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romis samarTali(safuZvlebi)

sanivTo

samarTali II

2009 1DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) sanivTo samarTali II

sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSoba

romaeli iuristebi ganasxvavebdnen sakuTrebisuflebis warmoSobis Tavdapirvel da nawarmoebgzebs:

Tavdapirveli SeZenis dros sakuTrebis uflebawarmoiSoba xelaxla, imis miuxedavad, Tu manamdera ufleba arsebobda nivTze;

aq upirveles yovlisa igulisxmeba iseTi nivTebi, romelTacmesakuTre ara yavs (mag. upatrono nivTebi), an yavs, magramamis miuxedavad mainc warmoiSveba sakuTrebis ufleba (mag. xandazmulobiT).

nawarmoebia gza Tu sakuTrebis ufleba efuZnebawina mesakuTris uflebas mocemul nivTze.



sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobisTavdapirveli gzebia:

• okupacio (occupatio)

• napovari (mitovebuli nivTis res derelictae)

• ganZi (thesaurus)

• namati (accessio)

• gadamuSaveba (specificacio)

• xandazmuloba (usucapio)



okupacio (occupatio) _ laTinuriiuridiuli andazis Tanaxmadupatrono (aravis sakuTrebaSi myofinivTi) imis sakuTrebaa vinc maspirveli daeufleba (daepatroneba) _ res nullius cedit primo occupanti. am kategoriis nivTebs miekuTvnebodamag. gareuli cxovelebi, frinvelebi, Tevzebi, zRvis gamoriyuli nivTebida sxva.



`amrigad, gareuli cxovelebi, frinvelebida Tevzebi, e.i. yvela cocxali arseba, romelic miwaSi, zRvaSi an caSi Cndeba, rogorc ki maT vinme miitacebs, xalxTasamarTliT maSinve misi (am piris) kuTvnileba xdeba. xolo is rac adrearavis ar ekuTvnoda, bunebis kanoniTimas ekuTvnis, vinc mas daeufla da araaqvs mniSvneloba gareuli cxoveli dafrinveli pirma Tavis miwaze miitaca Tusxvisaze.~ instituciebi, wigni II, tituli I, 12.



`Tu vinme sanadirod an frinvelis dasaWerad sxvismiwis nakveTSi Seva, miwis mesakuTres, rasakvirvelia, Tuki is amas SeamCnevs, SeuZlia, romam pirs Tavis miwis nakveTSi Sesvla aukrZalos. xolo is, rac Sen daiWire, Senad iTvleba manamde, sanam igi Seni zedamxedvelobis qveS aris. magramrodesac igi Sens zedamxedvelobas gaeqceva dabunebriv Tavisuflebas daibrunebs, maSin igi SeniaRar iqneba da isev imas miekuTvneba vinc masdaeufleba; xolo bunebrivi Tavisuflebis[mdgomareobaSi] dabrunebulad cxoveli iTvlebamaSin, rodesac igi Seni mxedvelobis aredan gamovaan Sen mas xedav, magram misi daWera Znelia.~ instituciebi, wigni II, tituli I, 12.



`aseTi kiTxva daisva: Tu gareuli cxoveli iseadaWrili, rom misi daWera SeiZleba, igi maSinveSens sakuTrebad iTvleba Tu ara? zogma [am kiTxvas] upasuxa, rom igi maSinve Seni xdeba, damanamde iTvleba Senad, sanam mas misdev. magramTu Sen mis devnas Sewyvet, maSin igi Senad aRarCaiTvleba da imas miekuTvneba, vinc mas isev(Semdeg) daeufleba. sxvebi ki miiCneven, rom igi(gareuli cxoveli) sxvagvarad Senad arCaiTvleba, Tu ar daiWire. xolo Cven esukanaskneli mosazreba davamtkiceT, radgan, Cveulebriv, mravali iseTi ram xdeba, romSeiZleba [nadiri] ver daiWiro.~ instituciebi, wigniII, tituli I, 13.



`kunZuli, romelic zRvaSi warmoiSveba, raciSviaTad xdeba, imas ekuTvnis, vinc masdaeufleba, radgan iTvleba, rom igi aravisekuTvnis.~ instituciebi, wigni II, tituli I, 22.

`agreTve margalitebi, Zvirfasi qvebi da sxvaamgvari [sagnebi], romlebsac zRvis napirzepouloben, bunebiTi samarTliT maSinvempovnels miekuTvneba.~ instituciebi, wigni II, tituli I, 18.

igive reJimi vrceldeboda aseve mtrisaTviswarTmeul an mesakuTrisagan mitovebulnivTze.



`aseve is, rasac Cven mterTaganvitacebT, xalxTa samarTliTmaSinve Cveni xdeba, imdenadac ki, rom Tavisufali adamianebic Cvenimonebi xdebian. magram Tuki isiniCvens xelisuflebas Tavs daaRwevenda Tavisianebs daubrundebian, [maSinisini] TavianT Zvel statuss(mdgomareobas) aRidgenen.~ instituciebi, wigni II, tituli I, 18.



`yvelaze ufro swori Cans is, rom Tuvinme mesakuTris mier mitovebuladmiCneul nivTs daeufleba, igi maSinvemisi mesakuTre xdeba. xolomitovebul nivTad iTvleba is nivTi, romelic mesakuTrem im ganzraxviTmiatova, rom aRar surs, rom (es) nivTimas ekuTvnodes da amitom igi maSinvemesakuTred yofnas wyvets.~ inst., w.II, t.I, 12.



ganZis (thesaurus) povna aseve warmoadgendasakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobisTavdapirvel gzas. ganZi dafluli(damaluli) unda yofiliyo xolo misimesakuTris dadgena SeuZlebeli. swored esganasxvavebda ganZs napovarisagan, amasTanTu napovari [nivTi] faseulobaswarmoadgenda (anu ivaraudeboda, rom patrons

masze uari ar qonda naTqvami) da patronisdadgena SesaZlebeli iyo, aseTi nivTismimTvisebeli qurdad CaiTvleboda.



`ganZi, romelic pirma Tavis miwaSi ipova, RvTaebrivmaadrianem bunebiTi samarTlianobis Sesabamisad imasmiakuTvna, vinc igi ipova. da igive [wesi] daadginaman im SemTxvevaSic, Tu vinmem saRmrTo an religiur adgilze SemTxveviT ganZi ipova. xoloTu piri ganZs sxvis miwaSi SemTxveviT aRmoaCensise, rom igi arc uZebnia, misi naxevari [adrianem] miwis mesakuTres miakuTvna. Sesabamisad amisa, manvedaadgina, rom Tu vinme ganZs cezaris miwaSi ipovis, naxevari mpovnels ekuTvnis, naxevari ki _ cezars, rasac aseve Seesabameba is, rom Tu vinme ganZssajaro an fiskis (saxazino) miwaSi ipovis, naxevarimas ekuTvnis, naxevari ki _ fisks an saxelmwifos(`civitas~).~ instituciebi, wigni II, tituli I, 39.



namati (accessio) _ aseT SemTxvevadSegviZlia ganvixiloT napirismonaleqi an bunebrivi movlenebisSedegad SeerTebuli miwis nakveTi; kunZuli mdinareSi; nayofi; nargavebi, romlebic sxvis miwaze fesvsgaidgamen; aseve sxvis miwaze Senoba-nagebobebis ageba; (ხდომილება და მოქმედება)



`garda amisa, xalxTa samarTliT SengekuTvnis isic, rasac monaleqi(monayari) miwis saxiT wyali Sensmiwis nakveTs miumatebs. monaleqi miwaki [miwis] SeumCneveli matebaa. xolomonaleqi miwis saxiT mimatebulad is [miwa] iTvleba, romelic ise TandaTanemateba, rom ver gaigeb, Tu droisromel momentSi ramdeni miemata.~ instituciebi, wigni II, tituli I, 30.



`magram Tu wylis nakadis simZlavre Sensmiwas raRac nawils Camoaglejs damezoblis miwis nakveTs miayris, aSkaraa, rom igi Sens sakuTrebad rCeba. rasakvirvelia, Tu miwis es naglejiufro didxans darCeba mezoblisnakveTSi da xeebic, romlebic man Tan waiRo, mezoblis miwaSi fesvebsgaidgamen, drois am momentidan igimezoblis miwis nakveTze mimatebuladiTvleba.~ instituciebi, wigni II, tituli I, 30.



`magram Tu kunZuli mdinareSi warmoiSva rac xSiradxdeba, Tu igi Tanac mdinaris SuaSi mdebareobs, igi saerToa im pirebisaTvis, romlebic mdinarisorive mxares, napirTan, miwis nakveTs floben, proporciulad TiToeuli miwis nakveTiskuTvnili napiris sigrZisa. xolo Tu kunZulimdinaris erT romelime napirTan ufro axlosmdebareobs, maSin igi mxolod im pirebs ekuTvniT, romlebic mdinaris [swored] am napirTan miwisnakveTs floben. xolo Tu mdinare sadme iyofa daSemdeg qveviT isev erTiandeba, ris Sedegadacvinmes miwis nakveTs kunZulad aqcevs, miwis esnakveTi imasve darCeba, visic manamde iyo.~ instituciebi, wigni II, tituli I, 22.



`Tu ticiusi sxvis nergebs Tavis miwaze dargavs, isini Tavad mas miekuTvneba da piriqiT, Tuticiusi Tavis nergebs meviusis miwaze dargavs, maSin nergebi meviusis iqneba, Tu orive SemTxvevaSinergebi fesvebs gaidgams. xolo vidre nergebifesvebs gaidgamen, nergebi imisi iqneba, visacmanamde ekuTvnoda... vinaidan gonebiT dauSvebelia, rom xe romelime sxva piris sakuTrebadCaiTvalos da ara im pirisa, romlis miwaSic man fesvebi gaidga. da amitomac mezoblis miwisnakveTis sazRvarTan darguli xe, Tu igi fesvebsmezoblis miwis nakveTSic gaidgams, saerTosakuTreba xdeba.~ instituciebi, wigni II, tituli I, 31.



`xolo ra safuZvelzec nergebi, romlebmac miwaSi fesvebi gaidges, imavesafuZvelze xorbalic, romelic miwaSidaTeses, miwis kuTvnilebad miiCneva.~ instituciebi, wigni II, tituli I, 32.

`imave [bunebiTi] samarTliT SenvegekuTvnis agreTve [yvelaferi] isic, racSens sakuTrebaSi myof cxovelebsuCndeba.~instituciebi, wigni II, tituli I, 19.



`asoebic, Tundac isini oqrosi iyos, isevemiekuTvneba qaRalds (papiruss) an pergaments, rogorc ekuTvnis miwas, Cveulebriv yvelaferiis, rac iq Sendeba an iTeseba.~ instituciebi, wigniII, tituli I, 33.

`Tu vinme sxvis dafaze daxatavs, zogis azriT, dafa naxats ekuTvnis, zogsac miaCnia, romnaxati, rogoric ar unda iyos is, dafasmiekuTvneba. Cven ki vTvliT, rom umjobesiadafa naxats miekuTvnos, radgan sasaciloa, romapelesis an parhaziusis naxati, rogorc misiSemadgeneli nawili, iaffasian dafasekuTvnodes.~ instituciebi, wigni II, tituli I, 34.



`Tu vinme Tavisi masaliT sxvis miwazesaxls aaSenebs, maSin saxli im pirissakuTreba iqneba, visic miwaa. magramam SemTxvevaSi saxlis mesakuTreTavis sakuTrebas kargavs, vinaidan[masala] misi surviliTgasxvisebulad iTvleba, yovelSemTxvevaSi misTvis ucnobi ar iyo, rom igi [saxls] sxvis miwazeiSenebda.~ instituciebi, wigni II, tituli I, 30.



`rodesac vinme Tavis miwaze sxvisi masaliTSenobas aagebs, igi Tavad iTvleba SenobismesakuTred, vinaidan yvelaferi, racmiwaze Sendeba, am miwis nakveTs ekuTvnis. magram am mizeziT is piri, romelicmasalis mesakuTre iyo, mainc ar wyvetsmasalis mesakuTred yofnas, magram, amavedros, mas arc vindicireba SeuZlia daarc am nivTis warmodgenis moTxovnaTormeti dafis (tabulis) kanonebis gamo,

2009 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI 21


romliTac dadgenilia, rom ar SeiZlebavinme vaiZuloT, rom Tavis SenobaSiCaSenebuli sxvisi mori gamoiRos, magramman misi (e.i. masalis) ormagi Rirebulebaunda gadaixados im sarCelis safuZvelze, romelsac ,,de tigno junctum~ _ CaSenebulimoris Sesaxeb sarCeli _ ewodeba, /xolosaxelwodeba tignum _ mori aRniSnavsyvelanair masalas, romlisganacnagebobebi Sendeba/.



es imitom iqna gaTvaliswinebuli, rom Senobebis dangreva aucilebeli ar gamxdariyo. magram Tu rame mizeziT Senoba daingra, maSin masalis mesakuTres SeeZleba moris vindicireba da misi warmodgenis moTxovna, Tu mas [masalis] ormagi Rirebuleba ukve aRebuli ara aqvs.~ inst., wigni II, tituli I, 30.



gadamuSaveba (specificacio)

nivTze sakuTrebis ufleba warmoiSobodaaseve axali nivTis Seqmnisas. Tu masalaim pirs ekuTvnoda, vinc axali nivTiSeqmna maSin axali nivTis mesakuTrec is iqneboda; magram ra iqneboda Tu nivTisxvisi masaliT Seiqmna, amasTandakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli midgomaarsebobda prokulusianelTa dasabinusianelTa Soris.



prokulusi da sabinus mazuriusi ax.w. I s. cxovrobdnen; prokulusis mimdevrebiTvlidnen, rom miuxedavad masalis didimniSvnelobisa, axali nivTis SeqmnaSimainc gadamwyveti iyo axali forma daSesabamisad axali nivTis mesakuTrec is iqneboda vinc es nivTi Seqmna; sabinusianelebi ki gadamwyvetmniSvnelobas masalas aniWebdnen daSesabamisad axali nivTis mesakuTredacmasalis patrons miiCnevdnen.



`rodesac vinme sxvisi masalisagan rames amzadebs, Cveulebriv, kiTxva ismis: romeli maTgani iqnebabunebis kanoniT am nivTis mesakuTre? is, vincnivTi gaakeTa, Tu ufro is, visac masalaekuTvnoda. ase magaliTad, Tu vinmem sxvisi yurZnis, zeTisxilis an TavTavisgan [Sesabamisad] Rvino dazeTi daayena, an xorbali dafqva; an sxvisi oqros, vercxlis an spilenZisagan raime WurWeligamoWeda; an sxvisi Rvinisa da Taflis SereviTsasmeli (Taflis Rvino) Camoasxa; an sxvisiwamlebisgan salbuni an malamo daamzada; an sxvisi Salisgan tanisamosi Sekera (moqsova); an kidev sxvisi ficrebiT gemi aago, da karada an savarZeli gaakeTa.~instituciebi, wigni II, tituli I, 25.



`sabinianelebsa da prokulianelebs Soris warmoebulimravali davis Semdeg gadawyda, rom Sualeduri azrimieRoT: Tu sagnis [isev] masalad aRdgena SeiZleba, maSin [sagani] imis sakuTrebad iTvleba, vinc masalismesakuTre iyo. xolo Tu sagnis isev masalad qcevaSeuZlebelia, maSin umjobesia sagnis mesakuTred is miviCnioT, vinc igi daamzada. ase magaliTad, WurWeligadnobiT SeiZleba isev nedli spilenZis, vercxlis an oqros zodad iqces. magram Rvinis, zeTis an xorblisisev yurZnad, zeTisxilad an TavTavad qcevaSeuZlebelia; arc Taflisa da Rvinis SereviTdamzadebuli sasmelis isev Taflad da Rvinod aRdgenaaris SesaZlebeli.~ instituciebi, wigni II, tituli I, 25.



`xolo Tu vinme rame sagans nawilobrivTavisi da nawilobriv sxvisi masalisgandaamzadebs, Tu, magaliTad, vinme sasmelsTavisi Rvinisagan da sxvisi Taflisagandaayenebs, an rogorc Tavisi, aseve sxvisiwamlebisagan salbuns an malamosdaamzadebs da an Tavisi da sxvisiSalisgan tansacmels moqsovs, am SemTxvevaSi, saeWvo ar aris, rom mesakuTreis iqneba, vinc sagani daamzada, radganacman ara marto Tavisi Sroma daxarja[nivTis dasamzadeblad], aramed _ nawilobriv Tavisive masalac.~ instituciebi, wigni II, tituli I, 25.



`magram Tu vinmem sxvisi Zoweuli (porfiri) Tavis tansacmelSi Caaqsova, miuxedavadimisa, rom Zoweuli ufro Zviria, igi, rogorc Tanamdevi (damxmare) nivTi, [mTavar nivTs] _ tansacmels eqvemdebarebada im pirs, romelic Zoweulis mesakuTreiyo, im piris winaaRmdeg, romelmacZoweuli miitaca, aqvs qurdobis sarCelida kondiqcia, gindac igi is piri iyos, romelmac tansacmeli Sekera, gindac _ vinme sxva.~ instituciebi, wigni II, tituli I, 26.



`Tu ori mesakuTris masala orive [mxaris] TanxmobiTerTmaneTSi iqneba Sereuli, mTeli es nivTi, romelicSerevis Sedegad Seiqmna, orivesTvis saerTo iqneba, magaliTad, Tu TavianT Rvinoebs Seureven, an vercxlisaTu oqros zodebs Seadnoben. xolo Tu sxvadasxvamasalaa, da maTi SereviT mesame saxis nivTi iqnamiRebuli, magaliTad, Rvinisa da Taflis SereviT _ Taflis Rvino... maSinac igive wesi moqmedebs. radgan am SemTxvevaSic saeWvo ar aris, rom axali nivTi[orivesTvis] saerToa. xolo Tu sxvadasxvagvari an erTi da imave saxis masala erTmaneTSi SemTxveviT an mesakuTreTa Tanxmobis gareSe iqna Sereuli, am SemTxvevaSic dadginda, rom imave wesma imoqmedos.~instituciebi, wigni II, tituli I, 26.



xandazmuloba (usucapio)ukanono, magram keTilsindisieri mflobeliSeiZleboda gamxdariyo nivTis mesakuTre, Tu nivTis (uwindeli) mesakuTregansazRvruli vadis ganmavlobaSi arwaradgenda sarCels misi nivTis ukanonomflobelisagan gamoTxovis Taobaze. mflobelobiTi xandazmulobiT pirixdeba im nivTis mesakuTre, romelsacfaqtiurad flobda kanoniTgansazRvruli vadis ganmavlobaSi.



amasTanave saxeze aucileblad undayofiliyo ganuwyveteli keTilsindisierimflobeloba garkveuli droisganmavlobaSi. mitacebuli nivTi, arSeiZleboda mimtaceblis sakuTrebagamxdariyo, magaliTad piri, romelmacsaxazino sakuTrebaSi arsebuli momijnavemiwis nakveTis nawili miizoma verasodesgaxdeboda am miwis mesakuTre.

xandazmulobis vadebi droTa ganmavlobaSiicvleboda.



`civiluri samarTliT dadgenili iyo, rom Tupiri meore pirisgan, romelic mesakuTre ariyo, magram mas igi mesakuTred Tvlida, nivTsiyidda an Cuqebis Tu sxva romelime kanoniersafuZvelze SeiZenda, igi mflobelobisxandazmulobiT sakuTrebis uflebas am nivTze, Tu igi moZravi iyo, yvelgan erTweliwadSi SeiZenda, xolo Tu uZravi, maSin or weliwadSi da [isic] mxolod italiis miwaze, raTa sakuTrebis ufleba nivTze gaurkveveliar darCeniliyo.~ instituciebi, wigni II, tituli VI.



`Cven amis Sesaxeb konstitucia gamoveciT, romliTac dadginda, rom mflobelobis xandazmulobiT moZrav nivTebze sakuTrebis uflebas iZenen sam weliwadSi, xolo uZrav nivTebze ki _ ufro xangrZlivi drois mflobelobiT, saxeldobr, adgilas myofni _ aT weliwadSi, adgilas armyofni ki _ oc weliwadSi, da aseTi wesiT iZenen nivTebze sakuTrebis uflebas, Tu amas mflobelobis kanonieri safuZveli uZRvis win, ara marto italiaSi, aramed yvela mxareSi, romelic Cvens xelisuflebas eqvemdebareba.~ instituciebi, w. II,t.VI.



`magram zogjer, Tundac piri nivTsmTeli keTilsindisierebiTflobdes, mflobelobisxandazmulobiT sakuTrebisuflebas am nivTze, ra droc undagavides, igi mainc ver moipovebs, magaliTad, Tu piri Tavisufaladamians, saRmrTo an religiurnivTs an gaqceul monas flobs.~ instituciebi, w. II, t. VI, 1.



`naqurdal da ZaladobiT mitacebulnivTebze mflobelobisxandazmulobiT sakuTrebisuflebas ver SeiZenen, Tundac maTzemoT aRniSnuli xangrZlividrois ganmavlobaSikeTilsindisierad flobdnen.~ instituciebi, w. II, t. VI, 1.



sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobisnawarmoebi gzebia:

• mancipacia (mantipatio) _ civiluri

samarTliT

• uflebis daTmoba (in iure cesio) _

civiluri samarTliT

• gadacema (traditio)



mancipacia (mantipatio)sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis es xerxi

gaTvaliswinebuli iyo mxolod romismoqalaqeebisaTvis da marto mancipirebadinivTebis SesaZenad.

mancipaciis ritualis Casatareblad gamyidveliwarmoadgenda gasayid, mancipirebad nivTs (mag. monas an simbolurad miwis belts). garigebaseswreboda xuTi mowme, gamyidvelis axlonaTesavebidan, raTa momavalSi daedasturebinaTgarigeba da amasTan maTi mxridan arwarmoSobiliyo SemdgomSi pretenziebi.



garigebas eswreboda aseve mwonavi sasworiTa daspilenZis naWriT. myidveli warmoTqvamdawinaswar gansazRvrul frazas: `amgvarad me vamtkiceb, rom es kaci kvirituli samarTliT me mekuTvnis, ramdenadac is Cemi nayidia am spilenZisa da am sasworis meSveobiT.~ am sityvebis warmoTqmis mere, myidveli daartyamdaspilenZis naWers sasworis pinas da gadascemdagamyidvels, rogorc safasuris gadacemissimbolos. am momentidan nivTis mesakuTredmyidveli iTvleboda.


sanivTo samarTali II

`mancipacia… Semdegnairad xdeba: moiwveven rasrulwlovan romis moqalaqeTagan aranaklebxuT mowmes da garda amisa, imave mdgomareobiskidev sxva pirs, romelmac xelSi spilenZissaswori unda daiWiros da romelsac mwonavsuwodeben, piri, romelic mancipiums iZens(yidulobs), uWiravs ra xelSi spilenZi, ambobsSemdegs: `vamtkiceb, rom es mona kviritulisamarTliT me mekuTvnis da is unda CaiTvalosam spilenZiTa da spilenZis sasworis meSveobiTCem mier nayidad~; Semdeg igi am liTonssasworze daartyams da mas rogorc [nivTis] fass gadascems im pirs, visganac nivTs(mancipium-s) iZens~. gaiusi, instituciebi, I, 119.


sanivTo samarTali II

`xolo spilenZsa da saswors imitom iyeneben, romwinaT mxolod spilenZis fuliTsargeblobdnen da arsebobda [spilenZis] assi; da xmarebaSi ar iyo arc erTi oqros an vercxlis moneta, rogorc es Tormeti tabuliskanonebidan Cans; am monetebis Zalasa daRirebulebas maTi raodenoba ki argansazRvravda, aramed spilenZis wona. magaliTad, assi iwonida [erT] funts; da essaxelwodeba dRemde ixmareba. ase rom, winaT, rodesac vinmes fuls aZlevdnen, ki ariTvlidnen, aramed wonidnen~. gaiusi, instituciebi, I, 122.



uflebis daTmoba (in iure cesio)

uflebis daTmobisaTvis gamoyenebuli iyomoCvenebiTi sasamarTo paeqrobis forma. mxareebi viTom sasamarTlos winaSecdilobdnen nivTze TavianTi uflebisdamtkicebas; myidveli gamodiodamosarCelis rolSi da moiTxovda TavisikuTvnili nivTis ukan dabrunebas; gamyidveli gangeb ar scemda pasuxsmosarCeles da Cumad iyo. es ki iTvlebodamosarCelis pretenziebisdasakmayofileblad sakmaris safuZvlad.



gadacema (traditio)am gziT sakuTrebis uflebis SesaZenad saWiro iyo

a)nivTis faqtobrivi gadacema da b)samarTlebrivisafuZveli; faqtobriv gadacemasTan erTadsakmaris safuZvlad SeiZleboda simbolurigadacemac CaTvliliyo. samarTlebrivi safuZveliSeiZleboda yofiliyo xelSekruleba (mag. Cuqebis, nasyidobis da sxva).

axal mesakuTres ar SeiZleboda imaze metiuflebebi qonoda, rac Zvel mesakuTres gaaCnda(mag. Tu nivTze arsebobda servitutis ufleba esufleba ucvleli darCeboda)



`bunebiTi samarTlis mixedviT Cven nivTebsviZenT agreTve gadacemis (,,traditio~) saSualebiT. sinamdvileSi bunebiTsamarTlianobas araferi ise arSeesabameba, rogorc is, rom mesakuTrisnebas, romelsac surs, rom Tavisi nivTisxvas gadasces, kanonis Zala eniWeba. daamitom SesaZlebelia nebismieri saxissxeulebrivi nivTebis gadacema, da am gadacemiT isini mesakuTris miergasxvisdebian.~ instituciebi, w. II, t. I, 40.



`xolo Tu nivTebs, agreTve naCuqrobis, mziTvis an sxva nebismier safuZvelzegadascemen, [sakuTrebis ufleba], ueWvelad, gadacemuli iqneba. magramgayiduls da gadacemuls myidvelimxolod maSin SeiZens, Tu igi gamyidvelsfass gadauxdis... magram Tu is piri, romelmac [nivTi] gayida, myidvelis[gadaxdis] pirobas miiRebs, maSin, undaiTqvas, rom nivTi maSinve myidvelisa gaxdeba.~ instituciebi, w. II, t. I, 41.



`zogjer nivTis gadasacemad mxolodmesakuTris nebis [gamoxatvac] kisakmarisia da [Tavad] nivTis gadacema araris saWiro: magaliTad, Tu vinmem nivTi, romelic gaTxova, mogaqirava an Sesanaxadmogabara, Semdeg mogyida an gaCuqa. radganmiuxedavad imisa, rom SenTvis nivTi amissafuZvelze ar gadmoucia, magram Tavadimis gamo, rom igi uSvebs, rom [nivTi] SengekuTvnodes, [amitom] nivTi maSinve SenisakuTreba xdeba, TiTqos igi swored am mizniT iyos gadmocemuli.~ inst., w. II, t. I, 41.



`garda amisa, Tu vinme sawyobSi Senaxulsaqonels gayidis da Tan myidvels sawyobisgasaRebsac gadascems, maSin am saqonelzesakuTrebis ufleba myidvelze gadadis.

ufro metic, zogjer mesakuTris gamoxatulnebas sakuTrebis ufleba ucnob pirzec kigadaaqvs. ase, magaliTad, pretorebma an konsulebma, romlebic brbos saCuqrebsuyrian, ar ician, Tu TiToeuli maTgani rasmiiRebs, magram vinaidan maT surT, romTiToeul maTgans ekuTvnodes is, rac man miiRo, amis gamo isini mas maSinvemesakuTred aqceven.~instituciebi, w. II, t. I, 45, 46.



sakuTrebis ufleba SeiZlebodaSewyvetiliyo ise, rom sxvissasargeblod ar warmoSobiliyo.

sakuTrebis ufleba Sewydeboda:

• nivTis ganadgurebis SemTxvevaSi

• nivTis samoqalaqo brunvidan amoRebiT

• qonebis konfiskaciis SemTxvevaSi

• Tu mesakuTrem uari Tqva nivTze

• xandazmulobiT



saerTo sakuTreba (TanasakuTreba)

(communio)

TanasakuTrebas adgili qonda imSemTxvevaSi, rodesac ramdenime pirssakuTrebis ufleba erT nivTzegaaCnda. aseT SemTxvevaSi TiToeulmesakuTres ekuTvnoda ara nivTisnawili, aramed sakuTrebis uflebisnawili.



sakuTrebis uflebis dacva

romis samarTali kviritulsakuTrebas icavda sami sarCeliT:

• vindikacia (vindicatio)

• negatoruli sarCeli (actio negatoria)

• prohibitoriuli sarCeli (actio

prohibitoria)



vindikacia (vindicatio)

am gziT aramflobeli mesakuTregamoTxovda nivTs ukanonomflobelisagan. aseT SemTxvevaSimtkicebis tvirTi mTlianadmesakuTreze iyo. mflobelissasargeblod is faqti metyvelebdarom nivTi mis mflobelobaSi iyo. termini vindikacia momdinareobssityvidan vindicta, rac joxs aRniSnavda.



negatoruli sarCeli (actio negatoria)(sarCeli uaryofis Sesaxeb)

negatoruli sarCeli aRiZvrebodamflobeli mesakuTris mier, imSemTxvevaSi, rodesac gareSe piriaviwroebda mas da ar aZlevdasaSualebas survilisamebrgamoeyenebina nivTi. mag. acxadebda, rom mas ekuTvnis servitutisufleba mocemul nivTze.



prohibitoriuli sarCeli

(actio prohibitoria)(sarCeli winaaRmdegobis gawevis Sesaxeb)

prohibitoriuli sarCeli aRiZvreboda im SemTxvevaSi Tu vinme Tavis ezoSi iseT nagebobas aaSenebda, romelic mezobels fanjrebs ubnelebda an sxvagvarad awuxebda.



ufleba sxvis nivTze (iure in re aliena)sakuTrebis uflebis garda sanivTouflebebs miekuTvneboda aseve uflebebisxvis nivTze. am uflebebis yvelazemniSvnelovan kategorias servitutebiwarmoadgenda, amas garda aRsaniSnaviaaseve emfiTevzisi da superficia, giravnobis samarTali.

servitutebis warmoSoba ganpirobebuli iyomiwaze kerZo sakuTrebis CamoyalibebiT.



servitutebi (servitute) iyofoda sanivTo-saadgilmamulo servitutebad(servitutes praediorum) da piradservitutebad (servitutes personarum).

sanivTo-saadgilmamulo servitutebiiyofoda sasoflo servitutebad(servitutes praediorum rusticorum) dasaqalaqo servitutebad (servitutes

praediorum urbanorum).



`soflis miwis nakveTebis (adgil-mamulebis) uflebebia (servitutebia): gavlis ufleba, pirutyvis gadenisufleba, gzis ufleba da wylisgayvanis ufleba. gavlis ufleba aris[sxvis miwaze] adamianis gavlisa daseirnobis, magram ara pirutyvisgadenisa da oTxTvaliT gavlisufleba. pirutyvis gadenis uflebaaris [sxvis miwaze] pirutyvis gadenisada oTxTvaliT gavlis ufleba.



amrigad, visac gavlis ufleba aqvs, mas pirutyvisgadenis an oTxTvaliT gavlis ufleba ar gaaCnia, magram visac pirutyvis gadenis an oTxTvaliTgavlis ufleba aqvs, mas gavlis uflebac gaaCniada misi gamoyeneba (am uflebiT sargebloba) pirutyvis [gadenis] gareSec SeuZlia. gzis uflebaaris [sxvis miwaze] gavlis, pirutyvis gadenis an oTxTvaliT gavlisa da seirnobis ufleba, vinaidan gzis ufleba moicavs, rogorc gavlisuflebas, aseve pirutyvis gadenis an oTxTvaliTgavlis uflebas. wylis gayvanis ufleba aris[sxvis miwaze] wylis gayvanis ufleba.



1. qalaqis miwis nakveTebis (adgil-mamulebis) servitutebs miekuTvnebian servitutebi, romlebicSenobebTan aris dakavSirebuli, da qalaqis adgil-mamulebis servitutebad iwodebian imis gamo, romqalaqis yoveli Senoba adgil-mamulad iwodeba, Tundac igi qalaqgareT iyos aSenebuli. gardaamisa, qalaqis adgil-mamulebis servitutebimdgomareobs imaSi, rom mezobelma mezoblissiZneleebi moiTminos; Tavis kedelSi mezobelskoWis Cadgmis ufleba misces; dauSvas an ardauSvas Tavis saxlze wvimis wylis Rarisa daTavis ezoSi wylis sadinaris gayvana. ar aaSenosTavisi saxli ise maRali, rom mezobels saxlidauCrdilos (daubnelos).



2. soflis adgil-mamulebis servitutebs zogisworad miakuTvnebs wyliT sargeblobis uflebas, pirutyvis wyalsasmelad gadenis uflebas, pirutyvis Zovis uflebas, kiris moxarSvisuflebas da qviSis Txris uflebas.

3. xolo am servitutebs saadgilmamuloservitutebs imitom uwodeben, rom maTi dadgenaadgil-mamulebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. marTlac, aravis SeuZlia qalaqis an soflis servitutiSeiZinos, Tu mas adgil-mamuli ara aqvs, da visacadgil-mamuli ara aqvs, mas [am mxriv] arc raimemovaleoba gaaCnia. institiciebi, wigni II, tituli III



piradi servitutis (servitutes personarum) magaliTad SegviZlia davasaxeloTuzurfruqti (usufructus).

`uzufruqti aris sxvisi nivTebiTsargeblobisa da [maTgan] Semosavlis(nayofis) miRebis ufleba am nivTebisarsis (substantia) sruli dacviT(Seucvlelad). sinamdvileSi igi arisnivTze ufleba, romlis (am nivTis) mospobis SemTxvevaSi unda moispos Tavaduflebac.~ institiciebi, wigni II, tituli III



servitutis ufleba SeiZlebodawarmoSobiliyo:

• xandazmulobiT

• mesakuTris surviliT (anderZiT an

xelSekrulebiT)

• sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT



servitutis ufleba SeiZleboda Sewyvetiliyo:

• nivTis ganadgurebiT

• servitutis uflebis mqone pirisgardacvalebiT (piradi servitutisSemTxvevaSi)

• statusSi cvlilebisas (saSualo an maqsimaluri _ piradi servitutis SemTxvevaSi)

• servitutis uflebaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi

• nivTisa da sakuTrebis uflebis gaerTianebiT



sxvis nivTze uflebaTa ricxvs miekuTvnebasxvisi miwiT xangrZlivi droiTsargeblobis ufleba, am uflebismemkvidreobiT gadacemisa da gasxvisebisuflebiT:

1. sasoflo-sameurneo miwisdamuSavebisaTvis _ emfiTevzisi(emphyteusis) da

2. saqalaqo _ am miwaze SenobisagebisaTvis (superficies).



emfiTevzisi gulisxmobda:

1. miwis nakveTiT sargeblobas (nivTisarsis Secvlis uflebiT);

2. nayofis (mosavlis) miRebis uflebas;

3. dagiravebis, memkvidreobiT gadacemis an gasxvisebis uflebas (gasxvisebisSemTxvevaSi unda gaafrTxilosmesakuTre, romelsac aqvs upiratesiSesyidvis ufleba da gasayidi fasis2%-is ufleba).



occupatio

res derelictae

thesaurus

accessio

specificacio

usucapio


in iure cesio

traditio

communio

vindicatio

actio negatoria

actio prohibitoria


iure in re aliena

servitute

servitutes praediorum

servitutes personarum

usufructus

emphyteusis

superficies


romis samarTali (safuZvlebi)

SekiTxvebi?gmadlobT

yuradRebisaTvis!gisurvebT warmatebebs!


sanivto samartali ii - · pdf fileromis samartali (safuzvlebi) sanivto samartali ii sakutrebis...

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