sarf in short (1)

7/30/2019 Sarf in Short (1)

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Sarf in Short

(1) investigates the behaviour of the word ( ) individuallyi.e. not in relation to other words ( ) in the sentence ( ). Morespecifically, it investigates the from the perspective of itsformal structure and the changes that affect that structure eitherto give rise to different meanings or ease the overall pronunciationof the word.

(2) The in Arabic is of three types:(a) the (noun which includes adjectives, adverbs, pronouns,etc.) e.g. (student), (letter, message), (pen), etc.(b) the (verb) e.g. (wrote), (write, will write) and(Write!)(c) the (particle) e.g. (used to convert statements intoquestions), (in), (did not), etc.

(3) The and those of the and which resemble thestructurally, semantically and functionally (such as the ,

,,, , etc.) do not form partof the subject-matter of because of the fact that their rigidstructures are not amenable to the type of changes that iscommonly studied in . Hence, only deals with theand the and more specifically those among them that do notbear any structural, semantic or functional resemblance to the

.(4) can be divided into three sections:(a) (Morphology of the Verb),(b) (Morphology of the Noun) and(c) (Morphology of the Verb and Noun together),also called " " (Shared Morphology i.e. the Morphologycommon to the Verb and Noun).


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(5) investigates the from seven perspectives:(a) the time of the occurrence of the action(b) the number of (number of root letters)(c) the presence or absence of (weak letters, namely: the

, the and the ) among the root letters(d) intransitivity and transitivity(e) the presence or absence of the (doer / subject of the verbalsentence)(f) flexibility and inflexibility (i.e. rigidity)(g) intensification or non-intensification(6) The first perspective: the time of the occurrence of the actionThe from this perspective is divided into three categories:

(a) (past tense / perfect), which denotes the occurrence ofthe action in the past, like: " " (wrote),(b) (present or future tense / imperfect), which denotesthe occurrence of the action in the present or future tense, like: "

" (write/s or will write), and(c) (verb of command / imperative), which denotes therequest for the occurrence of the action in the future, like: " "(Write!)

(7) The second perspective: the number of (number ofroot letters)The from this perspective is divided into two categories:(a) (triliteral), which is a comprising three root letters, like:" " (wrote)(b) (quadriliteral), which is a comprising four root letters,like: " " (rolled)Each of these two categories is sub-divided into two more

categories.Thus, the is sub-divided into:(i) (naked / divested triliteral), which is any divestedand stripped of any additional letters such that it only consists ofroot letters, like: " " (went out), " " (was happy), " " (wasgood), etc. and(ii) (increased / augmented triliteral), which is anywhose root form is increased by the addition of up to three letters,

like: " " (put out, threw out), " " (graduated), " " (tookout, extracted), etc.

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Likewise, the is sub-divided into:(i) (naked / divested quadriliteral), which is anydivested and stripped of any additional letters such that it onlyconsists of root letters, like: " " (rolled), " " (put at ease), etc.and

(ii) (increased / augmented quadriliteral), which is anywhose root form is increased by the addition of up to two

letters, like: " " (was rolled), " " (was at ease), etc.(NB! For more details see the Appendix 1 at the end of the book)(8) The third perspective: the presence or absence of (weakletters, namely: the , the and the ) among the rootlettersThe from this perspective is divided into two categories:

(a) (sound / strong), which is a whose root letters are freefrom (weak letters), and consists of three types:(i) (super sound / strong), which is a that is freefrom (doubling i.e. have two identical root letters) and(having one of the root letters as a ), like: " " , " " , etc.(ii) / (doubled strong), which is a that hastwo identical root letters, like: " " (extended, lengthened), " "(quaked, shook), etc.

(iii) (hamzated strong), which is a that has one ofthe root letters as a , like: " " (ate), " " (asked), " " (read),etc.(b) (weak), which is a whose root form constitutes at leastone of the three and comprises four types:(i) (quasi-sound), which is a whose first root letter is a

(weak letter), like: " " (reached, arrived), " " (was dried),etc.

(ii) (hollow), which is a whose second root letter is a, like: " " (said), " " (sold), etc.

(iii) (defective), which is a whose last root letter is a, like: " " (called, invited), " " (threw, cast), etc.(iv) (two-folded), which is a whose first and third rootletters or second and third root letters are from the , like: "

" (protected, safeguarded), " " (comprehended, fathomed), "

" (intended), " " (reported, narrated), etc.(9) The fourth perspective: intransitivity and transitivity

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The from this perspective is divided into two categories:(a) (intransitive), which is a whose action is confined to the

(doer / subject of a verbal sentence) and not transferreddirectly onto a (direct object), like: " " (was happy), " "(sat), etc.(b) (transitive), which is a whose action is not confined to

the but is transferred directly onto a , and furthercomprises three types:(i) (transitive to one direct object only i.e. singlytransitive), like: " " in for example: " " (Zayd wrote theletter),(ii) (transitive to two direct objects i.e. doublytransitive), like: " " in for example: " " (Zayd thoughtKhalid to be noble / generous), and " " in " " (Zayd

gave Khalid a book), and(iii) (transitive to three direct objects, i.e. triplytransitive), like: " " in for example: " " (Aliinformed Zayd that Khalid is noble / generous), and " " in "

" (The teacher made the student see theproblem as being easy)Some scholars add a third category, namely: that which is neither

nor , and comprises verbs such as " " and its sisters and "

" and its sisters.(10) The fifth perspective: the presence or absence of the(doer / subject of the verbal sentence)The from this perspective is divided into two categories:(a) (active form of the verb), which is a whose ismentioned (even in the implied and implicit sense) in the sentenceand not dropped, like:" " in " " (The student wrote the letter),

" " in " " (The student is writing the letter), and" " in " ] ]" [Write (you)]

(b) (passive form of the verb), which is a whoseis not mentioned (not even in the implied and implicit sense) in thesentence, that is, it is dropped from the sentence, leaving avacuum which is normally filled by the (direct object),like:

" " in " " (The letter was written) and" " in " " (The letter is being written)

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(11) The sixth perspective: flexibility and inflexibility (i.e. rigidity)The from this perspective is divided into two categories:(a) (flexible), which is of two types:(i) (fully-flexible), which is a that exists in all threestates of the , that is: the , the and the , like:

Meaning

to write, recordTo hit, beat,strike

(ii) (semi-flexible), which is a that exists in only twoof the three states, that is: the and the only, or the

and the only, like:Meaning

to be on the verge,almost, nearly

)( )( to continueto leave, abandonto leave, abandon

(b) (rigid), which is a that exists in only one of the threestates, like:

Meaningnothopefullyshouts, makes anoiseCome!Give!

(12) The seventh perspective: intensification or non-intensificationThe from this perspective is divided into two categories:(a) (corroborated), which is a that has either the

(emphatic of corroboration) or the (non-emphatic of corroboration) suffixed to it.(b) (non-corroborated), which is a that does not have the

or the suffixed to it.

In the case of the the suffixing of the is disallowed.

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In the case of the the suffixing of the is optional, like: " " [Worship your Lord (in the emphatic sense)], " "

[Worship your Lord (in the non-emphatic sense)], etc.In the case of the the suffixing of the is either:(i) necessary, which is when the denotes the future and is inthe affirmative in an oath construction with the ) of oath)

not being separated from it, like: " " (By Allah! Wewill be raised on the Day of Resurrection), (By Allah!I will play a trick on your idols), or(ii) close to being necessary, which is when the is precededby the conditional " " (meaning if) that is assimilated into theadditional " " so as to form " " , like: " " (If you reallywork hard, then you will be successful), or(iii) often, which is when the is preceded by an

(particle of request such as command, prohibition, supplication,gentle or urgent request, wishing, inquiring), like:

(Do not think that Allah is unmindful of what thewrongdoers are doing)(iv) rare, which is when the is preceded by the negative " "or the additional " " , like: (Andguard yourselves against a severe punishment which will not onlyafflict the wrongdoers )

(v) very rare, which is when the is preceded by " " or an(conditional word) other than " " (and it makes no difference

whether it is in the position the or ) and is foundmostly in poetry, like:

*

Whosoever you find of them will not return - ever - and killingBanu Qutaybah is a healing

(vi) disallowed, which is when one of the conditions for the

necessary corroboration is violated, like: " " (By Allah!The wrongdoers will not be successful)

(13) investigates the also from seven perspectives:(a) the stripping or addition of additional letters(b) rigidity (non-derivation) and derivation(c) masculinity and femininity (i.e. gender)(d) the type of ending(e) number(f) diminution

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(g) relation and ascription(14) The first perspective: the stripping or addition of additionallettersThe from this perspective is divided into two categories:(a) (naked or divested), which is an divested and strippedof any additional letters and comprises three types:

(i) (trilateral naked), like: " " (man), " " (horse,mare), etc.(ii) (quadriliteral naked), like: " " (Jafar, brooklet), "

" (dirham), etc.(iii) (quinqueliteral naked), like: " " (quince), etc.(b) (increased or augmented), which is an that can beincreased up to seven letters by the addition of additional letters tothe root form and comprises numerous forms, some of which are

illustrated in the following table:

The Increased / AugmentedForm

Root Form Additional Letter(s)

Tril.Root(someone understanding) the

(beaten, coined) the and(person finding a thing

easy)

the , and

(extracting, taking out) the ,,and

Quad.Root(someone rolling

something)the

(something being rolled) the and(gathering, assembling) the , , and

Quinq.Root

(the of a well inJannah) the(jujube, linden tree) the(ginger) the

(15) The second perspective: rigidity and derivationThe from this perspective is divided into two categories:

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(a) (rigid / non-derived), which is an that is not derived fromanything and comprises two types:(i) or (concrete noun), which is an that is not onlynon-derivative but also none of the derived nouns is derived fromit, and refers to an entity or essence the nature of which is that itcan be qualified and described by highlighting a quality or attribute

in it, like: " " (man), " " (horse, mare), and(ii) (abstract noun), which is an even though it is non-derivative all derivatives are derived from it and is thusappropriately called the (ultimate source); moreover, itdenotes the qualities, states and actions that inhere in entities andessences and which make it possible for the latter to be qualifiedand described, like: " " (beauty), " " (goodness), " "(whiteness), " " (anger), " " (writing), " " (sitting), etc.

[Thus, if something possesses the quality of you can say thatit is (beautiful), or if someone is in a state of (anger) youcan say that he is (angry) or if someone performs the actionof (writing) you can say that he is (someone writing), etc.]

(b) (derivative), which is an that is formed from theon a specific pattern or patterns to indicate the particular manner

in which the quality, state or action is related to someone orsomething (i.e. a vague entity or essence), and comprises seventypes:

[someone / something+ quality / state / action = derivative]

(i) (active participle), which is an formed from theon a specific pattern to indicate that someone or something is

performing the action indicated by the in a non-permanentsense, like: " " (someone writing), " " (someone or somethingstanding), " " (someone traveling), etc.

(ii) (passive participle), which is an formed from theon a specific pattern to indicate that someone or something is

the object receiving the action indicated by the , like: " "(something written), " " (something taken out or extracted),

etc.

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(iii) ) ) (descriptive noun), which is anformed from the (of an intransitive verb) on specific patternsto indicate that someone or something is the bearer or possessorof the quality indicated by the and is not confined to anyparticular tense but rather stretches from the past into thecontinuous present, like: " " (beautiful), " " (good), " "

(white), " " (angry), etc.

(iv) (comparative or superlative form), which is anformed from the on the pattern of " " to indicate thatsomeone or something is surpassing something or someone-else ina shared quality which is denoted by the , e.g. " (morebeautiful), " " (better), " " (angrier), etc.

(v), (vi) (nouns of time or place), which areformed from the on specific patterns to indicate the time orplace in which the action, denoted by the , is occurring, like: "

" and " " (time or place of the rising of the sun), " " (timeor place of the setting of the sun), " " (entry), " " (exit), etc.

(vii) (noun of tool or instrument), which is an formedfrom the on the patterns of " " , " " or " " to indicate

the tool or instrument with which the action indicated by theis accomplished, like: " " (file), " " (broom), " " (key), etc.

(16) The third perspective: masculinity and femininity (i.e. gender)The from this perspective is divided into two categories:(a) (masculine), like: " " (man), " " (mountain), " " (pen),etc.(b) (feminine), which is of two types:

(i) (real), which is an that denotes a female whetheramongst human beings or animals, like: " " (Fatimah), " "(Zaynab), " " (woman), " " (female cat), etc.

(ii) (metaphorical), which is an that does not denote afemale whether amongst human beings or animals but because ofhaving been used as by the ancient Arabs it has acquired the

status of , like: " " (sun), " " (earth), " " (eye, spring),etc.

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The also comprises three more categories:

(i) (feminine in form only), which is an whose meaning isbut whose form is feminine due to having one of the(signs of femininity) suffixed to it, like: " " (Hamzah), " "

(Talhah), " " (Zechariahs), etc.

(ii) (feminine in meaning only), which is an whose meaningis but whose form is due to it not having one of the

suffixed to it, like: " " (Maryam, Mary), " " (Zaynab), " "(Hind), etc.

(iii) (feminine in both form and meaning), which is an

that is in both form and meaning, like: " " (Fatimah), " "(Salma), " " (Asma), etc.

The are two in number:

(i) the (i.e. the joined or closed because it is joined orclose at its ends), like: " " (Hasinah), " " (Fatimah), " "(Aishah), etc.

(ii) the , which is either (shortened), like: " " (Husna), "" (Salma), etc. or (lengthened), like: " " (Hasna), " "

(Asma), etc.

Remark: Even though it is not customary in to go into asimilar classification for the , I have thought it in order to treatthe in a similar fashion.

Thus, the can either be : in meaning and in form like " " , " " , etc. or in meaning only like " " (Hamzah), " " (Talhah), etc. or in form only, like " " (book), " " (pen), etc.

(17) The fourth perspective: the type of endingThe from this perspective is divided into five categories:

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(a) (defective), which is any declinable that terminates ina preceded by a (i.e. "- " ), like: " " (the judge), " "(the past), etc.

(b) (shortened), which is any declinable that terminates inan (whether it is written as an actual or a dot-less )

preceded by a (i.e. "- " or "- "), like: " " (stick), " " (theyoung lad), etc.

(c) (lengthened), which is any declinable that terminates inan which is extended by a (i.e. "- " ), like: " " (red fem.)," " (desert), " " (type of cloth or clothing), " " (creating,producing, establishing), etc.

(d) (quasi-strong), which is every declinableterminating in a or preceded by a (i.e. "- " and "- " ),like: " " (sweet), " " (deer), etc.

(e) (strong), which is every declinable that does notterminate in any of the four previous endings, like: " " (book), "

" (man), etc.(18) The fifth perspective: number (singular, dual and plural)

The from this perspective is divided into three categories:

(a) (singular), which is any that denotes a single masculineor feminine object, like: " " (one male student), " " (onefemale student), etc.

(b) (dual), which is any that denotes two masculine orfeminine objects by suffixing the and (i.e. "- " in the case

of ) or the and (i.e. "- " in the case of and )to the singular form, like:

(two male students) (two female students)

(c) (plural), which is any that denotes three or moremasculine or feminine objects and comprises two types:

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(i) or (sound plural), which is when the singularform remains intact and unbroken when forming the plural formand which in turn comprises two types:

(sound masculine plural), which is any thatdenotes three or more males by suffixing the and (i.e. "-

" in the case of ) or the and (i.e. "- " in the case ofand ), like:

(sound feminine plural), which is any thatdenotes three or more females by suffixing the and (i.e."- " ) to the singular form after dropping the(vowelled of femininity), like: " " (three or more femalestudents)

(ii) (broken plural), which is when the singular formchanges when forming the plural form and which in turn comprisestwo types:

(plurals of paucity), which are plural forms that denotethree to ten objects and comprise four forms:" " (months) (sing. "( "

" " (pillars, columns) (sing. "( "" " (locks) (sing. "( "" " (young lads) (sing. "( "

(plurals of multitude), which are plural forms thatdenote eleven to an infinite number of objects, and comprise thefollowing forms:" " (ships) (sing. "( "

" " (gray) (sing. "( "" " (tyrants, oppressors) (sing. "( "" " (pictures, images) (sing. "( "" " (sick people, patients) (sing. "( "

" " (hearts) (sing. "( "" " (seas) (sing. "( "" " (lessons) (sing. "( "

" " (young lads, servants) (sing. "( "" " (wretched, villain) (sing. "( "

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" " (workers, labourers) (sing. "( "" " (people severing or cutting) (sing. "( "" " (sticks, branches) (sing. "( "" " (elephants) (sing. "( "" " (scholars, learned people) (sing. "( "" " (fugitive, stray, defectors) (sing. "( "

" " (dirhams) (sing. "( "" " (dinars) (sing. "( "

*

*

*

In the grey ships the tyrants are images of sick-heartedpeople while the seas are lessons

Their children work for the wretched, cutting offbranches because the elephants

And the scholars are astray and the final of their pluralsends finishes in the seventeenth (position)

NB! In the final analysis the division of the into and

is not a crucial one as the two types of plural are ofteninterchangeable, such that there is no hard-and-fast rule statingthat the one has to be used rather than the other. Often just one ofthe two types exist per noun in which case it can be used for eithertype.(19) The sixth perspective: diminutionThe from this perspective is divided into two categories:(a) (diminutive), which is any that denotes the diminutive

of the original from which it is formed, and comprises threeforms:" " (small fels) (diminutive of "( "

" " (small dirham) (diminutive of "( "

" " (small dinar) (diminutive of "( "

(b) (original non-diminutive), which is the original fromwhich the is formed, like:

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" " (fels, small coin)" " (dirham, silver coin)" " (dinar, golden coin)(20) The seventh perspective: relationThe from this perspective is divided into two categories:

(a) (relative noun), which is any that has the (i.e.the of relation and ascription, that is: " " ) suffixed to it in orderto show that the bearing that is related to the originalbefore the suffixing of the , like:" " (Egyptian) from " " (Egypt)," " (Islamic) from " " (Islam)," " (Meccan) from " " (Mecca)," " (Medinan, civil, municipal, urban) from " " (Medina, city),

etc.

(b) (noun related to), which is the original before thesuffixing of the , like: " " , "" , " " and " " in theprevious examples.

(21) investigates both the and from the

perspective of the changes that affect their structures changeswhich facilitate the overall pronunciation of the word. The mostimportant of these changes are the following three:(assimilation, merging), (changes involving weak letters) and

(substitution, replacement).

(22) is when the first of two identical letters is assimilated intothe second so as become one emphatic letter. Thus, instead of

pronouncing them twice they are pronounced once only. Thefollowing are some of the important rules pertaining to :

(a) When two identical letters meet and the first of them isunvowelled and the second vowelled, then the first is assimilatedinto the second becoming one emphatic letter, like:

" " which was originally " " on the pattern of " " , the first of the

two (i.e. two Dals) is assimilated into the second becoming " ".

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(b) When two vowelled identical letters meet in one word and theyare preceded by another vowelled letter, then the first of them isfirst unvowelled and then assimilated into the second becomingone emphatic letter, like:" " which was originally " " on the pattern of " " , the first of the

two (i.e. two Dals) is then unvowelled becoming " " and thenassimilated into the second becoming " " .(c) When two vowelled identical letters meet in one word and theyare preceded by an unvowelled letter, then the first of them is firstunvowelled by transferring its vowel to the preceding unvowelledletter and then assimilated into the second becoming one emphaticletter, like:

" " which was originally " " on the pattern of " " , the first ofthe two (i.e. two Dals) is unvowelled by transferring its vowelto the preceding unvowelled becoming " " and thenassimilated into the second becoming " " .

(d) When two identical letters meet and the first of them isvowelled and the second unvowelled and they are preceded by anunvowelled, then it is optional for the first of the two identical

letters to be unvowelled by transferring its vowel to the precedingunvowelled letter, such that two unvowelled letters meet and toescape the meeting of two unvowelled letters the second of themis vowelled either with:

a (due to it being the primary used for the meeting oftwo unvowelled letters),

(due to it being the lightest of the three ), or the corresponding the previous , like:

" " , " " or " " which was originally " " on the patternof " " , the first of the two is optionally unvowelled bytransferring its vowel to the preceding unvowelled becoming "

" and then the two unvowelled meet and to escape theirmeeting the second is vowelled either with a , or thewhich is the that corresponds to the on the preceding

, thus becoming either " " , " " or " " .

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(e) When the second of two identical letters has the(i.e. " " , "" , "" , "" , " " and " " ) suffixed to it,then assimilation of the first into second is disallowed, like: " , "

"" , "" , "" , " " and " " .

(23) is a type of change that affects weak letters as regards:

transforming one weak letter into another, like: " " and " " inwhich the in both cases was transformed from a as theiroriginal forms were " " and " " respectively,

unvowelling the weak letter either through dropping the vowelcompletely or transferring it to an unvowelled letter before it,like: " " in which the was unvowelled by dropping theas the original form was " " , and like: " " in which thewas unvowelled by transferring the to the unvowelled

before it at the original form was " " , and dropping the weak letter, like: " " in which the was dropped

due to the meeting of two unvowelled letters as the original formwas " " , and then the was unvowelled by transferring the

to the preceding unvowelled becoming " "and theresult is that the is dropped and two unvowelled lettersmeet, namely: the unvowelled and the unvowelled , andto escape this meeting the weak letter which is the unvowelled

is dropped, thus becoming " " .

The following are some of the most important rules pertaining to:

(a) When the or is vowelled and preceded by a letterbearing a , it is transformed into an (and it does not matterwhether the is written as one or as a dot-less ), like: " "

which was originally " ", and " " which was originally " " or ""which was originally " " and " " which was originally " " , all

of which are on the pattern of " " but because the and isvowelled and preceded by a letter bearing a , they weretransformed into an . The original form of the can bedetermined from the and/or the , for example:

" " "" " "" " "" " "" " "" " "

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" " "" " "

(b) When the is unvowelled and occurs after a , it istransformed into a , like: " " which was originally " " , and "

" which was originally " " , but because the in each caseis unvowelled and occurs after a , it is transformed into a .

The original form of the can be determined from theand/or the , for example:

" " "" " "" " "" " "

(c) When the is unvowelled and occurs after a , it istransformed into a , like: " " which was originally " " , and "

" which was originally " " , but because the second ineach case is unvowelled and occurs after a , it is transformedinto a . We know the original form of the to be a becauseof the being " " and " " respectively and the of theroot form being " " and " " respectively.

(d) When the (which is always unvowelled) occurs after a ,it is transformed into an unvowelled , like: " " which was

originally " " , but because the occurs after a , it istransformed into an unvowelled . We know that the wasoriginally an because " " is the plural of " " and theplural is formed from the singular.

(e) When the (which is always unvowelled) occurs after a ,it is transformed into an unvowelled , like: " " which wasoriginally " " , but because the occurs after a , it is

transformed into an unvowelled . We know that the wasoriginally an because " " is the passive form of " " which isthe active form, and the passive form is formed from the activeform.

(f) When the occurs at the end of a word after a , it istransformed into a , like " " which was originally " " , butbecause the occurs at the end after a , it is transformed

into a . We know that the was originally a because the

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is " " and the popular view is that the is derived fromthe .

(g) When the and the meet and one of them precedes theother in bearing a (i.e. the first of them is unvowelled), thenthe is always going to be transformed into a , like: " "

which was originally " " on the pattern of " ", but because theand the meet and the first of them is unvowelled, the is

transformed into a . We know that the second of the double andemphatic was originally a because of the being " " .

(h) When the occurs at the end of a word and it is the fourthletter and upwards , then it is transformed into a [and it does notmatter if the is subsequently transformed into an according

to rule (a) or not], like: " " which was originally " " , butbecause the occurs at the end and it is the fourth letter, it istransformed into a , which in turn is transformed into an (butwritten as a dot-less ) according to rule (a).

(i) When the or the occurs at the end of a word after avowelled letter, then their is dropped if it is a or a (butretained if it is a ), like: " " which was originally "

" , but because the of " " bears a and the of "" a and both these letters occur after a vowelled letter, theon the and the on the are dropped. This also

applies to " " which was originally " " .

(j) When the second root letter (also called the " ) is avowelled weak letter (i.e. a vowelled or ) and occurs after an

unvowelled strong letter, then the of the second root letter istransferred to the unvowelled strong letter. Thereafter, if thesecond root letter (which is the or ) is not the correspondingsister letter of the that was transferred to the unvowelledstrong letter before it, then the second root letter is transformedinto the corresponding sister letter of the transferred . This islike:

" " which was originally " " , " " which was originally " " ,

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" " which was originally " " which then became " " and thenfinally " " ,

" " which was originally " " which then became " " andthen finally " " .

(k) When two unvowelled letters meet and one of them is a weak

letter, then it is dropped, like:

" " which was originally " " which then became " " , then "" and then finally " " ,

" " which was originally " " , which then became " " , then "and then finally " " ,

" " , which was originally " " (but even before this it was "" , which then became " " and then " " , and then

finally " " .

(l) When the is naked triliteral starting with a (which isreferred to as " " ) on the pattern of " "(whether it is originally on that pattern or not), then the isdropped from the , the and the and the latter caseit is compensated for by adding a , like:

" " which was originally " " " " which was originally " " " " which was originally " " .

(24) is a change that involves the substitution of one letter foranother.The following are some of the most important rules pertaining to

:(a) When the or the occurs at the end of a word after anadditional , then it is substituted for by a , like:

" " which was originally " "( because it is from " " " " ), " " which was originally " " (because it is from " " " " )

(b) When the or the occurs after the of " " (i.e. theof the first form), then it is substituted for by a , like:

" " which was originally " " (because it is from " " " " ),

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" " which was originally " " (because it is from " " " " )

(c) When the (i.e. the first root letter) of " " is a or a ,then it is substituted for by a which is then assimilated into the

of " " , like:

" " which was originally " " which then became " " andthen finally " " (because it is from " " " " ),

" " which was originally " " which then became " " andthen finally " " (because it is from " " " " ).

(d) When the (i.e. the first root letter) of " " is a , then it issubstituted for by a and the first is then assimilated into thesecond, like:

" " which was originally " " which then became " " and thenfinally " " .

(e) When the (i.e. the first root letter) of " " is a , a or a, then the of " " is substituted for by a , like:

" " which was originally " " which then became " " andthen finally " " ,

" " which was originally " " which then became " " (alsopermissible for " " are: " " and " " ),

" " which was originally " " which then became " " .

(f) When the (i.e. the first root letter) of " " is a , a , aor a , then the of " " is substituted for by a , like:

" " which was originally " " which then became " " , " " which was originally " " which then became " ", " " which was originally " " which then became " " and

then finally " " , " " which was originally " " which then became " " (also

permissible for " " are: " " and " " )

(g) When two meet in one word, and the first of them isvowelled and the second unvowelled, then the second is substitutefor by a (letter of prolongation) which is the correspondingsister letter of the preceding , like:

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" " which was originally " "" " which was originally " "" " which was originally " " .

sarf in short (1)

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