Saponification

Triglyceride

Lye Soap

Glycerin

Triglycerides

Oils Fats

(At ambient temperature)

Liquid Solid

Any oils can be used to make soap… Any oils can be used to make soap…

Linseed OilPalm oil

Coconut oil

Fish oil

Oil/FatOil/Fat HardnesHardnesss

BubblinBubblingg

AdditivAdditive ?e ?

OdorOdor

Palm oilPalm oil ++++++++ ++++ ++++++++

- - - - -- - - - -

Coconut oilCoconut oil ++++++++ ++++++ ++++++++

- - - - -- - - - -

Linseed oilLinseed oil - - - - -- - - - - ++++++++ - - - - -- - - - - ++++++++++

Sunflower Sunflower oil oil

- - - - - - - - ++++++ - - - -- - - - ++++++++

Soya oilSoya oil - - -- - - ++++++ - - -- - - ++++++++

Walnut oilWalnut oil ++++++++ ++++ ++++++ - - -- - -

Tallow Tallow (beef)(beef)

++++++ - - - -- - - - ++++++ - - - -- - - -

Characteristics of soap made from some oil :

Marseille soap = 72 % oil, with no colouring or artificial additives

Marseille Soap is traditionally green or white :

(Coprah oil ~ Coconut oil)

Green Soap:At least 50% Olive Oil, 22% Coprah oil

White Soap:At least 50% Palm Oil, 22% Coprah oil

Where does Potassium come from ?

… … ashesashes % (K% (K22COCO33))

WoodWood 1010Corn residuesCorn residues 5050

BeanBean 2727

Banana peelBanana peel 4242

Banana treeBanana tree 5050

Orange peel Orange peel 2727

Potatoe peelPotatoe peel 2828

Lemon peelLemon peel 3131

Wood ashes Wood ashes contain up to contain up to 10 % of K10 % of K22COCO33

Where does Sodium come from ?

The Glasswort grow on The Glasswort grow on beaches, it’s a salt beaches, it’s a salt tolerant plant witch tolerant plant witch contain up to 40% of contain up to 40% of NaNa22COCO33

Glasswort ‘s foliage turns red in autumn

The lye making processThe lye making process

First, place a layer of straw at the bottom of a bottomless barrel Then place ashes in the bottomless barrel

Next, pour water above and wait for lye solution

(2Na++CO32-) (2K++CO3

2-)

The lye solution obtained is :

or

Production of NaOH and KOH by electrolysis…Production of NaOH and KOH by electrolysis…

……of of aqueous solution of NaCl or KClaqueous solution of NaCl or KCl

Sea water : 0.6 mol.L-1 NaCl

Using Using KKOHOH Using Using NaNaOHOH

Soft soap

Hard soap

Human’s fat

Lye

Tyler’s Soap

Oil/FatOil/Fat mg mg KOH/ 1g KOH/ 1g FatFat

mg mg NaOH/ 1g NaOH/ 1g FatFat

Palm oilPalm oil 200200 142142

Coconut Coconut oiloil

256256 181181

Linseed Linseed oiloil

187187 132132

Sunflower Sunflower oil oil

190190 134134

Soya oilSoya oil 192192 136136

Lard Lard (pork)(pork)

195195 138138

Tallow Tallow (beef)(beef)

197197 140140

How many lye ?How many lye ?

Saponification value:Saponification value:

Lye needed (mg) to saponify 1 g of fat

First step: mix fat and lyeFirst step: mix fat and lye

At 120°F during 20 minutes

120°F = 50°C

Second step: salting outSecond step: salting out

Mixture of Soap Mixture of Soap and Glycerinand Glycerin

A salt (NaCl) was added

Soap

Glycerin, (Na++ Cl-)

Soap is less soluble in salt water than in fresh water

Glycerin or not ?Glycerin or not ?

Soap are more transparents

Like Tyler’s or Marseille’s soap

Yes No