

bcy

BinmFm

nkarcUlcitkin

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

4

4.1

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

bcy

BinmF

mn

karc

Ulcit

BN_


29/38

29

K kareFVetseTAelIrsCatiEpm

RkahVikTI4/11 lTplnkareFVIetselICatiEpm

tamtYelxxagelI)anbgajfa tamrykareFVIetsedayBwgEpkeTAelIkar[BinEdlmancMnYn 30nak; tamkar[BineTAelIrsCatiEpmRKb;bcyTaMgGs; Bin KitCatmmFm)anEsgecjnUvlTplepSgKa KapgEdredayenAcenaHBI3>17 Bindl;3>77 BinEdlenAkgenaH bcyTI9 T9

TTYl)anBinmFm eRcInCageKKW3>77 nigbcyTI 1 T1TTYl)an BnmFm 3>17 mancMnYnticCageKdUcenHGkeFVIetsTaMgGs;mankareBjciteTAelI bcyTI9T9 mancMnYneRcInCageK

X kareFVetseTArsCatiCr

RkahVikTI4/12 BinmFmnkareFVIetselICatiCUr

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

bcy

BinmF

mn

kareFVIets

rsCa

tiCUr

2.8

2.9

3.0

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

bcy

BinmF

mk

areFVIetsrsCatEpm


30/38

30

tamtYelxxagelI)anbgajfa tamrykareFVIetsedayBwgEpkeTAelIkar[BinEdlmancMnYn 30nak;tamkar[BineTAelIrsCatiCUrenAbcyTaMgGs;eday Bin KitCatmmFmeXIjfa mankar ERbRbYlepSgKapgEdr edayenAcenaHBI 2>20 Bin dl;3>40 Bin EdlenAkgenaHbcyTI 8 T8

TTYl)anBinmFmeRcInCageKKW 3>40 nigbcyTI 3 nigTI 5 T3>T5 mancMnYnesIrKa TTYl)anBnmFm 2>20 mancMnYnticCageK . dUcenHGkeFVIetsTaMgGs;mankareBjciteTAelI bcyTI 8 T8mancMnYneRcInCageK .

g kareFetseTAelIPaBxab

tamtYelxxageRkam)anbgajfa tamrykareFVIetseday BwgEpkeTAelIkar[BinEdlmancMnYn30 nak; tamkar[BineTAelIPaBxab;RKb;bcyTaMgGs;eday Bin KitCatmmFm eXIjfamankarERbRbYlepSg KapgEdreday enAcenaHBI 2>90 Bin dl;3>67Bin EdlenAkgenaH bcyTI 8 T8TTYl)anBinmFm eRcInCageKKW3>67 nigbcyTI1 T1 TTYl)anBinmFm 2>90 mancMnYnticCageKdUcenHGkeFVIetsTaMgGs;mankareBjciteTAelIbcyTI8 T8 mancMnYneRcInCageK .

RkahVikTI4>13 BinmFmnkareFVIetselIPaBxab;c kareFetseTAelIPaBravtamtYelxxagelI)anbgajfa tamrykareFVIetsedayBwgEpkeTAelI kar[BinEdlmancMnYn 30

nak; tamkar[BineTAelIPaBravRKb;bcyTaMgGs;eday Bin KitCatmmFmeXIjfamankarERbRbYlepSg KapgEdredayenAcenaHBI 3>37 Bin dl; 3>77 Bin EdlenAkgenaHbcyTI 8 T8

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

bcy

BinmF

mn

kareFVIet

sPa

Bxab

;


31/38

31

TTYl)anBinmFmeRcInCageKKW 3>77 nigbcyTI3 T3 TTYl)anBinmFm 3>37 mancMnYnticCageKdUcenHGkeFVIetsTaMgGs;mankareBjciteTAelIbcyTI 8T8 mancMnYneRcInCageK .

RkahVikTI4/14 BinmFmnkareFVIetselIPaBrav

q kareFVetseTAelIlkNTYeTArbsePsCTkX

RkahVikTI4/15 BinmFmnkarvaytmelIlkNTYeTA

tamtYelxxagelI)anbgajfa tamrykareFVIetsedayBwgEpkeTAelIkar[BinEdlmancMnYn 30nak; tamkar[BineTAelIlkNTYeTArbs;ePsCTwkXMRKb;bcyTaMgGs;eday Bin KitCatmmFm

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

bcy

BinEdlvaytmCalkNCaT

YeTA

3.10

3.20

3.30

3.40

3.50

3.60

3.70

3.80

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

bcy

BinmF

mnkareFVIetsPaBrav


32/38

32

eXIjfamankarERbRbYlepSgKapgEdredayenAcenaHBI 3>03 Bin dl; 3>67 Bin EdlenAkgenaHbcyTI 7 T7 TTYl)anBinmFm eRcInCageKKW3>67 nigbcyTI 1 T1 TTYl)anBinmFm 3>03mancMnYnticCageK . dUcenHGkeFVIetsTaMgGs;mankareBjciteTAelIbcyTI 4 dl;TI 9 mancMnYn

Rbhak;RbEhlKa .4>2 karvaytmeTAelIlTpl

eRkayBI)aneFVIkarviPaKeTAelIlkNbnSMKImIkgplotpl nigkareFVIetsedayjaNIrYcmkeXIjfa plitplePsCTwkXM Edl)anqgkat;kareFVIBiesaFn_edayeFVIetsedayjaNtamry kardak;BinEdlmanGkcUlrYmcMnYn 30 nak; . tamrykardak;BinCacugeRkayEdlGkcUlrYmvaytm)aneFVIkarseRmccit edIm,IeFVIkareRCIserIsykplitplePsCTwkXMRbsinebImanlk;enAelITIpSarEdl)anbgajenAkg taragxageRkam

taragTI4/3 karvaytmelIplitplseRmc

cMnYnmnusSnak; karcUlcitTij nigcg;TijplitplePsCTwkXM30 dac;xatnwgTij RbEhlnwgTij GacTijGacGt; dac;xatminTij

6 16 8 0

tamrytaragxagelIeXIjfa karseRmccitrbs;RkumGkeFVIetsnwgRtUv)anbgajenAkgRkahVikxageRkam

RkahVikTI4/16karvaytmeTAelIplitplePsCTwkXM

tamkarvaytmrbs;RkumGkeFVIetseTAelIplitplePsCTwkXM tamtYelxenAkgqateXIjfacMnYn rbs;GkcUlrYmTaMg 30 nak; )aneFVIkarseRmccitdUcteTA dac;xatnwgTij mancMnYn 6 nak;

0

16

68

dac;xatnwgTij

RbEhlnwgTij

GacTijGacGt;

dac;xatminTij


33/38

33

EdlesInwg 20 PaKry RbEhlnwgTij mancMnYn 16 nak; EdlesInwg 53 PaKryehIyGacTijGacGt;mancMnYn 8 nak;EdlesInwg 27 PaKry . cMeBaHdac;xatminTijmminmaneLIy.

rUbftTI4/4 skmPaBeFVIetsedayjaN

4>3 karBiPakSatamrykargarBiesaFn_eTAelIplitplePsCTwkXMEdl)anqgkat;nUvdMNak;kalCaeRcInEdlrYm

mankarviPaKrksmasFatubnSMKImInigkareFVIetseTAelIKuNPaBjaN Edl)anEsg[eXIj nUvlTpldUcEdlmanenAkgRkahVicxagelICabnbnab; . munnwg seRmc)aneTACaplitplePsC TwkXMRtUvqgkat;karplitEdlTamTar[mankarpitpg;ya:gykcitTukdak; cab;taMgBIvtFatuedIm rhUtdl;plitplseRmcedIm,I TTYl)annUvKuNPaB nigsuvtiPaBdl;kareFVIetsenAcugbBab; . bnab;BIeFVIkarplit)anCaplitplseRmc rYcmkkargarCabnab;mkeTotKWeFVIkarBiesaFn_edIm,IeFVI karKNnarksmasFatubbnSMKImImYycMnYn EdlmanenA kgePsCTwkXM EdlmanRbeyaCn_eTAdl;GkeRbIR)as; nigkareFVIetseTAelIKuNPaBjaN .

4>3>1 eTAelIsmasFatubnSMKImIEdlmanenAelIplitplePsCTwkXMcMeBaHkarviPaKeTAelIsmasFatubnSMKImIEdlmanenAkgplitplePsCTwkXM EdlmanTaMgGs; 9

bcy ehIyEckecjCa bIRkumFM ehIyenAkgRkumTaMg 3 manbrimaNTwkXM nigTwkxusKa .

enAkgmYyRkumman 3bcy ehIybcyTI 1 manGasIutsIuRTic 0/01 PaKry bcyTI 2manGasIutsIuRTic 0/02 PaKry nigbcyTI 3 manGasIutsIuRTic 0/03 PaKry enAkgmYyRkum


34/38

34

nigdUcKaTaMgGs;enARKb;Rkum. enAkgenaHman Rkum A manbrimaNTwkXM11 PaKry nigTwk 89 PaKryenAkgenaHman Rkum B manbrimaNTwkXM 14 PaKry nigTwk 86 PaKry enAkgenaHman Rkum CmanbrimaNTwkXM16 PaKry nigTwk 84 PaKry .

tamkarviPaKrksmasFatbnSMuKImIenAkgbcyTaMgGs; 9 bcy EdlRtUvviPaKrYmman pH brimaNsr brimaNGasIut GRtaPaKrynRbUetGIun GRtaPaKrysMeNIm GRtaPaKryepH kabUnGIuRdat nigfamBl . cMeBaHkareFVIviPaKenHemIleTAelIRkabeXIjfa pH enAkgRkum C bcyTI 7 man 3/45x2 eTAelIKuNPaBjaNplitplePsCTwkXM bnab;BI)aneFVIkarviPaKeTAelIsmasFatubnSMKImIrYcmk kickarbnab;mk

eTotKWCaviFIsaRseFVIetseTAelIKuNPaBjaN tamrykardak;BinEdlmanGkcUlrYmcMnYn 30 nak;edIm,Ipl; BineTAelIKuNPaBjaN EdlmanTaMgGs;9 bcy EckecjCa 3 RkumFM . kareFIVetsenHnwgRtUv)an kMNt;eTAelIlkNmYycMnYnnKuNPaBjaN dUcteTA

BN_ tamlTplxagelIeXIjfa esIrEtRKb;bcyTaMgGs;TTYl)anBinmFmelIsBI 3/5 sitenAkg 3 karcUlcitFmta elIkElgEtbcyTI 9 EdlTTYl)anBinmFm eRcInCageKKW 4 EdlsitenAkg 4 karcUlcitbgr dUcenHenAkgbcyTI 9 CabcyEdlmanBN_smRsbCageK ebIeFobeTAnwgbcyTaMgGs;enAkgtarag .

kin tamlTplxagelIeXIjfa esIrEtRKb;bcyTaMgGs;TTYl)anBinmFmelIsBI 3/4 sitenAkg 3 karcUlcitFmta elIkElgEtbcyTI 7 EdlTTYl)anBinmFmeRcInCageKKW 3/93


35/38

35

EdlsitenAkg 3 karcUlcitFmta EdrEtmancMnYneRcInCageK dUcenHenAkgbcyTI7 CabcyEdlmankinsmRsbCageK ebIeFobeTAnwgbcyTaMgGs;enAkgtarag .

rsCatiEpm tamlTplxagelIeXIjfa esIrEtRKb;bcyTaMgGs;TTYl)anBinmFmelIsBI3/17

sitenAkg 3 karcUlcitFmta elIkElgEtbcyTI 9 EdlTTYl)anBinmFmeRcInCageKKW 3/77EdlsitenAkg 3 karcUlcitFmta EdrEtmancMnYneRcInCageK dUcenHenAkgbcyTI9 Cabcy EdlmanrsCatiEpmsmRsbCageK ebIeFobeTAnwgbcyTaMgGs;enAkgtarag .

rsCatiCUr tamlTplxagelIeXIjfa bcy TI 1 nigTI 2 TTYl)anBinmFmminsUvlenaHeTKWsitenAcenaH 2/37 eTA 2/57 sitenAkg 2 minsUvcUlcitnigeRkABIenHsitkg3 karcUlcitFmtaEdlmanBinmFmelIsBI 3>2 elIkElgEtbcyTI 8 EdlTTYl)anBinmFmeRcInCageKKW 3>4

EdlsitenAkg 3 karcUlcitFmta EdrEtmancMnYneRcInCageK dUcenHenAkgbcyTI8 CabcyEdlmanrsCatiCUrsmRsbCageK ebIeFobeTAnwgbcyTaMgGs;enAkgtarag .

PaBxab; tamlTplxagelIeXIjfa bcy TI 1 TTYl)anBinmFmminsUvlenaHeT KWsitenAcenaH 2/9 sitenAkg 2>minsUvcUlcit nigeRkABIenHsitkg 3 karcUlcitFmta Edlman BinmFmelIsBI 3/17 elIkElgEtbcyTI8 TTYl)anBinmFmeRcInCageKKW 3/67 EdlsitenAkg 3karcUlcitFmta Edr EtmancMnYneRcInCageK dUcenHenAkgbcyTI 8 CabcyEdlman PaBxab;

smRsbCageK ebIeFobeTAnwg bcyTaMgGs;enAkgtarag .PaBrav tamlTplxagelIeXIjfa esIrEtRKb;bcyTaMgGs;TTYl)anBinmFmelIsBI 3>37

sitenAkg 3 karcUlcitFmta elIkElgEtbcyTI 8 EdlTTYl)anBinmFmeRcInCageKKW 3/77EdlsitenAkg 3 karcUlcitFmta EdrEtmancMnYneRcInCageK dUcenHenAkgbcyTI8 CabcyEdlmanPaBravsmRsbCageK ebIeFobeTAnwgbcyTaMgGs;enAkgtarag .

kavaytmelIlkNTUeTA tamlTplxagelIeXIjfa esIrEtRKb;bcyTaMgGs;TTYl

)anBinmFm elIsBI 3/03 sitenAkg 3 karcUlcitFmta elIkElgEtbcyTI 7 EdlTTYl)anBinmFm eRcInCageKKW 3/67 EdlsitenAkg 3 karcUlcitFmta EdrEtmancMnYneRcInCageKdUcenHenAkgbcyTI 7 Cabcy Edlman lkNTUeTA smRsbCageK ebIeFobeTAnwgbcyTaMgGs;enAkgtarag .

enAcugbBab;nkareFVIets KWCaseRmccitcugeRkayedIm,IeFVIkareRCIserIsrbs;GkcUlrYmedIm,Ivaytm eTAelIplitplseRmc tamrykar[Bin eTAelIplitplseRmcenaHeXIjfa manCIerIscMnYn 4

EdlGaceFVI[ GkcUlrYmeFVIetsGaceRCIserIs)anmandUcCa dac;xatnwgTij RbEhlnwgTij GacTijGacGt;nigdac;xat minTij .


36/38

36

tamkarvaytmrbs;RkumGkeFVIetseTAelIplitplePsCTwkXM TaMg 30 nak; eXIjfamankarseRmccitepSgKaEdl dac;xatnwgTij mancMnYn 6 nak; EdlesInwg 20 PaKry RbEhlnwgTijmancMnYn 16 nak;EdlesInwg 53 PaKry ehIyGacTijGacGt;mancMnYn 8 nak; EdlesInwg 27 PaKry

cMeBaHcMnYn dac;xatminTijKWBMumaneLIy .


37/38

37

CMBUk 5snidan nigGnusasn_

5>1 snidan

eRkayBI)aneFVIkarRsavRCav nigBiesaFn_rYcmk eTAelIRbFanbT : karEkcePsCTwkXM : eXIjfakarplit bk_karEkc nUvplitplfImYyKWBitCamankarBi)akNas; edIm,ITTYl)annUvplitplseRmcEdlGac eFVI[GkeRbIR)as; bGtifiCnTTYlsal;nigeRbIR)as;vaenaH . tRmUvkarsMxan; mYycMnYn EdlGkEkcRtUvEt RbtibtiedIm,ITTYl)aneCaKCy KWRtUvEteKarBeTAtambTdannkarEkc EdlrYmmanGnamynigPaB RbugRbytCaedIm . munnwgkayeTACaplitplePsCTwkXM KWRtUv)anqgkat;nUvdMNak;kalCaeRcIncab;tagMBIvtFatuedIm rhUtdl;plitplseRmc . bnab;BIplit)anCaePsCTwkXMrYcmk

mankickarsMxan; 2 EdlRtUv eFVIkarGnuvtn_CabneTotKW karviPaKeTAelIlk


38/38

5>2 Gnusasn_tamrykarGnuvtn_kngmk tamPaBCak;EsgeXIjfa karTTYl)anlTpl KWenABMuTan;RKb;RCug

eRCay nigmaneBjlk

sarna (writing of sience).pdf

Documents