samaysaar h
DESCRIPTION
SamaysaarTRANSCRIPT
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XkCk^kkTkkmAnTRAnTR-AckTkHkwTk#kkbkYkk\kk UnaU-86
CTkYk: U@YkkYkTkv
kmYkR~XkCk^kAnTRAnTRkFkkZkrRv^ kkOkmP
km
bkYkZkbkk@Yko\k CkkQkk bkgbApP GkZkk lcTRm U
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l^kCkP kL bkgbA@Ok : klP 17200
kbPnP Tk^k^kkf bkgbA@Ok : 1000
l^k lTk bkg 2533 l^k bkg 2066 r bk 2010
YknA:bYkplP ktVbkvK
HkwTk l^k
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bkYkUrOk
lHkTckxTkv bk UkYk@ U@ Uk@ UAk@ lAZkk cwlHkTkAm kv@Okkbkv bkYkZkbkk@Ak Zkc Tkn^kkRPwZkk@ cnk cw Hkkv ^Zk kw@ Xkk^kbkvbkYkZkbkk@Am Ykck kXkk^kTkk A@ @cv cybkYkZkbkk@Ykx klUP lTkkZk-^Zk^kck@AmbkglSkUo^ krA lHkTkAk Hkm^kTk cw TkU@YkUoHZk U@Yk-UAk@m bkR~CknRv^ k
(km AkTkHkmb^kkYkm) Akv ZkcTkn^kkR-UnaU ZkTP
XkPXkk^kbkvbkYksUPA@Pk
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Tkn^kkRA(zcYkP\kk\k HkvLk\kk\k #kkc)
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x'3
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km bkYkZkbkk@HkmbPnlP (cl@CkmP)
bkgbkk@m Hkm^kTkkg Xkk^kYk@Okkv Kk]^kk AOkk A@mbkl@Pk ^kck^km bknSkk POkm U|Xkn ^km@! Px bkgHkm^kTkm;#kkvakkPm RvBkm bkl@PTkv AOkkXkmTkk RZkv A@mYknlTkAngR bkgHkm^kTkm bkYkZkU|kXkpP POkv XkkHkTk Xk@m
(TknnU)
AngRAngR @FZkng #kkbk bkklQkZkk YkpPv UoZkkrCk|gQkklSk@kHk! Pk@kYkkg Xkk^kkv Wk|kgMTkk XkZkkr
(l#kBkl@Okm)
ckv! ^kkOkm Pk@m U|#kYk@bk-Xkk^kv TkmP@PmYknYkndknTkv UkPm YkpP@bk gHkl\k Xk@m Xk@m;TkklRTkm YkoGkr l^kak POkm ^k@kQkm P@Pml^kXkk^kvQkm QkgXkm b^kU XkOkm RkvMv Ul@OklP
(#kkRor\kl^kmlMP)
Png Gv lTkkZkCk|gQk XkgCk bkDk]k ^Zk^kck@Tkk XkvR^kkPng U|ekkGmOkm ekkTk Tkv RZkTkm bkglSk bkcn GvR^kk;bkkQkm bkkSkATkkv Png XkkTkn HkCkTkkv bkgRv#k Ykck^km@Tkkvl^kbkkYkkv Xk^k\kkgPTkk RZkTkkv Png UgQk Yknl POkkv
(^kbkgPlP\kAk)
bknOZkv PTkv @bklTkWkgSk l#klQk\k QkkZkHkkOZkv PTkv RZk ekkTkm POkkg HkOkkZk;Png @nFkPkg HkCkPTkm lFk k]bkv bkkwPng @mIkPkg bkA\kekkZkARv^ k @mIkv
(TknnU)
WkTkk^kng Uk AngRTkTkkg @TkkvTkk dk@kv \kBkm;PQkklU AngRbkokkvTkkg gAkZkv Yko\Zk Tkk ARm
zcYkP\kk\k HkvLk\kk\k #kkc
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'4
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TkYk: kmbkYkZkbkk@-U@YkkCkYkkZk
TkYk: kmbkR~CknRv^kkZk
kAk#kAmZk lTk^kvRTk
'kL^kkf bkgbA@Ok
SZkkYkknPl#k@kvYklOk U@YkkCkYk km bkYkZkbkk@ XkCk^kkTk~ km AnTRAnTRkFkkZkrRv^k kOkmPbk^kkvrAp AplP cw CknHk@kPm XkkakkYkx bkAk Ck
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YkpPYkZk cn. lHkTkvk@Rv^kAv bknTkTRTk CknRv^kAm ekkTkA\kk Wk Uo^kr @mlPbkv Bkm\kTkv \kCkm UoHZkCknRv^k HZkkx HZkkx bkYkZkbkk@Am Ckc@krYkx P@Pv CkZkv Zkkx Zkkx bkYkx Av^k\kekkTkm lUPkbkv WkUkwPmYkx kZkvcn. nP lTkSkkTk TkAv bknUnk XkCk^kkTk~ AnTRAnTRkFkkZkrRv^kTkv bkk^kSkkTkmbkv bkn@ldkP @Bkv cn. TckxTkvRvBkv TkvA ^kakr PA bkYkZkbkk@Ak Ckc@krbkv YkTkTk A@TkvAv UkkP~ &lAbkm Xkm kAk@bkv HkCkPAvHkm^k bk^kreklUPkAm bk Yko\Zk WkUkwPmAm AmYkP bkYkIkv kw@ TkklRAk\kmTk RmTkPkAk TP\kkZkv!".vbkm AOkkWknlAv Ak@Ok UoHZk CknRv^kkmTkv bkYkZkbkk@ U@ Uo^kr k^kFkTkkxAk kk@YXklAZkk bkk^krHklTkA bkXkkYkx bk^krkQkYk l^k bkg 1990Ykx @kHkAkvKAv FkkPnYkkrbkAv bkYkZk bkYkZkbkk@ U@k^kFkTk #kn lAZkv"" UoHZk CknRv^kkmTkv bkYkZkbkk@ U@ An\k kmbk Wkk@ k^kFkTk lRZkv cy bkkvTkCkNjK}bKAm kv@bkv UoHZk CknRv^kkmAv bkYkZkbkk@ U@ k^kFkTkkxAv UkfFk Ck|TQk GUA@ klbk ckv CkZkv cy
UoHZk CknRv^kkm UTkm TknXk^k^kkOkm k@k bk U@YkkCkYkAv Ckcm@-CkYXkm@ Xkk^k Hkwbkv HkwbkvBkkv\kPv CkZkv ^kwbkv ^kwbkv YknYkndkn Hkm^kkxAkv bkAk Ykc^k bkYkIkiYkx kPk CkZkk kw@ TkYkxSZkkYk@lbkAPkAv bkkQk bkkQk bk U@YkkCkYkAv klP Xkl .^kg WkcnYkkTk Xkm WkNjPv CkZkv l^k bkg1995Av HZkv ApaOkk YkmAv lRTk bkkvTkCkNjYkx km lRCkYWk@ HkwTk b^kkSZkkZkYklTR@Av DkkKTkAv^kbk@ U@ bkYkx k#kYkYkosP XkCk^kPm UoHZk WklcTkkm FkYUkWkvTkAv Ul^kk A@AYk\kbkv km bkYkZkbkk@U@YkkCkYkAm l^klSkUo^krA klPkbQkkUTkk Am Ckr Qkm
.vbkk YklcYkk^kTP Zkc U@YkkCkYk CknHk@kPm XkkakkYkx kAkl#kP ckv Pkv lHkekkbknkxAkv YkckTk\kkXkAk Ak@Ok ckvCkk .vbkm UoHZk CknRv^kkmAm Ul^kk Xkk^kTkkAkv Ikiv\kA@ km HkwTk lPlQk bkv^kk-bklYklPTkv l^k bkg 1997Ykx bk U@YkkCkYkAk CknHk@kPm Tkn^kkR bklcP kAk#kTk lAZkk PUkkP~ l^kbkg 2009Ykx bkAm lPmZk k^kplk kmYkR~-YkpPFkTbkol@ l^k@lFkP &kYkBZkklP" bkgbApP KmAkbklcP km lRCkYWk@ HkwTk b^kkSZkkZkYklTR@ K}bK bkkvTkCkNjAm kv@bkv kAkl#kP Am Ckr Qkm bkmCknHk@kPm Tkn^kkRAv lcTRm UkTP@Ak Zkc kL^kkf bkgbA@Ok cw
bkkAk@ U@YkkCkYk km bkYkZkbkk@Ak CknHk@kPm .^kg lcTRm kAk#kTk ^kkbP^kYkx UoHZkCknRv^kkmAv kXkk^kAk cm kbkkR cw SZkkYkAk @cbZk bkYkIkikA@ UoHZk CknRv^kkmTkv Hkkv Uk@UAk@ lAZkk cw bkAk ^kOkrTk ^kkOkmAv k@k ^Zk A@TkvYkx Zkc bkgbQkk bkYkQkr cw
kmYkkTk~ bkYkmU bkYkZk^kPmr bkYkZkek kmYkR~ @kHkFkTHkmTkv HkTkbkYkkHkAkv SZkkYk bkYkIkikZkk PQkkSZkkYkkFkk@Av l\kZkv km U@YkknPkXkk^kA YkgM\kAk bQkkUTk lAZkk; bkkAk@ HkTkbkYkkHk U@YknBZk^kv CknHk@kP-bkkw@k} U@TkAk YkckTk UAk@ k^kPrYkkTk cw
Wk CknHk@kPm Tkn^kkRAv l^kakZkYkx :bk k AkvlKAv SZkkYk#kkbkAk CknHk@kPm Tkn^kkRA@TkvAk AkYk bk@\k Tk Qkk CkkQkkbkokAk@ .^kg KmAkAk@ kFkkZkrXkCk^kTPkxAv CkYXkm@ Xkk^k ZkQkkQkrPZkk
'6
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bkn@ldkP @cvbkkAk@ TkAv Xkk^kkxAkv bU#krA@ Tkn^kkR ckv PXkm kAk#kTk bkYkkHkAkv bkYUoOkrPZkk\kkXkRkZkm lbk ckv bkkCZkbkv YknYkndkn Xkkrkm lcYYkP\kk\k HkvLk\kk\k #kkcTkv (UoHZk WklcTkkmFkYUkWkvTkAv XkkrTkv) UTkm knPXklbkv bkAk Tkn^kkR A@ RvTkvAm b^kmAplP RvA@ ^kc AkYk UTkvckQkYkx l\kZkk kw@ TckxTkv Zkc Tkn^kkR-AkZkr bkkfCkkvUkfCk bkYUk lAZkk
bk Ul^kk U@YkkCkYkAv CknHk@kPm Tkn^kkRAk YkckTk AkZkr bkYUk A@Tkv^kk\kv XkkrkmlcYYkP\kk\kXkkr SZkkYk@lbkA l^kkTk~ ckvTkvAv lPl@ CkYXkm@ ^kw@kCZk#kk\km #kkTP kw@ l^k^kvAmbkkTk cy PQkk Al^k Xkm cy TckxTkv bkYkZkbkk@ .^kg bkAm &kYkBZkklP" bkgbApP KmAkAv CknHk@kPmCk
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Qkr :lHkbk Hkm^kTkv kbkklFkkbkv bk FkwPTZkb^kU kYkkAm WkkP Xkm bknTkm cw ^kc Xk^ZkUnak Xkl^kaZkYkx ckvTkv^kk\km YknlAk ^k#Zk XkkHkTk ckvPk cw
UZknr kAk@bkv bknUkk Hkm^k CknCkYkbkv #knFkwPTZkP^kAm ^kkPkrAk kmlPUo^krA k^kOk A@kvkw@ bk U@YkkCkYkAm UkfFk^km CkkQkkYkx AlQkP kFkkZkrXkCk^kkTkAm kekkTknbkk@ bk .A^kl^kXk #knkYkkAkv b^kkTknXk^kkZkdkbkv kYkkOk A@kv
klkTk #knk 10(l^kHkZkkR#kYkm)l^k bkg 2055
bkklcZkkAk#kTkl^kXkkCkkm lRCkYWk@ HkwTk b^kkSZkkZkYkTR@ K}bK
bkkvTkCkNj364250 (bkkw@k})
'8
bkklcZkkAk#kTkl^kXkkCkkm lRCkYWk@ HkwTk b^kkSZkkZkYkTR@ K}bK
bkkvTkCkNj364250 (bkkw@k})
kAk#kAmZk lTk^kvRTk
'Tk^k^kkf bkgbA@OkbkYkZkbkk@ lcTRmAk Zkc Tk^k^kkf bkgbA@Ok kQkYkAm k^kplk Tknbkk@ cm cw YknOkAkZkr
&AckTk YknOkk\kZk"Av Ykkl\kA km ekkTkFkgRHkm HkwTkTkv \U bkYkZkYkx YknlP A@ lRZkk P: K}bKkXkk@ YkkTkPk cw
bkYkZkbkk@ Ck|TQkklSk@kHk cw bkYkx WkPkZkv cn. Xkk^kkxAkv ZkQkkQkr bkYkIkA@ TP@Ykx bkAkUl@OkYkTk A@Av PmTZk ekkTkAm kklk k@k PmTZk kTkTRAkv bkWk Hkm^k kb^kkRTk A@vZkc gP@mA Xkk^kTkk bkc
UoHZk CknRv^kkmAm121^k{ HkTYkHkZkgPmPk 15-05-2010
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lcTRm UkTP@Ak@Am kv@bkv
Yky bkv UTkk U@Yk bkkwXkkCZk YkkTkPk cof lA YknIkv bk ZknCkAv YkckTk kSZkklYkA bkgPkm AkTkHkmb^kkYkmAv bkklkSZkAk bknZkkvCk kkk cnk kw@ TkAv k^kFkTkkxAkv bknTkTkv .^kg Tcx@k}Xkkakk-lcTRmYkx TkolRP A@TkvAk bkkwXkkCZk kkk cnk cw Tk TkolRP Ck|TQkkxYkxbkv &bkYkZkbkk@k^kFkTkklR" Uc\kv kAkl#kP ckv FknAv cy UoHZk AkTkHkmb^kkYkmAv bkklkSZkYkx @cA@ TkvA l^kkTkkxTkvAr kSZkklYkA Ck|TQkkxAm @FkTkk Am cw Tkn^kkR lAZkv cy kw@ bkYUkRTk lAZkk cw Tkl^kkTkkxYkx km lcYYkP\kk\k #kkc PQkk km @kYkHkmXkkr Rkv#km klR kYknBk cy
U@kv l^kkTkkxAv k@k CknHk@kPm XkkakkYkx TkolRP bkYUklRP .^kg l\klBkP TkvA Ck|TQkkxAklcTRm XkkakkTP@ A@TkvAk YknIkv bknZkkvCk lYk\kk cw lHkTkYkx k^kFkTkbkk@ Ykkvdk#kkbk kw@ Zkc bkYkZkbkk@Ck|TQk Xkm cy SZkkYkkvYkm Xkkr km Ang0 TkvYkmFkTRHkm UkKTkmAm kv@Okk bk bknAkZkrYkx l^k#kvakbkkSkA lbk cnr cw kZkvA CkkQkkAk CknHk@kPmbkv lcTRm U
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lHkTkHkmTkm ^kkOkm (@kCkk#kkXkZkkr Ykv k^kmZkk)
bkmYkgSk@ YknBkQkm Vo\kMkg Bk@vvTkm AngRAngR CkogQkv Ykk] @v
lHkTkHkmTkm ^kkOkm Xk\km @v
^kkOkm Xk\km YkTk \kkCkv @]mHkvYkkg bkk@-bkYkZk l#k@PkHk @v
lHkTkHkmTkm ^kkOkm Xk\km @vbkmYkgSk@0
CkogQZkkg UkcnM Tkv CkogQZkng UgFkklbPCkogQZkng U|^kFkTkbkk@ @v
lHkTkHkmTkm ^kkOkm Xk\km @v
CkogQZkng lTkZkYkbkk@ CkogQZkng @ZkOkbkk@CkogQZkkv bkYkZkTkkv bkk@ @v
lHkTkHkmTkm ^kkOkm Xk\km @vbkmYkgSk@0
bZkkR ~^kkR Av@m bkn^kkbkv Xk@v\kkvlHkTkHkmTkkv Ak@TkkR @v
lHkTkHkmTkm ^kkOkm Xk\km @v
^kgRng lHkTkvk@ ^kgRng cng AngRAngR^kgRng v Ak@TkkR @v
lHkTkHkmTkm ^kkOkm Xk\km @vbkmYkgSk@0
cwMv cHkkv Ykk@k Xkk^kv cHkkvYkk@k SZkkTkv cHkkv lHkTk^kkOk @v
lHkTkHkmTkm ^kkOkm Xk\km @v
lHkTkvk@Rv^kTkm ^kkOkmTkk ^kkZk@k^kkHkkv YkTkv lRTk@kP @v
lHkTkHkmTkm ^kkOkm Xk\km @vbkmYkgSk@0
zcYkP\kk\k HkvLk\kk\k #kkc
A B
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bkYkZkbkk@Am YklcYkk
YkkvBk Fkl\k^kvAkw bkkyTk A@YkAkw A@w WkkwTk
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CknTkAkw Ck@gQk lTk@CknTkAky bknCkYk UgQk
HkkAkw Hkbk AcP bkn@v#k An\kP cw
ZkkcmAv Hkn UFGm Pv MjP ekkTkCkCkTkYkx
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TkkKA bknTkP cmZkv VkKA Bkn\kP cwUg WkTkk@bkmRkbkHkm
Qkr :km bkYkZkbkk@ Ykkvdk U@ FkNjTkvAv l\kZkv bkmNjm cw (Qk^kkYkkvdkAm kv@ Fk\kTkvAv l\kZkv #knXk #knATk cw) AYkrAk ^kc ^kYkTk A@Pk cw kw@lHkbk kAk@ Hk\kYkx TkYkA lUDk\k HkkPk cw bkm kAk@ bkYkZkbkk@Av @bkYkxWknSkUnak \kmTk ckv HkkPv cy ^kc CknOkAm CkkfL cw (QkkrP ~ bkYZkCR#krTkklR CknOkkxAkbkYkoc cw) YknlPAk bknCkYk UgQk cw kw@ bkAv (Uk@) Zk#kAk ^kOkrTk A@TkvYkxT Xkm kAnl\kP ckv HkkPk cw bkYkZkbkk@U UgBk^kk\kv (Qk^kk bkYkZkbkk@AvUdk^kk\kv) Hkm^k ekkTkCkCkTkYkx MjPv cy kw@ bkYkZkbkk@U UgBk @lcP (Qk^kkbkYkZkbkk@bkv l^kUdk) Hkm^k HkCkHkk\kYkx \kPv cw bkYkZkbkk@TkkKA (QkkrP~bkYkZkbkk@-U@YkkCkYk lA lHkbkAkv km YkpPFkgkFkkZkrRv^ kTkv TkkKAAm UYkk Rmcw ^kc) #kn bkn^ kOkr bkYkkTk lTkYkr\k cw l^k@kK (Wk|kOM) bkYkkTk bkAk l^kbPk@cw kw@ bkAk k^kOk A@Tkv U@ RZkAv AUkK Bkn\k HkkPv cy
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'11
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TkYk: kmbkR~Ckn@^kv
UkvR~DkkPUkvR~DkkPUkvR~DkkPUkvR~DkkPUkvR~DkkPXkCk^kkTk~ km AnTRAnTRkFkkZkrRv^kkOkmP Zkc &bkYkZkkkXkpP" Qk^kk &bkYkZkbkk@" TkkYkAk #kkbk
&lPmZk knPbAgSk"Ak bk^kkvrAp kCkYk cw
&lPmZk knPbAgSk"Am Ulk lAbk kAk@ cnr Zkc Uc\kv cYk Uk^kl\kkxAv kSkk@bkvbkgdkvUYkx RvBk \kv^kx
kHk bkv 2466 ^kakr Uc\kv bk Xk@PdkvkAm UnOZk-XkolYkYkx YkkvdkYkkCkrAk kAk#k A@TkvAv l\kZkvHkCkUoHZk U@Yk Xkk@A XkCk^kkTk~ km Ykck^km@b^kkYkm UTkm bkklP#kZk lR^ZkS^klTk k@k bkYkbPURkQkkvAk b^kU kCkK A@ @cv Qkv TkAv lTk^kkrOkAv UkkP~ UkgFk knPAv^k\km cn. TkYkxbkv lTPYkknPAv^k\km km XkWkkcnb^kkYkm cn. ^kckf PA Pkv kR#kkgCk#kkbkAv kUOkbkv ^Zk^kck@lTkkZkkYkAYkkvdkYkkCkr ZkQkkQkr k^kPrPk @ck PUkkP~ Ak\kRkvakbkv YkYkbkv gCkkkxAv ekkTkAm ^ZknlFGlk ckvPmCkr bkkAk@ Uk@ ekkTkzbkSknAk Wkcn XkkCk l^kFGvR ckv HkkTkvAv UkkP~ Robk@v XkWkkcnb^kkYkmkFkkZkrAm Ul@UkKmYkx Rkv Ykck bkYkQkr YknlTk cn..AAk TkkYk km Sk@bkvTk kFkkZkr PQkk Robk@kxAkTkkYk km CknOkSk@ kFkkZkr Qkk Tkbkv lYk\kv cn. ekkTkAv k@k TkAm U@YU@kYkx ckvTkv^kk\kv kFkkZkkvTkv#kkbkkxAm @FkTkk.f Am kw@ km ^km@XkCk^kkTkAv URv#kAk k^kkc k^kklcP @Bkk
km Sk@bkvTk kFkkZkrAkv Ck|kZkOkmUo^krAv UkfFk^kvf &^kbPn" lSkAk@Av YkckAYkrkAplP TkkYkAFkkwQkv kkXkpPAk ekkTk Qkk bk ekkTkkYkpPYkxbkv TknYkbkv TkAv UmGvAv kFkkZkkv k@k ak~KBkgMkCkYk PQkkbkAm Sk^k\kk-KmAk CkkvYYKbkk@ \klWSkbkk@ dkUOkkbkk@ klR #kkbkkxAm @FkTkk cnr bkkAk@ kQkYkknPbAgSkAm Ulk cw bkYkx Hkm^k kw@ AYkrAv bkgZkkvCkbkv cn. kYkkAm bkgbkk@-UZkkrZkAkCknOkbQkkTk YkkCkrOkkbQkkTk klRAkbkgldkk ^kOkrTk cw UZkkrZkksQkATkZkAkv kSkkTk A@Av AQkTk cw bkTkZkAkv #kn^ZkksQkA Xkm AcPv cy kw@ SZkkYkXkkakkbkv #kn-lTkkZkTkZk Qk^kk ^Zk^kck@ AcPvcy
km CknOkSk@ kFkkZkrAkv ekkTkk^kkRUo^krAm Rbk^k{ &^kbPn"Av PpPmZk kkXkpPAk ekkTk Qkk bkekkTkYkxbkv TkAv UmGvAv kFkkZkkvTkv TknYkbkv lbkkTP @Fkv bkkAk@ bk^krek XkCk^kkTk~ Ykck^km@bkvk^kklcP ckvPk cn^kk ekkTk kFkkZkkvAm U@YU@kbkv XkCk^kkTk~ km AnTRAnTRkFkkZkrRv^kAkv kkk cnk TckxTkv
'12
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UgFkklbPAkZkbkgCk|c k^kFkTkbkk@ bkYkZkbkk@ lTkZkYkbkk@ UkcnMj klR #kkbk @Fkv bk kAk@ lPmZkknPbAgSkAm Ulk cnr bkYkx ekkTkAkv kSkkTk A@Av #kn-^ZkksQkATkZkbkv AQkTk cw kYkkAv#kn b^kUAk ^kOkrTk cw
XkCk^kkTk~ km AnTRAnTRkFkkZkrRv^k l^kYk bkg^kP~Av kk@YXkYkx ckv CkZkv cy lRCkYWk@ HkwTk U@YU@kYkxXkCk^kkTk~ AnTRAnTRkFkkZkrRv^kAk bQkkTk bk^kkvrAp cw
YkgCk\kg XkCk^kkTk~ ^km@kv YkgCk\kg CkkwPYkkv CkOkmYkgCk\kg AnTRAnTRkZkkvr HkwTkSkYkkvrbPn YkgCk\kYk~
kZkvA lRCkYWk@ HkwTk bk #\kkvAAkv #kkbkkSZkZkTk kk@YXk A@Pv bkYkZk YkgCk\kkFk@OkUWkkv\kPv cy bkbkv Zkc lbk ckvPk cw lA bk^krek XkCk^kkTk~ km Ykck^km@b^kkYkm kw@ CkOkSk@ XkCk^kkTk~km CkkwPYkb^kkYkmAv TkTP@ cm XkCk^kkTk~ AnTRAnTRkFkkZkrAk bQkkTk kPk cw lRCkYWk@ HkwTk bkkSknCkOkb^kZkgAkv AnTRAnTRkFkkZkrAm U@YU@kAk Ac\kkTkvYkx Ckkw@^k YkkTkPv cy XkCk^kkTk~ AnTRAnTRkFkkZkrRv^kAv#kkbk bkkdkkP~ CkOkSk@Rv^kAv ^kFkTkkx Hkwbkv cm kYkkOkXkoP YkkTkv HkkPv cy TkAv UkkP~ cn. Ck|TQkAk@kFkkZkr b^kZkgAv lAbkm AQkTkAkv lbk A@TkvAv l\kZkv AnTRAnTRkFkkZkrRv^kAv #kkbkkxAk kYkkOk RvPvcy lHkbkbkv Zkc AQkTk lTks^k^kkR lbk ckvPk cw TkAv UmGv @Fkv CkZkv Ck|TQkkxYkx TkAv #kkbkkxYkxbkvTkvAkTkvA ^kP@Ok l\kZkv cn. cy ZkQkkQkrP: XkCk^kkTk~ AnTRAnTRkFkkZkrRv^kTkv b^kZkgAv U@YkkCkYkkxYkxPmQkA@Rv^kkxAv k@k klUP kYkkvkYk lbkkgPkxAkv bkn@ldkP @Bkv cy kw@ YkkvdkYkkCkrAkv lKAk @Bkkcw l^k0 bkg0 990>Ykx cn. km Rv^kbkvTkkFkkZkr^k@ UTkv R#krTkbkk@ TkkYkAv Ck|TQkYkx AcPv cy lA
Hk UYkOkglROkkckv bkmYkgSk@bkklYklR^^kOkkOkvOkOk l^kWkkvc Pkv bkYkOkk Acg bknYkCCkg UZkkOkglP
&&l^kRvcdkvkAv ^kPrYkkTk PmQkA@ km bkmYkgSk@b^kkYkmAv bkYk^kbk@OkYkx HkkA@ b^kZkg kkk lAZkvcn. lR^Zk ekkTkAv k@k km U>TkglRTkkQkTkv (km AnTRAnTRkFkkZkrRv^kTkv) WkkvSk Tkc{ lRZkk ckvPk Pkv YknlTkHkTkbkkv YkkCkrAkv Awbkv HkkTkPv?"" Robk@k .A \\kvBk RvlBkZkv lHkbkYkx AnTRAnTRkFkkZkrRv^kAkvAl\kAk\kbk^krek Ack CkZkk cw : &&U>TkgRm AnTRAnTRkFkkZkr ^kCk|m^kkFkkZkr .v\kkFkkZkr CkpSk|lUFGkFkkZkrTk UkfFk TkkYkkxbkv l^k@klHkP Fkk@ gCkn\k U@ kAk#kYkx CkYkTk A@TkvAm lHkTkAkv ,l QkmlHkTckxTkv Uo^krl^kRvcYkx HkkA@ km bkmYkgDk@XkCk^kkTkAkv ^kgRTk lAZkk Qkk kw@ TkAv Ukbkbkv lYk\kv cn.knPekkTkAv k@k lHkTckxTkv Xkk@P^kakrAv Xk^Zk Hkm^kkxAkv klPWkkvlSkP lAZkk cw .vbkv Hkkv kmlHkTkFkTbkol@Xkk@AAv UAv kXk@OkU Al\kAk\kbk^krek (XkCk^kkTk~ AnTRAnTRkFkkZkrRv^k) TkAv k@k@lFkP bk akK~kkXkpP Ck|TQkYkxbko@mk@ km knPbkkCk@ k@k @lFkP YkkvdkkkXkpPAm KmAk bkYkkk cnr""bk kAk@ akK~kkXkpPAm km knPbkkCk@bkol@ApP KmAkAv TPYkx l\kBkk cnk cw XkCk^kkTk~AnTRAnTRkFkkZkrRv^kAm Ykckk WkPkTkv^kk\kv .vbkv TkvAkTkvA \\kvBk HkwTk bkklcZkYkx lYk\kPv cy;
'13
-
l#k\kk\kvBk Xkm TkvA cy bk kAk@ Zkc lTkOkmrP cw lA bkTkkPTk HkwTk (lRCkYWk@) bkgkRkZkYkxAl\kAk\kbk^krek XkCk^kkTk~ AngRAngRkFkkZkrAk bQkkTk HkkvMj cw
XkCk^kkTk AnTRAnTRkFkkZkrAv @Fkv cn. TkvA #kkbk cy; bkYkxbkv QkkvMjv Xkm l^k
-
Yky bk #kkbkYkx bkYkbP lTkHk ^kwXk^kbkv (kCkYk Zknl U@YU@k kw@ TknXk^kbkv) AcofCkk" bkklPekkAv Tknbkk@ kFkkZkrRv^k bk #kkbkYkx kYkkAk .A^kU@-^Zkbkv kw@ U@Xkk^kkxbkv lXkkPkbkYkIkkPv cy ^kv AcPv cy lA &Hkkv kYkkAkv WkbUp TkTZk lTkZkP l^k#kvak kw@ bkgZknRvBkPv cy ^kv bkYkCk| lHkTk#kkbkTkAkv RvBkPv cy" kw@ Xkm ^kv AcPv cy lA &.vbkk Tkc{ RvBkTkv^kk\kvekkTkmAv bk^kr Xkk^k ekkTkYkZk cy" bk kAk@ Hkckf PA Hkm^kAkv b^kZkgAm #knPkAk TknXk^k Tkc{ckvPk ^kckf PA ^kc YkkvdkYkkCkmr Tkc{ cw; Xk\kv cm ^kc ^k|P bklYklP Cknlk klR ^Zk^kck@Fkkl@k Uk\kPkckv kw@ bk^kr kCkYk Xkm UNj FknAk ckv lHkbkAkv #kn kYkkAk TknXk^k ^kPrPk cw ^kc cm bkYZkCRplcw @kCkklRAv RZkYkx bkYZk^km Hkm^k AXkm .AkAk@U Ul@OkYkPk Tkc{ cy U@TPn .vbkk TknXk^kPkcw lA &Zkc UnR~Ck\kAYkrU @kCkAv l^kUkAU RZk cw; ^kc Ykv@k Xkk^k Tkc{ cy Yky Pkv .AekkZkAXkk^k cof" Zkckf k#Tk ckvCkk lA @kCkklRXkk^k ckvTkv U@ Xkm kYkk #kn Awbkv ckv bkAPk cw?k@Ykx bVlKAYklOkAk RpkTP lRZkk CkZkk cwlRBkkr RvPk cwckvPk cw Pkv Xkm bVlKAYklOkAv b^kXkk^kAm Rplbkv RvBkTkv U@ bVlKAYklOkTkvlTkYkr\kUTkk GkvMjk Tkc{ cw bkm kAk@ kYkk @kCkklR AYkkvrRZkAv bkgZkkvCkbkv @kCkm lRBkkr RvPk cwckvPk cw Pkv Xkm #knTkZkAm Rplbkv bkTkv #knPk GkvMjm Tkc{ cw UZkkrZkRplbkv #knPk ^kPrPm ckvTkvU@ Xkm ^ZkRplbkv #knPkAk TknXk^k ckv bkAPk cw ^kc TknXk^k FkPnQkr CknOkbQkkTk Ykx ckvPk cwbkbkv ^kkFkAAkv bkYkIkYkx kZkvCkk lA bkYZkCR#krTk lAPTkk RnaA@ cw bkYZkCRplAk Ul@OkYkTk cmU\kK CkZkk ckvPk cw ^kc Fkkcv Hkkv AkZkr A@Pv cn. Xkm #kn kYkkAkv cm TknXk^kPk cw Hkwbkv\kkv\knUm YkTknaZk TkYkA kw@ #kkAAv b^kkRAk XkvR Tkc{ A@ bkAPk bkm kAk@ ekkTkm ekkTkAkkw@ @kCkAk XkvR Tkc{ A@ bkAPk Hkwbkv \knWSk YkTknaZk #kkAbkv TkYkAAk lXkk b^kkR \kv bkAPkcw bkm kAk@ bkYZkCRpl @kCkbkv ekkTkAkv lXkk cm TknXk^kPk cw Wk Zkc k#Tk ckvPk cw lA .vbkkbkYZkCR#krTk lAbk kAk@ kkk lAZkk Hkk bkAPk cw QkkrP~ @kCk kw@ kYkkAm lXkkPk lAbk kAk@TknXk^kkg#kUo^krA bkYkIkYkx kZkv? kFkkZkr XkCk^kkTk~ k@ RvPv cy lAkekkUm GwTkmbkv GvRTkv U@^kv RkxTkkv lXkk ckv HkkPv cy QkkrP~ ekkTkbkv cm^kbPnAv ZkQkkQkr b^kU Am UcFkkTkbkv cmTkklRAk\kbkv @kCkvakAv bkkQk .AkAk@U Ul@OkYkPk kYkk lXkkUTkv Ul@OkYkTkv \kCkPk cw; bkbkvTZk Robk@k Akvr UkZk Tkc{ cw bkl\kZkv kZkvA Hkm^kAkv ^kbPnAv ZkQkkQkr b^kUAm UlcFkkTkA@TkvAk kZkTk bkRk APr^Zk cw
bk #kkbkAk YknBZk +v#k ZkQkkQkr kYkb^kUAm UlcFkkTk A@kTkk cw bk +v#kAm UosPAvl\kZkv bk #kkbkYkx kFkkZkrXkCk^kkTkTkv TkvA l^kakZkkxAk lTkUOk lAZkk cw Hkm^k kw@ UnR~Ck\kAvlTklYkk-TkwlYklkAUTkk ckvTkv U@ Xkm RkvTkkxAk ZkTP b^kPTk Ul@OkYkTk ekkTkmAkv @kCk-vakAk APkr-XkkvkUTkk ekkTkmAkv @kCkvakAk APkrXkkvkUTkk bkkgBZkR#krTkAm .AklTPAPk CknOkbQkkTk-k@kvcOkYkx Xkk^kAk kw@ ^ZkAk lTklYkk-TkwlYklkAUTkk l^kAk@U Ul@OkYkTk A@TkvYkx ekkTkmAk
'15
- b^kZkgAk cm Rkvak lYkQZkk^kklRAk HkMjUTkk bkm kAk@ FkvPTkUTkk UnOZk kw@ UkU RkvTkkxAkWkgSkb^kUUTkk YkkvdkYkkCkrYkx Fk@OkkTknZkkvCk Ak bQkkTkZkklR TkvA l^kakZk bk #kkbkYkx kUOk lAZkvcy Xk^Zk Hkm^kkxAkv ZkQkkQkr YkkvdkYkkCkr WkP\kkTkvAk Tk bkWkAk +v#k cw bk #kkbkAm Ykckk RvBkA@TP@ \\kkbk k HkkTkvbkv kmYkR~ HkZkbkvTk kFkkZkr AcPv cy lA &HkZk^kgP ^kPkvr ^kv U>TkglR kFkkZkrQkkrP~ AnTRAnTR kFkkZkr lA lHkTckxTkv YkckP^kbkv Xk@v cnZkv kkXkpPUm U^krPAkv WknlUm lbk@ U@LkA@ Xk^Zk Hkm^kkxAkv bkYksUP lAZkk cw ^kbPnP: bk Ak\kYkx Zkc #kkbk YknYkndkn Xk^Zk Hkm^kkxAkU@Yk kSkk@ cw .vbkv Rn:akYk Ak\kYkx Xkm .vbkk nP TkTZk-#k@OkXkoP #kkbkPmQkA@Rv^kAvYknBkYkxbkv lTkA\kk cnk YkpPl^k
-
CkYXkm@ k#kZkkxAkv ZkQkkQkrPZkk ^Zk A@Av TkAv CkOkSk@Av bkYkkTk AkZkr lAZkk cw bk KmAkYkxkTkv^kk\kv Ak^Zk (-A\k#k) SZkkYk@bkbkv kw@ kYkkTknXk^kAm YkbPmbkv Xk@Uo@ cy kmU>kXkYk\kSkkl@Rv^k Hkwbkv bkYkQkr YknlTk^k@kx U@ Tk A\k#kkxTkv Ckc@m GkU Mk\km cw kw@ kHk Xkm ^kvP^kekkTkbkv kw@ SZkkYk@bkbkv Xk@v cn. YkSkn@ A\k#k SZkkYk@lbkAkxAv RZkAv Pk@Akv IkTkIkTkk RvPvcy SZkkYkAl^kUYkx km YkpPFkTkFkkZkrRv^kAk bQkkTk HkwTk bkklcZkYkx lPmZk cw
bkYkZkbkk@Ykx XkCk^kkTk~ AnTRAnTRkFkkZkrRv^kTkv 415 CkkQkkkxAm kkApPYkx @FkTkk Am cw bk U@km YkpPFkTkFkkZkrRv^kTkv kYkBZkklP TkkYkAm kw@ km HkZkbkvTkkFkkZkrRv^kTkv PkUZkr^kplk TkkYkAm bkgbApPKmAk l\kBkm cw UglMP HkZkFkTHkmTkv Yko\k CkkQkkkxAk kw@ kYkBZkklPAk lcTRmYkx XkkakkgP@ lAZkkkw@ bkYkx b^kZkgTkv QkkvMjk Xkk^kkQkr Xkm l\kBkk cw ^kc UnbPA &bkYkZkkkXkpP"Av TkkYkbkv l^kYk bkg01964 Ykx kAkl#kP cnr bkAv WkkR bk UnbPAAkv UglMP YkTkkvc@\kk\kHkmTkv kFkl\kP zcRmYkxUl@^ksPP lAZkk kw@ km U@YkknPkXkk^kA YkOM\k k@k &bkYkZkbkk@"Av TkkYkbkv l^k bkg 1975YkxkAkl#kP cnk bk zcRm Ck|TQkAv kSkk@bkv bkmkAk@ bkgbApP KmAkAv #kWRkx PQkk k#kZkbkvlFkUAv @cA@ Zkc CknHk@kPm Tkn^kkR PwZkk@ lAZkk CkZkk cw
Zkc Tkn^kkR A@TkvAk YkckXkkCZk YknIkv kkk cnk Zkc YknIkv ZkgP cakrAk Ak@Ok cwU@YkUoHZk bkR~CknRv^k km AkTkHkmb^kkYkmAm GkGkZkkYkx bk CkcTk #kkbkAk Tkn^kkR cnk cw Tkn^ kkRA@TkvAm bkYkbP #kl YknIkv UoHZkUkR bkR~CknRv^kAv Ukbkbkv cm lYk\km cw Ykv@v k@k Tkn^kkR cnkbkl\kZkv &Zkc Tkn^kkR YkyTkv lAZkk cw" .vbkk ^Zk^kck@bkv Xk\kv cm Ack HkkZkv U@TPn YknIkv Ykv@m\UPkAk Uo@k ekkTk ckvTkvbkv kw@ Tkn^kkRAm bk^kr #klAk Yko\k UoHZk km bkR~CknRv^k cm ckvTkvbkv YkyPkv Wk@kWk@ bkYkIkPk cof lA bkR~CknRv^kAm YkpP^kkOkmAk kUkP cmTkAv k@k lYk\kk cnk TkYkkv\kURv#k cmZkQkkAk\k bk Tkn^kkRUYkx Ul@OkYkk cw lHkTkAv Wk\k U@ cm bk lPCkcTk #kkbkAvTkn^kkR A@TkvAk YkyTkv bkkcbk lAZkk Qkk kw@ lHkTkAm ApUkbkv Zkc lTks^kDk Uo@k cn^kk cw Tk U@YkUAk@m bkR~CknRv^kAv Fk@Okk@z^kRYkx lP XklXkk^kbkv ^kgRTk A@Pk cof
bk Tkn^kkRYkx TkvA XkkZkkxAm YkRR cw Xkkr km YkpP\kk\k YkkOkvA\kk\k IkkKlAZkkAmbkYkx bkWkbkv HZkkRk YkRR cw TckxTkv bkYUoOkr Tkn^kkRAk lP Ul@kYk A@Av WkcnP cm bkodYkPkbkvkw@ bkkcbkv bkg#kkvSkTk lAZkk cw WkcnPbkm lP-UZkkvCkm bkoFkTkk.f TckxTkv WkPk cw bkgbApP KmAkAmcbPl\klBkP klPZkkxAk lYk\kkTk A@ UkLkTP@kxAkv NogN lRZkk cw #kgAk-bQk\kkxAk bkYkkSkkTkUlOMPHkTkkxbkv Wkn\kk lRZkk cyZkklR TkvA kAk@bkv TckxTkv Hkkv bk^krPkvYknBkm bkckZkPk Am cw bkAvl\kZkv Yky TkAk ZkgP kXkk@m cof UTkv l^k#kk\k #kkbkekkTkbkv bk Tkn^kkRYkx UMjTkv^kk\km GkvKmYkkvKm lRPkxAkv Ro@ A@ RvTkv^kk\kv YkkTkTkmZk ^kAm\k km @kYkHkmXkkr YkkOkvAFkTR Rkv#kmAk Yky RZkUo^krAkXkk@ YkkTkPk cof XkkakkgP@ A@Pv bkYkZk HkWk HkWk Akvr Qkr Wk@kWk@ Tkc{ WkwLk PWk PWk YkyTkv Ug0
'17
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CkOkv#kkbkkRHkm ^kOkmr kw@ Ug0 @kYkkbkkRHkm #kkbkmAkv Uk k@k (Xkkr YkpP\kk\kXkkr k@k) QkrUnG^kkTkv U@ TckxTkv Ykv@vAkv c@ bkYkZk lWkTkkbkgAkvFk k#TkkxAv k@ lRZkv cy; bkAv l\kZkv Yky TkAkTP:A@OkUo^krA kXkk@ YkkTkPk cof bkAv lPl@ Xkm lHkTk lHkTk XkkZkkxAm bk Tkn^kkRYkxbkckZkPk cw Tk bkWkAk Xkm Yky kXkk@m cof
Zkc Tkn^kkR Xk^Zk Hkm^kkxAkv lHkTkRv^k k@k klUP kYk#kkglPAk ZkQkkQkr YkkCkr WkPkZkv ZkcYkv@m TP@Am Xkk^kTkk cw km YkpPFkTkFkkZkrRv^kAv #kWRkxYkx &Zkc #kkbk kTkgRYkZk l^kekkTkDkTkkYkkAkv kZkdk lRBkkTkv^kk\kk lPmZk HkCkP~Fkdkn cw" Hkkv Akvr bkAv U@Yk CkYXkm@ kw@ bkodYkXkk^kkxAkv RZkE*P A@vCkk bkAkv ^kc HkCkP~Fkdkn kYkkAk kZkdk R#krTk A@kZkvCkk HkWk PA ^kv Xkk^kZkQkkQkr kAk@bkv RZkE*P Tkc{ ckv^kx PWk PA @kPlRTk ^kc cm YkgQkTk ^kc cm UnakkQkr APr^Zk cwkm HkZkbkvTkkFkkZkrRv^kAv #kWRkxYkx bkYkZkbkk@Av XZkkbk klRAk V\k AcA@ Zkc UkvR~DkkP UoOkr A@Pkcof :&b^kU@lbkA Unakkx k@k ^ksOkP bk kkXkpPAk Hkkv Akvr kR@bkv XZkkbk A@vCkk k^kOkA@vCkk ULTk A@vCkk klbkl A@vCkk ^kc Unak l^kTkk#km b^kUYkZk TkvA kAk@Aml^klFkkPk^kk\kv Av^k\k .A ekkTkkYkA Xkk^kAkv kkk A@Av Ck| URYkx Yknl\k\kTkkYkx \kmTk ckvCkk"
RmUkvbk^k l^k0 bkg0 1996
zcYkP\kk\k HkvLk\kk\k #kkc
'18
-
XkCk^kkTk km AnTRAnTRkFkkZkrRv^kAv bkYWkTSkYkx
\\kvBk
^kT
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Qkr :ZkPmk@ (km AnTRAnTRb^kkYkm) @Hk:bQkkTkAkvXkolYkP\kAkvGkvMjA@ Fkk@ gCkn\k U@ kAk#kYkx CkYkTk A@Pv Qkv bkAv k@k Yky .vbkk bkYkIkPk coflA^kv TP@Ykx PQkk WkkYkx @Hkbkv (UTkm) ZkTP bUpPk ^ZkP A@Pv Qkv(TP@Ykx ^kv @kCkklRA Yk\kbkv bUp Qkv kw@ WkkYkx Sko\kbkv bUp Qkv)
Hk UYkOkglROkkckv bkmYkgSk@bkklYklR^^kOkkOkvOkOk l^kWkkvc Pkv bkYkOkk Acg bknYkCCkg UZkkOkglP
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Qkr :(Ykckl^kRvcdkvkAv ^kPrYkkTk PmQkA@Rv^k) km bkmYkTSk@b^kkYkmbkv kkkcn. lR^Zk ekkTk k@k km U>TkTRTkkQkTkv (km AnTRAnTRkFkkZkrRv^kTkv) WkkvSk Tk lRZkk ckvPkPkv YknlTkHkTk bkkv YkkCkrAkv Awbkv HkkTkPv?
cv AnTRAnTRklR kFkkZkkv! kUAv ^kFkTk Xkm b^kUkTknbkTSkkTkYkx bk UkYk@AkvU@Yk UAk@XkoP cn. cy bkAv l\kZkv Yky kUAkv ZkTP XkPUo^krA TkYkbAk@ A@Pkcof 'kmYkR~ @kHkFkT
XkCk^kkTk km AnTRAnTRkFkkZkrRv^kAk cYkk@v U@ WkcnP UAk@ cw cYk TkAvRkbkkTknRkbk cw kmYkR~XkCk^kAnTRAnTRkFkkZkrRv^k Ykckl^kRvcdkvkYkx bk^krek ^kmP@kCk kmbkmYkgSk@ XkCk^kkTkAv bkYk^kbk@OkYkx CkZkv Qkv kw@ ^kv ^kckf kL lRTk @cv Qkv bkYkx \kv#kYkkk#kgAk Tkc{ cw ^kc WkkP ^kwbkm cm cy; A\UTkk A@Tkk Tkc{ Tkk AcTkk Tkc{; YkkTkkv PkvXkm ^kwbkv cm cw Tk YkkTkkv Pkv Xkm ^kwbkv cm cw ZkQkkPQZk WkkP cw dk@#k: bkZk cwkYkkOklbk cw 'UoHZk CknRv^k km AkTkHkmb^kkYkm
'20
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bkR~CknRv^kkmAvRZkkvR~Ckk@
(b^k cbPkdk@Ykx)
'21
'XkkakkTP@'XkkakkTP@'XkkakkTP@'XkkakkTP@'XkkakkTP@
TkYk: lbkvXZk:
XkCk^kkTk AngRAngRkFkkZkrRv^ k bkYkZkkkXkpPYkx AcPv cylA &Yky Hkkv Zkc Xkk^k AcTkkFkkcPk cof ^kc TP@AvkYkbkkdkmAv kYkkOk k@k kYkkOkA@Tkk ZkkxlA Zkc TknXk^kkSkkTkCk|gQk cw bkYkx YknIkv ^kPrPv b^k-kYk^kwXk^k k@k Ack Hkk @ckcw " .vbkk AcA@ CkkQkk 6 YkxkFkkZkr XkCk^kkTk AcPv cy lA&kYk^Zk kYkk Tkc{ kw@kYkk Tkc{ cw QkkrP~ Tk Rkv^kbQkkkxAk lTkakvSk A@Pk Yky.A HkkTkTkck@ BkgM cofZkc
Ykv@m ^kPrYkkTk ^kPrPm R#kkbkv Ac @ck cof" YknlTk^kU R#kk kYkk ^k kYkkTk Rkv XkolYkAkYkx cHkk@kxWkk@ kPm-HkkPm cy bk XkolYkAkYkx ^kPrPv Ykck-YknlTkAk Zkc AQkTk cw
bkYkZkkkXkpP QkkrP~ bkYkZkbkk@Um Uck@ Hkwbkv @kHkkAkv lYk\kTkvAv l\k. Uck@ \kvA@ HkkTkkckvPk cw bk XkkglP UTkm U@Yk Ap kYkR#kkU U@YkkYkR#kk kCkK A@TkvAv l\k. bkYkZkbkk@Hkkv bkYZkCR#krTk-ekkTk-Fkkl@kb^kU kYkk bkAm Ul@OklPU Uck@ RvTkv U@ U@YkkYkR#kklbkR#kk kCkK ckvPm cw
Zkc #kWRWk|U U@YkkCkYkbkv Rs#kP .A^kl^kXkP kYkkAkv kYkkOk A@Tkk &ckf"bkv cmb^kmApP A@Tkk A\UTkk Tkc{ A@Tkk; bkAk WkcnYkkTk A@Tkv^ kk\kk Xkm YkckXkkCZk#kk\km cw
-
km bkR~CknRv^k-bPnlP (cl@CkmP)
bkgbkk@bkkCk@ Pk@^kk lHkTk^kkOkm Gv TkkwAk Xk\kmekkTkm bknAkTkm YkZkk l^kTkk v Tkk^k UOk Pk@v Tkc{;k Ak]Ykkg #knkYkekkTkm bknAkTkm Wkcn Wkcn Rkv\kkvYknHk UnOZk@kl#k VZkkv ckv! Ckn A~ckTk Png Tkkl^kA YkZkkv
(TknnU)
ckv! XkP lFkRkYkkTkk bkmYkgSk@-^km@-AngRTkk!WkkkgP@ l^kXk^kkv Pk@k Pk@v Tkk^k YknYkndknTkkg
(l#kBkl@Okm)
bkRk l Pk@m l^kYk] lTkHk FkwPTZk Tkm@BkvTkv eklkYkkgcm R@^k-CknOk-UZkkrZk l^k\kbkv;lTkHkk\kgWkmXkk^kv Ul@OklP b^kUv Hkr Xk]vlTklYkkkv ^kcv^kk@kv lFkRDkTk l^kakv Akgr Tk Yk]v
(#kkRor\kl^kmlMP)
cwZkng &bkP bkP ekkTk ekkTk" SkWkAv Tkv ^kHk|^kkOkm GoKvHkv ^kHk|v bknYknYkndkn bk^k Ik]Av; U@^Zk TkkPkv PoKv;@kCkvak Fkv Tk HkgU Tk ^k]v Xkk^kxlYkkgg#kYkkgKgAkvAmOkr AgU ekkTk YklcYkk RZkv @cv bk^krRk
(^kbkgPlP\kAk)
lTkZkv bknSkkIk@Ok Fkg! PTkv TkYkng cngAOkk Ak@Ok bkYkn! PTkv TkYkng cng;cv ekkTkUkvakA bknYkvDk! PTkv TkYkng cngk RkbkTkk Hkm^kTkl#k\Um! PTkv TkYkng cng
(kCSk@k)
gMm gMm gMvQkm bknBklTklSk bkPTkk ^kkZkn lTkZkv ^kcgPm^kkOkm lFkTYkosP! Pk@m @-TknXk^kTkk bkodYk Xkk^kv Xk@v\km;Xkk^kkv gMk l^kFkk@m lXkTk^k YklcYkk lFkkYkkg \kk^km \kk^kmBkkvZkv\kng @Tk UkYkngYkTk@Qk YkTkTkkv; Uo@Hkkv #kl#kk]m!
@FklZkPk : zcYkP\kk\k HkvLk\kk\k #kkc
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
'22
-
Uo^kr@gCk
(kQkYk 38 CkkQkkkxYkx @gCkXkolYkbQk\k WkkfSkk cwbkYkx Hkm^k TkkYkAv URkQkrAk b^kU Ack cw)
YkgCk\kkFk@Ok Ck|TQkklPekk
Zkc Hkm^k-Hkm^kU Gc ^ZkkYkA \kkvA cwbkYkx SkYkr SkYkr kAk#k Ak\k Zkv Fkk@^Zk Pkv b^kXkk^kUl@OklPb^kU cm cy kw@Hkm^k-UnR~Ck\k^ZkAv TkklRAk\kAv bkgZkkvCkbkvl^kXkk^kUl@OklP Xkm cw ZkkxlA bU#kr @bk CkgSk^kOkr kw@ #kWRU YkosPA UnR~Ck\kkxAkv RvBkA@Zkc Hkm^k @kCkvakYkkvcU Ul@OkYkPk cw kw@bkAv lTklYkkbkv UnR~Ck\k AYkrU ckvA@ Hkm^kAvbkkQk WkfSkPk cw bk P@c Tk RkvTkkxAmTkklRbkv WkgSkk^kbQkk cw Hkm^k HkWk lTklYkkUkA@ @kCkklRU Tkc{ Ul@OkYkPk PWk Tk^kmTkAYkr Tkc{ WkgSkPv Un@kTkv AYkr IkMj HkkPv cybkl\kZkv Ykkvdk ckvPm cw; .vbkv Hkm^kAm b^kbkYkZk-U@bkYkZkU k^kplk cw HkWk Hkm^kbkYZkCR#krTkekkTkFkkl@kXkk^kU UTkv b^k-Xkk^kU Ul@OkYkPk cw PWk b^kbkYkZk ckvPk cwkw@ HkWk PA lYkQZkk-R#krTkekkTk-Fkkl@kUUl@OkYkPk cw PWk PA ^kc UnR~Ck\kAYkrYkx Lc@kcnk U@bkYkZk cw .vbkk AQkTk
Hkm^kAv UnR~Ck\kAYkrAv bkkQk WkgSk ckvTkvbkvU@bkYkZkUTk cw bkkv bknTR@ Tkc{ cw ZkkxlAbkYkx Hkm^k bkgbkk@Ykx Xk|YkPk TkvA P@cAv Rn:BkUkPk cw; bkl\kZkv b^kXkk^kYkx lbQk@ ckvbkWkbkvHknRk ckv Av\kk lbQk@ ckvPXkm bknTR@
(LmA) cw
Hkm^kAv HknRkUTk kw@ .AUTkkAk UkTkk Rn\krXk cw;ZkkxlA WkgSkAm AQkk Pkv bkXkm kkOkm A@Pv cy.A^kAm AQkk l^k@\kv HkkTkPv cy Hkkv lARn\krXk cw bk bkYWkTSkm AQkTk
bk AQkkAkv cYk bk^kr lTkHk l^kXk^kbkv AcPv cybkAkv TZk Hkm^k Xkm UTkv TknXk^kbkv U@mdkkA@ Ck|cOk A@Tkk
#knTkZkbkv RvlBkZkv Pkv Hkm^k kYkk-kYkk RkvTkkxR#kkkxbkv HknRk .A ekkZkAXkk^kYkkk cw HkkvHkkTkTkv^ kk\kk cw ^kcm Hkm^k cw bk bkYWkTSkm
bk ekkZkAXkk^kYkkk kYkkAv R#krTk-ekkTk-Fkkl@kAv XkvRbkv Xkm #knUTk Tkc{ cw ekkZkAcw ^kc ekkZkA cm cw
^Zk^kck@TkZk kYkkAkv #kn AcPk cw; bk^Zk^kck@TkZkAv URv#kAk kZkkvHkTk
^Zk^kck@TkZk U@YkkQkrAk klPUkRA Awbkvcw?
#knTkZk bkZkkQkr kw@ ^Zk^kck@TkZk bkZkkQkr AckCkZkk cw
Hkkv b^kUAv #kn U@YkXkk^kAkv kkk ckv CkZkvTkAkv Pkv #knTkZk cm kZkkvHkTk^kkTk cw kw@ HkkvbkkSkA ^kbQkkYkx cy TkAv ^Zk^kck@TkZk XkmkZkkvHkTk^kkTk cw .vbkk AQkTk
Hkm^kklRP^kkxAkv #knTkZkbkv HkkTkTkk bkkv bkYZk^kcw .vbkk AQkTk
#knTkZkAk l^kakZkXkoP kYkk WkbUp TZk
l^kakZkkTknYklOkAk
l^kakZk CkkQkk l^kakZk CkkQkk
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9-10
11
12
13
'23
-
lTkZkP l^k#kvak kw@ bkgZknTk UkfFkXkk^kkxbkv @lcP ckvTkv bkYWkTSkm AQkTk
#knTkZkAv l^kakZkXkoP kYkkAkv HkkTkTkk bkkvbkYZkCekkTk cw .vbkk AQkTk
bkYZkCR#krTkekkTkFkkl@kU kYkk cm bkkSknAvbkv^ kTk A@Tkv ZkkvCZk cw bkAk RpkgPbklcPAQkTk
#knTkZkAv l^kakZkXkoP kYkkAkv HkWk PA Tk HkkTkvPWk PA ^kv Hkm^k ekkTkm cy
klPWkn(ekkTkm)Akv Awbkv UlcFkkTkk HkkbkAPk cw?
ekkTkmAkv bkYkIkkTkvAm @mlP
ekkTkmTkv Hkm^kRvcAkv .A RvBkA@ PmQkrE@AmbPnlPAk kTk lAZkk bkAk k@
bk k@Ykx Hkm^k RvcAm lXkkPkAk Rp#Zk PQkklHkPvlTZk lHkPYkkvc kw@ dkmOkYkkvc
Fkkl@kYkx Hkkv kZkkBZkkTk AcTkvYkx kPk cw ^kc Zkkcw? .vbkv l#kaZkAv kTkAk k@ lRZkk cw lAkZkkBZkkTk ekkTk cm cw
TknXkolP k@k U@Xkk^kAv PQkk ekvZkXkk^kAvXkvRekkTkAv kAk@
R#krTkekkTkFkkl@kb^kU Ul@OkP cn. kYkkAkb^kU Ac A@ @gCkXkolYkAk bQk\k (38CkkQkkkxYkx) UoOkr
1 Hkm^k-Hkm^k lSkAk@Hkm^kAk b^kU Tk HkkTkTkvbkv ekkTkmHkTk Hkm^kAm
A\UTkk SZk^kbkkTkklR Xkk^kU TZkQkkA@Pv cy bk kAk@Ak ^kOkrTk
Hkm^kAk b^kU TZkQkk A\UPv cy TkAvlTkakvSkAm CkkQkk
SZk^kbkkTkklRXkk^k UnR~Ck\kYkZk cy Hkm^k Tkc{ cy.vbkk AQkTk
SZk^kbkkTkklRXkk^kAkv ^Zk^kck@TkZkbkv Hkm^k AckCkZkk cw; PQkk bkAk RpkgP
U@YkkQkrU Hkm^kAk b^kU ^kOkrAkv klR \kvA@ CknOkbQkkTk UZkrTP lHkPTkv Xkk^k
cy ^kv Hkm^kAv Tkc{ cy .vbkk Gc CkkQkkkxYkxAQkTk
Zkv ^kOkkrlRA Xkk^k Hkm^kAv cy .vbkk ^Zk^kck@TkZkAcPk cw lTkkZkTkZk Tkc{ AcPk .vbkkRpkgPUo^ krA AQkTk
^kOkkrlRA Xkk^kkxAk Hkm^kAv bkkQk PkRkYZk AkvrekkTkm YkkTkv bkAk lTkakvSk
2 APkrAYkr lSkAk@ekkTkm Hkm^k kvSkklRYkx HkWk PA ^kPrPk cw PWk
PA AYkrAk WkgSk A@Pk cw kk^k kw@ kYkkAk XkvRekkTk ckvTkv U@ WkTSk Tkc{
ckvPk ekkTkYkkkbkv cm WkTSkAk lTk@kvSk Awbkv ckvPk cw?kk^kkxbkv lTk^kpk ckvTkvAk l^kSkkTk ekkTk ckvTkvAk kw@ kk^kkxAm lTk^kplkAk bkYkAk\k
Awbkv cw? bkAk AQkTk ekkTkb^kU cn. kYkkAk lFk/ kk^k kw@ kYkkAk XkvRekkTk ckvTkv U@
kYkk ekkTkm ckvPk cw PWk APprAYkrXkk^k Xkm Tkc{ckvPk
Hkm^k-UnR~Ck\kAYkrAv U@bU@ TklYkk-TkwlYklkAXkk^k cw Pkv Xkm APprAYkrXkk^k Tkcm Ack HkkbkAPk
lTkkZkTkZkbkv kYkk kw@ AYkrAv APprAYkrXkk^kkw@ XkkvpXkkvCZkXkk^k Tkc{ cy UTkv Ykx cmAPprAYkrXkk^k kw@ XkkvpXkkvCZkXkk^k cy
l^kakZk CkkQkk l^kakZk CkkQkk
14
15
16-18
19
20-2223-25
26-27
28-33
34-35
36-37
38
39-43
44
45
46-4849
50-55
56-60
61-68
69-70
717273
7475
76-79
80-82
83
'24
-
^Zk^kck@TkZk kYkk kw@ UnR~Ck\kAYkrAv APpr-AYkrXkk^k kw@ XkkvpXkkvCZkXkk^k AcPk cw
kYkkAkv UnR~Ck\kAYkrAk APkr kw@ Xkkvk YkkTkkHkkZk Pkv YkckTk Rkvakb^kU@Av lXkk-UTkvAk kbkgCkkPk cw; ^kc lYkQZkk^k ckvTkvbkvlHkTkRv^ kAkv bkYYkP Tkc{ cw
lYkQZkk^kklR kk^k Hkm^k-Hkm^kAv XkvRbkvRkv kAk@Av cy .vbkk AQkTk kw@bkAk cvPn
kYkkAv lYkQZkk^k ekkTk l^k@lPZkv PmTkUl@OkkYk TkklR cy; TkAk APprUTkk kw@ TkAvlTklYkkbkv UnR~Ck\kAk AYkrU ckvTkk
kYkk lYkQZkk^kklRXkk^kU Tk Ul@OkYkv PWk AYkrAkAPkr Tkc{ cw
ekkTkbkv AYkr Awbkv ckvPk cw .vbkk l#kaZkAk kTkkw@ bkAk k@
AYkrAv APkrUTkAk Yko\k ekkTk cm cwekkTkAv ckvTkv U@ APkrUTk Tkc{ ckvPk^Zk^kck@m Hkm^k UnR~Ck\kAYkrAk APkr kYkkAkv
AcPv cy Zkc ekkTk cw kYkk UnR~Ck\kAYkrAk APkr lTklYkk-TkwlYklkA-
Xkk^kbkv Xkm Tkc{ cw; kYkkAv ZkkvCk-UZkkvCk cy^kv lTklYkk-TkwlYklkAXkk^kbkv APkr cy kw@ ZkkvCk-UZkkvCkAk kYkk APkr cw
ekkTkm ekkTkAk cm APkr cw ekkTkm Xkm UTkv ekkTkXkk^kAk cm APkr cw
UnR~Ck\kAYkrAk APkr Pkv ekkTkm Zkk ekkTkm AkvrTkc{ cw ZkkxlA U@^ZkkxAv U@bU@ APprAYkr-Xkk^k Tkc{ cy
.A ^Zk TZk ^ZkAk AnG Xkm A@ bkAPkTkc{
Hkm^k lTklYkkXkoP WkTkTkv U@ AYkrAk Ul@OkkYk ckvPkcnk RvBkA@ UFkk@bkv Ack HkkPk cw lA ZkcAYkr Hkm^kTkv lAZkk
lYkQZkk^kklR bkkYkkTZk kk^k kw@ CknOkbQkkTkUTkAv l^k#kvak WkgSkAv APkr cy lTkkZkA@TkAk Hkm^k APkrXkkvk Tkc{ cw
Hkm^k kw@ kk^kkxAk XkvR lRBk\kkZkk cw; XkvRAcTkvYkx RoakOk lRZkk cw
bkkgBZkYkPm Unak kw@ kAplPAkv Ul@OkkYkmAcPv cy bkAk lTkakvSk A@ Unak kw@UnR~Ck\kAkv Ul@OkkYkm Ack cw
ekkTkbkv ekkTkXkk^k kw@ ekkTkbkv ekkTkXkk^k cmUk ckvPk cw
ekkTkm Hkm^k ^ZkAYkr WkgSkTkvAk lTklYkkUekkTkklR Xkk^kkxAk cvPn ckvPk cw
UnR~Ck\kAv Ul@OkkYk Pkv Hkm^kbkv HknRv cy kw@ Hkm^kAvUnR~Ck\kbkv HknRv cy
AYkr Hkm^kbkv WkbUp cw Zkk WkbUp .vbkvl#kaZkAv k#TkAk lTkkZk-^Zk^kck@ RkvTkkx TkZkkxbkvk@
Hkkv TkZkkxAv Udkbkv @lcP cw ^kc APprAYkrXkk^kbkv@lcP bkYkZkbkk@#kn kYkkcw .vbkkAcA@ lSkAk@ UoOkr
3 UnOZk-UkU lSkAk@
#knXkk#knXk AYkrAv b^kXkk^kAk ^kOkrTk RkvTkkx cm AYkr WkTSkAv Ak@Ok cy bkl\kZkv RkvTkkx AYkkvAk lTkakvSk bkAk RpkgP kw@ kCkYkAm
bkkdkm ekkTk YkkvdkAk Ak@Ok cw
l^kakZk CkkQkkl^kakZk CkkQkk
84
85-86
87-88
89-92
93
94-959697
98-99
100101
102
103-104
105-108
109-112
113-115
116-125
126-131
132-136
137-140
141
142-144
145146147
148-150151
'25
-
^k|PklRA Uk\kw Pkv Xkm ekkTk lWkTkk YkkvdkTkc{ cw
UnOZkAYkrAv UdkUkPmAk Rkvak ekkTkAkv cm U@YkkQkrb^kU YkkvdkAk Ak@Ok Ack
cw kw@ TZkAk lTkakvSk lAZkk cw AYkr YkkvdkAv Ak@OkAk DkkP A@Pk cw .vbkk RpkgP
k@k AQkTk AYkr kU cm WkTSkb^kU cw AYkr WkTSkAv Ak@OkU Xkk^kb^kU cw QkkrP~
lYkQZkk^k-ekkTk-AakkZkU cw .vbkk AQkTkkw@ Pmbk@k lSkAk@ UoOkr
4 kk^k lSkAk@
kk^kAv b^kUAk ^kOkrTk QkkrP~ lYkQZkk^kl^k@lP AakkZk kw@ ZkkvCkZkv Hkm^k-Hkm^kAv XkvRbkv Rkv kAk@Av cy kw@ ^kvWkTSkAv Ak@Ok cy .vbkk AQkTk
ekkTkmAv Tk kk^kkxAk Xkk^k Ack cw Hkm^kAv @kCk-vak-YkkvcU ekkTkYkZk Ul@OkkYk
cy ^kv cm kk^k cy @kCkklRAbkv lYklkP ekkTkYkZk Xkk^kAm
Ulk ekkTkmAv ^Zk-kk^kkxAk Xkk^k &ekkTkm lTk@kk^k lAbk P@c cw" .vbkv
l#kaZkAv k#TkAk k@ ekkTkm kw@ ekkTkmAv kk^kAk ckvTkv kw@ Tk
ckvTkvAk ZknlUo^krA ^kOkrTk @kCk-vak-Ykkvc ekkTkUl@OkkYk cw ^kcm
WkgSkAv Ak@OkU kk^k cw; ^kc ekkTkmAvTkc{ cw; bkl\kZkv ekkTkmAv AYkrWkgSk Xkm Tkc{cw lSkAk@ UoOkr
5 bkg^k@ lSkAk@
bkg^ k@Ak Yko\k UkZk XkvRl^kekkTk cw bkAm@mlPAk PmTk CkkQkkkxYkx AQkTk
XkvRl^kekkTkbkv cm #kn kYkkAm kklkckvPm cw .vbkk AQkTk
#kn kYkkAm kklkbkv cm bkg^ k@ ckvPkcw .vbkk AQkTk
bkg^ k@ ckvTkvAk kAk@PmTk CkkQkkkxYkx bkg^ k@ ckvTkvAv YkAk AQkTk; lSkAk@
UoOkr 6 lTkHkr@k lSkAk@
^ZklTkHkr@kAk b^kU Xkk^klTkHkr@kAk b^kU ekkTkAk bkkYkQZkr ^kw@kCZkAk bkkYkQZkr ekkTk-^kw@kCZkAv bkkYkQZkrAk RpkgPUo^ krA AQkTkbkYZkCRpl bkkYkkTZkUbkv PQkk l^k#kvakUbkv
b^k-U@Akv lAbk @mlPbkv HkkTkPk cw bkbkYWkTSkm AQkTk
bkYZkCRpl ekkTk-^kw@kCZkbkYUk ckvPk cw @kCkm Hkm^k bkYZkCRpl Zkkx Tkc{ ckvPk
cw bk bkYWkTSkm AQkTk ekkTkm @kCkm kkOkm @kCkklRAAkv UTkk UR
HkkTkPk cw; bk URAkv GkvMj UTkv.A ^kmP@kCk ekkZkAXkk^kURYkx lbQk@ckvTkvAk URv#k
kYkkAk UR .A ekkZkAb^kXkk^k cw kw@ ^kc cmYkkvdkAk Ak@Ok cw; ekkTkYkx Hkkv XkvR cy ^kv AYkrAvdkZkkvU#kYkAv lTklYkkbkv cy
ekkTk ekkTkbkv cm kkk ckvPk cw
152-153154
155-156
157-159160
161-163
164-165166
167
168169
170
171-176
177-180
l^kakZk CkkQkkl^kakZk CkkQkk
181-183
184-185
186187-189
190-192
193194195196197
198-199200
201-202
203
204205-206
'26
-
ekkTkm U@Akv Zkkx Tkc{ Ck|cOk A@Pk .vbkvl#kaZkAv k#TkAk k@
Ul@Ck|cAv ZkkCkAk l^kSkkTk ekkTkmAv bkWk Ul@Ck|cAk ZkkCk cwAYkrAv V\kAm ^kkfGkbkv AYkr A@Pk cw ^kc
AYkrbkv l\kk ckvPk cw; ekkTkmAv ^kkfGk Tkc{ckvTkvbkv ^kc AYkrbkv l\kk Tkc{ ckvPk cwbkAk RpkgP k@k AQkTk
bkYZk^kAv kL gCk cy TkYkxbkv kQkYkPkv bkYZkCRpl lTk:#kgA PQkk bkkP XkZk@lcP cw .vbkk AQkTk
lTkaAkgldkPk lTks^klFklAbkk YkoN^k UCkocTkbQklPA@Ok ^kkbk\Zk kXkk^kTkkTkAklTkkZkTkZkAm kSkkTkPkbkv ^kOkrTk
7 WkTSk lSkAk@WkTSkAv Ak@OkAk AQkTk .vbkv Ak@OkU kYkk Tk k^kPvr Pkv WkTSk Tk
ckv .vbkk AQkTk lYkQZkkRplAkv lHkbkbkv WkTSk ckvPk cw bk
k#kZkAkv kCkK lAZkk cw kw@ ^kc k#kZkekkTk cw .vbkk lbk lAZkk cw
ekkTkYkZk SZk^kbkkZk cm WkTSkAkAk@Ok cw
Wkk^kbPn WkTSkAk Ak@Ok Tkc{ cw SZk^kbkkTkcm WkgSkAk Ak@Ok cw.vbkk AQkTk
SZk^kbkkTk UTkm QkrlZkk Tkc{ A@PkckvTkvbkv lYkQZkk cw
lYkQZkkRpl ekkTkU SZk^kbkkZkbkv UTkmkYkkAkv TkvA ^kbQkkU A@Pkcw .vbkk AQkTk
Zkc ekkTkU SZk^kbkkZk lHkTkAv Tkc{cw ^kv YknlTk AYkrbkv l\kk Tkc{ ckvPv
Zkc SZk^kbkkZk Zkk cw? .vbkv l#kaZkAvk#TkAk k@
bk SZk^kbkkTkAk lTkakvSk cw ^kc^Zk^kck@TkZkAk cm lTkakvSk cw
Hkkv Av^k\k ^Zk^kck@Ak cm ^k\kgWkTk A@Pk cw ^kcekkTkm kw@ lYkQZkkRpl cw; ZkkxlA bkAk^k\kgWkTk Xk^Zk Xkm A@Pk cw ^k|P bklYklPCknlk Uk\kPk cw CZkk@c gCk UNjPk cw Pkv Xkmbkv Ykkvdk Tkc{ cw
#kkbkkxAk ekkTk ckvTkv U@ Xkm Xk^Zk ekkTkm cwXk^Zk SkYkrAm kk A@Pk cw ^kc XkkCkcvPn
SkYkrAm cm cw YkkvdkcvPn SkYkrAm Tkc{ ^Zk^kck@-lTkkZkTkZkAk b^kU @kCkklRA Xkk^kkxAk lTklYkk kYkk cw Zkk U@^Zk?
bkAk k@ kYkk @kCkklRAAk Ak@A cm lAbk @mlPbkv cw
bkAk Rkc@OkUo^ krA AQkTk 8 Ykkvdk lSkAk@
YkkvdkAk b^kU AYkrWkgSkbkv GoKTkk cw; Hkkv Hkm^kWkgSkAk GvR Tkc{ A@Pk cw U@TPn Ykkk WkgSkAvb^kUAkv HkkTkA@ cm bkgPn cw ^kc Ykkvdk Tkc{UkPk cw
WkTSkAm lFkTPk A@Tkv U@ Xkm WkTSk Tkc{ AKPkcw
WkTSk-GvRTkbkv cm Ykkvdk ckvPk cw WkTSkAk GvR Awbkv A@Tkk .vbkv k#TkAk k@ Zkc
cw lA AYkrWkTSkAv GvRTkvAkv kekk#kbk cmA@Ok cw
kekkU A@Okbkv kYkk kw@ WkTSkRkvTkkxAkvHknRv HknRv A@ kekkbkv cm kYkkAkv Ck|cOkA@Tkk WkTSkAkv GkvMjTkk
207208
209-217
218-227
228-229
230-236
237-241
242-246
247-258
259-264
265
266-267
268-269
270
l^kakZk CkkQkk l^kakZk CkkQkk
271
272
273274
275276-277
278-282
283-287
288-290
291292-293
294
295-296
'27
-
kYkkAkv kekkAv k@k Awbkv Ck|cOk A@Tkkbk bkYWkTSkm AQkTk
kYkkAv lbk^kkZk TZk Xkk^kAk ZkkCk A@Tkk;AkwTk ekkTkm U@Xkk^kAkv U@ HkkTkA@ Ck|cOkA@vCkk? QkkrP~ Akvr Tkc{ A@vCkk
Hkkv U@^ZkAkv Ck|cOk A@Pk cw ^kc U@kSkm cwWkTSkTkYkx UMjPk cw; Hkkv U@kSk Tkc{ A@Pk^kc WkTSkTkYkx Tkc{ UMjPk
U@kSkAk b^kU kn kYkkAv Ck|cOkbkv Ykkvdk Ack; U@TPn kYkk
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cy APkrUTkk Hkm^k ekkTkbkv YkkTkPk cw; bk
ekkTkAk bkkYkQZkr lRBkkPv cy HkWk PA kYkk kAplPAv lTklYkkbkv
UHkTkk- l^kTk#kTkk Tk GkvMjv PWk PA^kc APkr ckvPk cw
AYkrV\kAk XkkvpUTkk Xkm kYkkAk b^kXkk^kTkc{ cw ekkTkbkv cm ^kc Xkkvk ckvPk cw.vbkk AQkTk
ekkTkm AYkrV\kAk Xkkvk Tkc{ cw ekkTkm APkr-Xkkvk Tkc{ cw bkAk
RpkgPUo^krA AQkTk
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ekkTkm UTkv Xkk^kAYkrAk APkr cw .vbkkZknlUo^ krA AQkTk
kYkkAv APkrUTkk kw@ APkrUTkk lHkbk P@c cwbk P@c bZkkkR k@k Pv@c CkkQkkkxYkx lbklAZkk cy
WkkwYkPm .vbkk YkkTkPv cy lA AYkrAkv A@Tkv^ kk\kkRobk@k cw kw@ XkkvCkTkv^ kk\kk Robk@k cw; bkAkZknlUo^ krA lTkakvSk
APprAYkrAk XkvR-XkvR Hkwbkv cw bkm P@cTkZkl^kXkkCk k@k RpkgPUo^ krA AQkTk
lTkkZk^Zk^kck@Av AQkTkAkv BklMjZkkAv RpkgPbkvRbk CkkQkkkxYkx bU lAZkk cy
&ekkTk kw@ ekvZk bk^krQkk lXkk cy" .vbkk HkkTkTkvAvAk@Ok bkYZkCRplAkv l^kakZkkxAv klP @kCkvakTkc{ ckvPk; ^kv Ykkk ekkTkR#kkYkx k^kPrYkkTkHkm^kAv Ul@OkkYk cy
TZk^ZkAk TZk^Zk AnG Tkc{ A@ bkAPk.vbkk AQkTk
bU#kr klR UnR~Ck\kAv CknOk cy ^kv kYkkAkv AnG.vbkk Tkc{ AcPv lA cYkAkv Ck|cOk A@kv kw@kYkk Xkm UTkv bQkkTkbkv GoKA@ TkAkvHkkTkTkv Tkcm HkkPk; U@TPn ekkTkm Hkm^k Tkbkv^kpQkk @kCk-vak A@Pk cw
klPYkOk kZkkBZkkTk kw@ k\kkvFkTkkAkb^kU
Hkkv AYkr kw@ AYkrV\kAk TknXk^k A@Pk cnkUTkvAkv bkU A@Pk cw ^kc Tk^kmTk AYkrAkWkgSk A@Pk cw (Zkckf U@ KmAkAk@ kFkkZkr-Rv^ kTkv ApP-Akl@P-TknYkkvRTkkbkv YkTk-^kFkTk-
297-299
300
301-303304-305
306-307
308-311
312-313
314-315
316-317318-319
320
l^kakZk CkkQkkl^kakZk CkkQkk
321-327
328-331
332-344
345-348
349-355
356-365
366-371
372
373-382
383-386
'28
-
AkZkkbkv PmP ^kPrYkkTk kw@ TkkCkPAYkrAv ZkkCkAk TkFkkbk TkFkkbk XkE* k@kAQkTk A@Av AYkrFkvPTkkAv ZkkCkAk l^kSkkTklRBkkZkk cw PQkk .A bkkw MjPk\kmbkkAplPZkkxAv V\kAv ZkkCkAk AQkTk A@AvAYkrV\kFkvPTkkAv ZkkCkAk l^kSkkTk lRBkkZkkcw
ekkTkAkv bkYkbP TZk ^Zkkxbkv lXkkWkP\kkZkk cy
kYkk YkosPA cw bkl\kZkv bkAvUnR~Ck\kYkZkm Rvc Tkc{ cw
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Hkkv ^Zkz\kCkYkx YkYk^k A@Pv cy ^kv bkYkZkbkk@AkvTkc{ HkkTkPv cy
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bk #kkbkAkv UoOkr A@Pv cn. bkAv XZkkbkklRAk V\k AcPv cy 'Ul@l#k Up 592 bkv 629
bk #kkbkAkv TkTP SkYkr^ kk\kv kYkkAkv
ekkTkYkkk AcTkvYkx bZkkkRbkv l^k@kvSk Awbkv Tkc{kPk cw? bkAkv WkPkPv cn. PQkk .A cmekkTkYkx UkZkXkk^k kw@ UvZkXkk^k RkvTkkx lAbkP@c WkTkPv cy? Zkc WkPkPv cn. KmAkAk@kFkkZkrRv^ k bk &kYkBZkklP" KmAkAvTPYkx Ul@l#kUbkv bZkkkR kw@ UkZk-UvZk-Xkk^kAv l^kakZkYkx QkkvMjk AcTkvAmklPekk A@Pv cy
.A ekkTkYkx cm &&PP~ PP~ .ATkvA bkP~ bkP~ lTkZk lTkZk""Tk Xkk^kkxAv FkkwRc XkvR A@ TkAv 14Ak^Zk Acv cy
ekkTk \kdkOk cw kw@ kYkk \kdZk cw ekkTkAmklbklbkv cm kYkkAm klbkl ckvPm cwbkl\kZkv kYkkAkv ekkTkYkkk Ack cw
.A ekkTklZkkU Ul@OkP kYkkYkx cm TkTP#klZkkf kCkK cy TkYkxbkv bkyPk\kmbk#klZkkxAv TkkYk PQkk \kdkOkkxAk AQkTk
UkZk-UvZkXkk^kAk ^kOkrTk; bkYkx kYkkUl@OkkYkm ckvTkvbkv bkkSkAUTkk kw@ lbkUTkkZkv RkvTkkx Xkk^k FGm P@c WkTkPv cy.vbkk AQkTk
QkkvMjv A\k#kkxYkx TkvA l^klFkkPkbkv Xk@vcn. kYkkAm YklcYkk A@Av Ul@l#kbkYUoOkr
KmAkAk@ kFkkZkrRv^ kAk ^k^ZkkYkBZkklP KmAk bkYUoOkr
Ug0 km HkZkFkTRHkm GkWkMjkAk ^k^ZkCk|TQk bkYkkk
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387-389
390-404
405-407
408-410
411-412
413
414
415
l^kakZk CkkQkk
589
590
606
609
614
618
628
629
'29
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C TkYk: kmbk^krek^kmP@kCkkZk
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kmU@YkCkn@^kv TkYk: U@YU@kFkkZkrCkn@^kv TkYk:
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Wk Xkk^ZkXkk^kA Xkk^kAv Xkk^kbkv lTkkZkbPnlP WkP\kkPv cy :
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CkkQkkQkr :'lHkPYkkvcbZk Pn bkkSkkv: lHkbkTkv YkkvcAkv HkmP l\kZkk cw .vbkv bkkSknAv 'ZkRkHkWk 'dkmOk: Ykkvc: Ykkvc dkmOk ckvA@ bkkkYkxbkv Tk 'Xk^kvP~ ckv 'PRk PWk 'lTkkZkl^kl:lTkkZkAv HkkTkTkv^kk\kv 'Bk\kn lTkkZkbkv 'bk: bk bkkSknAkv 'dkmOkYkkvc: &dkmOkYkkvc" TkkYkbkv'XkOZkPv AcPv cy
KmAk :bk lTkkZkbPnlPYkx Uo^kkvr l^kSkkTkbkv kYkkYkxbkv YkkvcAk lP@bAk@ A@AvUo^kkvr ekkTkb^kXkk^kAv k@k TZk^Zkbkv lSkA kYkkAk TknXk^k A@Tkvbkv Hkkv lHkPYkkvc cnk cwbkv HkWk UTkv b^kXkk^kXkk^kAm Xkk^kTkkAk Xk\kmXkkglP ^k\kYWkTk A@Tkvbkv YkkvcAm bkgPlPAk .vbkkkZkTPA l^kTkk#k ckv lA lV@ bkAk RZk Tk ckvbkkAk@ Xkk^kAU Ykkvc dkmOk ckv PWk(Xkk^kA YkkvcAk dkZk ckvTkvbkv kYkkAv l^kXkk^kU Xkk^ZkXkk^kAk Xkm Xkk^k ckvPk cw kw@
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U@YkkYkkTkYk^kkk: dkmOkYkkvckv lHkTk lP PpPmZkk lTkkZkbPnlP:
.^kYkv^ k Fk YkkvcURUl@^kPrTkvTk @kCkvakkvSkYkkTkYkkZkk\kkvXkAYkrTkkvAYkrYkTkkv^ kFkTkAkZkkkvk-FkdknDk|krOk@bkTkbU#krTkbkokklOk akkvM#k ^ZkkBZkvZkklTk TkZkk lR#kkTZkkTZkZkoklTk
(#kkRor\kl^kmlMP)
.A^kg ^Zk^kck@Pkv Tk Pn UnTk: AkZkkYkTkkvsTkkZkk-TTkn: bPkvkg ^Zk^kck@PkvlbP ^kUnak: bPnZkk Tk Pk^kP:bPkvkg lTkkZkPlkPkv Xk^klP lFkbPnZkw^ k bkw^ kg Xk^kv-TTkkPbPmQkrA@bP^kkvk@Wk\kkRvA^kYkkYkkgCkZkkv:27
72 bkYkZkbkk@ ' XkCk^kkTkkmAnTRAnTR-
bkkAk@) Xkk^ZkXkk^kA Xkk^kAk Xkk^k ckvTkvbkv .A^k ckvTkvbkv KgAkvAmOkr (lTkk\k) U@YkkYkkAkvkkk cnk ^kc &dkmOkYkkvc lHkTk" Ac\kkPk cw Zkc Pmbk@m lTkkZkbPnlP cw
Zkckf Xkm Uo^kr AQkTkkTknbkk@ &Ykkvc" URAkv WkR\kA@ @kCk vak kvSk YkkTk YkkZkk \kkvXkAYkr TkkvAYkr YkTk ^kFkTk AkZk kkvk Fkdkn Dk|kOk @bkTk bU#krTk URkxAkv @BkA@ bkkv\kcbkokkxAk ^ZkkBZkkTk A@Tkk kw@ bkkAk@Av URv#kbkv TZk Xkm l^kFkk@ \kvTkk
Xkk^kkQkr :bkkSkn Uc\kv UTkv Wk\kbkv U#kYk Xkk^kAv k@k YkkvcAkv HkmPA@ lV@ HkWkUTkm Ykck bkkYkQZkrbkv YkkvcAkv bkkkYkxbkv Tk A@Av ekkTkb^kU U@YkkYkkAkv kkk ckvPk cw PWk^kc dkmOkYkkvc lHkTk Ac\kkPk cw33
Wk Zkckf bk lTkkZk-^Zk^kck@U bPnlPAv QkrAk A\k#kU Ak^Zk AcPv cy :
\kkvAkQkr :'AkZkkYkTkkv: ^Zk^kck@P: .A^kg #k@m@ kw@ kYkkAv ^Zk^[email protected]^k cw 'Pn UnTk: lATPn ' lTkkZkkP~ Tk lTkkZkTkZkbkv Tkc{ cw; '^kUnak: bPnZkk Tkn: bPkvkg^Zk^kck@P: bP bkl\k. #k@m@Av bP^kTkbkv kYkk-UnakAk bP^kTk ^Zk^kck@TkZkbkv cnkAc\kkPk cw 'P^kP: PP~ Tk lTkkZkTkZkbkv Tkc{; 'lTkkZkP: lTkkZkbkv Pkv 'lFkbPnZkk .^kFkwPTZkAv bP^kTkbkv cm 'lFkP: bPkvkg Xk^klP FkwPTZkAk bP^kTk ckvPk cw 'bkk .^kg Xk^kvP~ bkFkwPTZkAk bP^kTk Zkckf lHkPvTZk lHkPYkkvc dkmOkYkkvcZkklRUbkv Ack ^kwbkk cw 'P:PmQkrA@bP^kkvk@Wk\kkP~ ekkTkmTkv PmQkA@Av bP^kTkAk Hkkv kTk lAZkk Qkk bkAk bkkAk@TkZkl^kXkkCkbkv k@ lRZkk cw; lHkbkAv Wk\kbkv Zkc lbk cnk lA 'kYk-E*Zkkv: .A^kg Tk kYkk kw@ #k@m@Ykx lTkkZkbkv .A^k Tkc{ cw27
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(Ykkl\kTkm)
lP Ul@lFkPP^kw@kYkAkZkwAPkZkkgTkZkl^kXkHkTkZknZkkZkTPYknFGklRPkZkkYk^~^kP@lP Tk WkkvSkkv WkkvSkYkv^kk< AbZkb^k@bk@XkbkAp: kbVnKTTkvA .^k28
ZkklPWknkvllTk@kbk:
.^kYkZkYkTkklRYkkvcbkTPkTklTklUPkYk#k@m@wA^kbkgbAk@PZkkZkTPYkklPWknkvlU kbkXkkvkplYXkP-
AckTkHkwTk#kkbkYkk\kk Uo^kr@gCk 73
10
Wk lV@ bk QkrAv HkkTkTkvbkv XkvRekkTkAm lbkl ckvPm cw bk QkrAk bkoFkA Ak^ZkAcPv cy :
\kkvAkQkr :'Ul@lFkP-P^kw: lHkTckxTkv ^kbPnAv ZkQkkQkr b^kUAkv Ul@FkZkU lAZkkcw .vbkv YknlTkZkkxTkv 'kYk-AkZk-.APkZkkg HkWk kYkk kw@ #k@m@Av .A^kAkv 'lP TkZk-l^kXkHkTk-ZknZkk bkkAk@ TkZkl^kXkkCkAkv ZknPAv k@k 'ZkTPYk~ FGklRPkZkkYk~ HkMjYko\kbkvBkkMj VxAk cwbkAk ZkTP lTkakvSk lAZkk cw PWk UTkv 'b^k-@bk-@Xkbk-Ap: kbVnKTk~.A: .^k lTkHk@bkAv ^kvCkbkv kAp ckv kCkK ckvTkv^kk\kv .A b^kU ckvA@ 'AbZk lAbkUnakAkv ^kc 'WkkvSk: ekkTk '< .^k PAk\k cm 'WkkvSkg ZkQkkQkrUTkvAkv 'Tk ^kP@lP kkkTk ckvCkk? ^k#Zk cm ckvCkk
Xkk^kkQkr :lTkkZk^Zk^kck@TkZkAv l^kXkkCkbkv kYkk kw@ U@Ak ZkTP XkvR WkPkZkk cw;bkv HkkTkA@ .vbkk AkwTk Unak cw lHkbkv XkvRekkTk Tk ckv? ckvPk cm cw; ZkkxlA HkWk ekkTk UTkvb^k@bkbkv b^kZkg UTkv b^kUAkv HkkTkPk cw PWk ^k#Zk cm ^kc ekkTk UTkv kYkkAkv U@bkv lXkkcm WkP\kkPk cw Akvr RmDkrbkgbkk@m cm ckv Pkv bkAm Zkckf Akvr WkkP Tkc{ cw28
bkkAk@ klPWknTkv Hkkv Zkc Ackf Qkk lA&&cYkk@k Pkv Zkc lTkkZk cw lA #k@m@cm kYkk cw"" bkAk lTk@kA@Ok lAZkk
bkkAk@ Zkc ekkTkm Hkm^k TkklRAk\kmTk YkkvcAv bkgPkTkbkv lTklUP kYkk kw@ #k@[email protected]^kAv bkgbAk@bkv ZkTP klPWkn Qkk ^kc Wk P^kekkTkb^kU HZkkvlPAk kCkK RZk ckvTkvbkvkw@ TkvkAv l^kAk@mAm XkkTP (Hkwbkv lAbkm UnakAm kfBkkxYkx l^kAk@ Qkk PWk bkv ^kOkkrlRATZkQkk RmBkPv Qkv kw@ HkWk Tkvkl^kAk@ Ro@ ckv CkZkk PWk ^kv HZkkxAv ZkkxZkQkkQkr lRBkkr RvTkv\kCkv bkmkAk@) UK\k bkYkkTk k^k@OkAYkkvAv Xk\kmXkkTP DkMj HkkTkvbkv klPWkn ckv CkZkk kw@
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P^kekkTkHZkkvlPTkvrkl^kAk@m^k kAKkvklKPUK\klbklPklPWkn: (?) bkkdkkP^~ k@g b^kg b^kZkYkv^klc l^kekkZk kkZk Fk Pg Fkw^ kkTknFkl@PnAkYk: b^kkYkk@kYkbZkkbZkkTZk^ZkkOkkg kZkkBZkkTkg zA bZkklRlPUpFGlTTkQkg ^kkFZk:
bk^^kv Xkk^kv HkYck UkBkkr U@v lk OkkRoOkgPYck UkBkkOkg OkkOkg lOkZkYkk YknOkvR^^kg34
bk^kkrTk^~ Xkk^kkTk^~ ZkbYkkkZkkBZkklP U@klTklP ekk^kkPbYkkkZkkBZkkTkg ekkTkg lTkZkYkkP^~ ekkP^ZkYk^~34
ZkPkv lc ^ZkkTP@b^kXkk^kXkkl^kTkkvTZkkTklBk\kkTklU Xkk^kkTk^~ XkCk^kHekkPp^Zkg b^kb^kXkk^k-Xkk^kk^ZkkZkPZkk U@^kvTk ekk^kk kZkkFkv PPkv Zk .^k Uo^ k HkkTkklP bk .^k U#FkkkZkkFkv
74 bkYkZkbkk@ ' XkCk^kkTkkmAnTRAnTR-
bkkdkkP~ k kUAkv UTkvbkv cm HkkTkA@ PQkk kkTk A@Av bkmAk kFk@Ok A@TkvAk FGnAckvPk cnk UoGPk cw lA &bk b^kkYkk@kYkAkv TZk ^ZkkxAk kZkkBZkkTk (ZkkCkTkk) Zkk cw?"bkAkv kFkkZkr bkkAk@ AcPv cy lA :
bkWk Xkk^k U@ cm HkkTk kZkkBZkkTk Xkk^kkxAk A@vbkbkv lTkZkYkbkv HkkTkTkk lA ekkTk kZkkBZkkTk cw34
CkkQkkQkr :'ZkbYkkP~ lHkbkbkv 'bk^kkrTk~ Xkk^kkTk~ &UTkvbkv lPl@P bk^kr URkQkr'U@kTk~ U@ cy" 'lP ekk^kk .vbkk HkkTkA@ 'kZkkBZkklP kZkkBZkkTk A@Pk cwZkkCkA@Pk cw 'PbYkkP~ bkl\kZkv 'kZkkBZkkTkg kZkkBZkkTk 'ekkTkg ekkTk cm cw 'lTkZkYkkP~ .vbkklTkZkYkbkv 'ekkP^ZkYk~ HkkTkTkk UTkv ekkTkYkx ZkkCkU ^kbQkk cm kZkkBZkkTk cw Robk@k AnGTkc{
KmAk :Zkc XkCk^kkTk ekkPk-^Zk (kYkk) cw ^kc TZk^ZkAv b^kXkk^kbkv ckvTkv^kk\kvTZk bkYkbP U@Xkk^kkxAkv ^kv UTkv b^kXkk^kXkk^kbkv ^Zkkk Tk ckvTkvbkv U@U HkkTkA@ ZkkCk RvPkcw; bkl\k. Hkkv Uc\kv HkkTkPk cw ^kcm WkkRYkx ZkkCk A@Pk cw TZk Pkv Akvr ZkkCk A@Tkv^kk\kkTkc{ cwbkkAk@ kYkkYkx lTkkZk A@Av kZkkBZkkTkAv (ZkkCkAv) bkYkZk kZkkBZkkTk A@TkvZkkvCZk U@Xkk^kAm UklSkYkkkbkv k^kPrYkkTk ZkkCkAv APpr^kAk TkkYk (kYkkAkv) ckvTkv U@ XkmU@YkkQkrbkv RvBkk HkkZkv Pkv U@Xkk^kAv ZkkCkAPpr^kAk TkkYk UTkvAkv Tkc{ cw b^kZkg Pkv bk TkkYkbkv
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Tk UnTk@TZk ZkkYklTk lTklkZk kZkkBZkkTkbkYkZkv kZkkBZkvZkkvUklSkYkkkk^ksPPAPpr^k^ZkURv#k^kvlUU@YkkQkvrTkk^ZkURv#ZkekkTkb^kXkk^kkRkFZk^kTkkP^~ kZkkBZkkTkg ekkTkYkv^ kvZkTknXk^kTkmZkYk^~
Qk ekkPn: kZkkBZkkTkv Akv RpkTP ZkP kc
Hkc OkkYk Akv l^k Unl@bkkv U@R^^klYkOkg lP HkklOkRng FkZklRPc bk^^kv U@Xkk^kv OkkOk l^kYkngFkRv OkkOkm35
ZkQkk TkkYk AkvlU Unak: U@^ZklYkRlYklP ekk^kk ZkHklPPQkk bk^kkrTk^~ U@Xkk^kkTk^~ ekk^kk l^kYknJFklP ekkTkm35
ZkQkk lc AlkUnak: bkYXk|kTZkk @HkAkU@AmZkg Fkm^k@YkkRkZkkYkmZkklPUZkk Ul@SkkZk
AckTkHkwTk#kkbkYkk\kk Uo^kr@gCk 75
@lcP cw ZkkxlA ekkTkb^kXkk^kbkv b^kZkg GoKk Tkc{ cw bkl\k. kZkkBZkkTk ekkTk cm cw.vbkkTknXk^k A@Tkk Fkklc.
Xkk^kkQkr :kYkkAkv U@Xkk^kAv ZkkCkAk APpr^k cw ^kc TkkYkYkkk cw ^kc b^kZkg PkvekkTkb^kXkk^k cw U@^ZkAkv U@ HkkTkk kw@ lV@ U@Xkk^kAk Ck|cOk Tk A@Tkk ^kcm ZkkCk cw bkkAk@bQk@ cnk ekkTk cm kZkkBZkkTk cw ekkTkAv lPl@P Akvr Robk@k Xkk^k Tkc{ cw34
Wk Zkckf Zkc kTk ckvPk cw lA ekkPkAk kZkkBZkkTk ekkTk cm Ack cw Pkv bkAkRpkTP Zkk cw? bkAv k@Ykx RpkTP-RkkrTPU CkkQkk AcPv cy :
Zkv kw@ Ak cw HkkTkA@ U@^ZkAkv Akv Tk@ PHkvZkkx kw@Av cy HkkTkA@ U@Xkk^k ekkTkm Ul@ZkHkv35
CkkQkkQkr :'ZkQkk TkkYk Hkwbkv \kkvAYkx 'A: lU Unak: Akvr Unak 'U@^ZkYk~ RYk~lP ekk^kk U@^kbPnAkv &Zkc U@^kbPn cw" .vbkk HkkTkv Pkv .vbkk HkkTkA@ 'ZkHklP U@^kbPnAk ZkkCkA@Pk cw 'PQkk bkmkAk@ 'ekkTkm ekkTkm Unak 'bk^kkrTk~ bkYkbP 'U@Xkk^kkTk~ U@^ZkkxAvXkk^kkxAkv 'ekk^kk &Zkc U@Xkk^k cw" .vbkk HkkTkA@ 'l^kYknJFklP TkAkv GkvMj RvPk cw
KmAk :lHkbkkAk@Akvr Unak SkkvWkmAv Dk@bkv Xk|Yk^k#k Robk@vAk ^kbk \kkA@ bkvUTkk bkYkIkA@ kvNjA@ bkkv @ck cw kw@ UTkv kU cm ekkTkm (Zkc ^kbk Robk@vAk cw .vbkvekkTkbkv @lcP) ckv @ck cw; (lATPn) HkWk Robk@k ^ZkP bk ^kbkAk Gkv@ (U\\kk) UAMjA@ Bk{FkPk
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#kZkkTk: b^kZkYkekkTkm bkTTkTZkvTk PRgFk\kYkk\kYWZk Wk\kkTTkCTkmlZkYkkOkkv Ykgdkn klPWknSZkb^kkUrZkUl@^ksPPYkvPbkg YkkYkAlYkZkbkApkZkg #kpO^kTTklBk\kwlk/w: bknn U@mdZk lTklkPYkvPU@AmZklYklPekk^kk ekkTkm bkTk^~ YkngFklP Pkm^k@YklFk@kP^~ PQkk ekkPklU bkYXk|kTZkk U@AmZkkTXkk^kk-TkkRkZkkYkmZkklPUZkkYkTZkSZkkbZk #kZkkTk: b^kZkYkekkTkm bkTk~ CknOkk U@Xkk^kl^k^kvAg Ap^kwAmlZkYkkOkkvYkgdkn klPWknSZkb^kwA: Bk\^kZkYkkYkvZkbkApFG}kwPg ^kkZkg #kpO^kTTklBk\kwlk/w: bknn U@mdZk lTklkPYkvPvU@Xkk^kk lP ekk^kk ekkTkm bkTk^~ YkngFklP bk^kkrTU@Xkk^kkTklFk@kP^~
(Ykkl\kTkm)
^kP@lP Tk Zkk^kR ~ ^kplkYkZkTP^kvCkk-RTk^kYkU@Xkk^kZkkCkRpkTPRpl:IklKlP bkA\kXkk^kw@TZkRmZkws^kYknkb^kZklYkZkYkTknXkolPbPk^kRkl^kWkrXko^ k29
76 bkYkZkbkk@ ' XkCk^kkTkkmAnTRAnTR-
cw kw@ bkv TkCTk A@ AcPk cw lA &Po #kmDk| HkkCk bkk^kSkkTk ckv Zkc Ykv@k ^kbk WkR\kvYkx k CkZkkcw Zkc Ykv@k cw bkkv YknIkv Rv Rv" PWk Wkk@YWkk@ Acv CkZkv bk ^kkZkAkv bknTkPk cnk ^kc (bk ^kbkAv)bk^kr lFk/kxbkv Xk\kmXkkTP U@mdkk A@Av &^k#Zk Zkc ^kbk Robk@vAk cm cw" .vbkk HkkTkA@ ekkTkmckvPk cnk bk (Robk@vAv) ^kbkAkv #kmDk| cm ZkkCk RvPk cw bkmkAk@ekkPk Xkm Xk|Yk^k#kU@^ZkkxAv Xkk^kkxAkv Ck|cOk A@Av Tcx UTkk HkkTkA@ UTkvYkx .AU A@Av bkkv @ck cw kw@UTkv kU ekkTkm ckv @ck cw ; HkWk km Ckn U@Xkk^kAk l^k^kvA (XkvRekkTk) A@Av bkv .AkYkXkk^kU A@Pv cy kw@ AcPv cy lA &Po #kmDk| HkkCk bkk^kSkkTk ckv Zkc Pv@k kYkk ^kkbP^kYkx.A (ekkTkYkkk) cm cw (TZk bk^kr U@^ZkAv Xkk^k cy)" PWk Wkk@YWkk@ Acv CkZkv bk kCkYkAv^kkZkAkv bknTkPk cnk ^kc bkYkbP (b^k-U@Av) lFk/kxbkv Xk\kmXkkglP U@mdkk A@Av &^k#Zk ZkcU@Xkk^k cm cy (Yky .A ekkTkYkkk cm cof)" Zkc HkkTkA@ ekkTkm ckvPk cnk bk^kr U@Xkk^kkxAkv #kmDk|GkvMj RvPk cw
Xkk^kkQkr :HkWk PA U@^kbPnAkv Xko\kbkv UTkm bkYkIkPk cw PWk PA YkYk^k @cPk cw; kw@HkWk ZkQkkQkr ekkTk ckvTkvbkv U@^kbPnAkv Robk@vAm HkkTkPk cw PWk Robk@vAm ^kbPnYkx YkYk^k Awbkv @cvCkk?QkkrP~ Tkc{ @cv Zkc klbk cw35
Wk bkm QkrAk bkoFkA A\k#kU Ak^Zk AcPv cy :
\kkvAkQkr :'U@-Xkk^k-ZkkCk-RpkTP-Rpl: Zkc U@Xkk^kAv ZkkCkAv RpkTPAm Rpl
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Qk AQkYkTknXkoPv: U@Xkk^kl^k^kvAkv XkoP Zkk#kgZk Xkk^kAXkk^kl^k^kvAkAk@Ykkc
OklQk YkYk Akv l^k Ykkvckv WknHIklR ^kkvCk .^k cYkvkvPg YkkvclOkYYkYkkg bkYkZkbbk l^kZkkOkZkk WkxlP36
TkklbP YkYk AkvlU Ykkvckv WknSZkPv UZkkvCk .^kkcYkvA:Pg YkkvclTkYkrYk^kg bkYkZkbZk l^kekkZkAk Wk|n^ klTP36
c Bk\kn V\kRkTkbkYkQkrPZkk kkRnXkorZk Xkk^kAvTk bkPk UnR~Ck\k^ZkvOkklXklTk^krZkr-
AckTkHkwTk#kkbkYkk\kk Uo^kr@gCk 77
'Tk^kYk~ ZkTP-^kvCkkP~ Zkk^kP~ ^kplkYk~ Tk ^kP@lP Un@kTkm Tk ckv bkkAk@ ZkTP ^kvCkbkv HkWkPA k^kplkAkv kkk Tk ckv 'Pk^kP~ bkbkv Uo^kr cm 'IklKlP PAk\k 'bkA\k-Xkk^kw: TZkRmZkw:l^kYknk bkA\k TZkXkk^kkxbkv @lcP 'b^kZkYk~ ZkYk~ TknXkolP: b^kZkg cm Zkc TknXkolP Pkv'kl^kWkrXko^k kCkK ckv Ckr
Xkk^kkQkr :Zkc U@Xkk^kAv ZkkCkAk RpkTP Ack bk U@ Rpl UMjv bkbkv Uo^kr bkYkbPTZk Xkk^kkxbkv @lcP UTkv b^kUAk TknXk^k Pkv PAk\k ckv CkZkk; ZkkxlA Zkc klbk cw lA^kbPnAkv U@Am HkkTk \kvTkvAv WkkR YkYk^k Tkc{ @cPk29
Wk &bk TknXkolPbkv U@Xkk^kAk XkvRekkTk Awbkv cnk?" .vbkm k#kgAk A@Av Uc\kv PkvHkkv Xkk^kAXkk^kYkkvcAYkrAv RZkU Xkk^k bkAv XkvRekkTkAk kAk@ AcPv cy :
AnG Ykkvc ^kkv Ykv@k Tkc{ UZkkvCk Av^k\k .A Ykybk ekkTkAkv ekkZkA bkYkZkAv YkkvclTkYkrYkPk Acv36
1CkkQkkQkr :'WknSZkPv Hkkv Zkc HkkTkv lA 'Ykkvc: YkYk A: lU TkkbP &Ykkvc Ykv@k AkvrXkm (bkYWkTSkm) Tkc{ cw '.A: UZkkvCk: .^k cYk~ .A UZkkvCk cm Yky cof'Pg .vbkv HkkTkTkvAkv'bkYkZkbZk lbkkTPAv Qk^kk b^kU@b^kUAv 'l^kekkZkAk: HkkTkTkv^kk\kv 'YkkvclTkYkrYk^kg YkkvcbkvlTkYkrYk^k 'Wk|n^kTP AcPv cy
KmAk :lTkkZkbkv (Zkc Ykv@v TknXk^kYkx) V\kRkTkAm bkkYkQZkrbkv kCkK ckvA@
1 bk CkkQkkAk Robk@k Qkr Zkc Xkm cw lA :&zAlFkP~Ykkk Ykkvc Ykv@k Tkc{ cw Yky .A cof" .vbkk UZkkvCk cm(kYkk cm) HkkTkv bk UZkkvCkAkv (kYkkAkv) bkYkZkAv HkkTkTkv^kk\kv YkkvcAv klP lTkYkrYk (YkYkPk @lcP)AcPv cy
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YkkTkgAkvAmOkwrAekkZkAb^kXkk^kXkk^kbZk U@YkkQkrP: U@Xkk^kvTk Xkk^klZkPnYk#kZk^kkAPYkkvlU Tk TkkYkYkYk YkkvckvlbP zAFkwPb^kZkYkv^ k Fk l^kkkAk#kFkgFkn@l^kAb^k@kTk^k@PkPkUbkgURk lFkFGlYkkkvOkb^kXkk^kXkk^kvTk XkCk^kkTkkYkw^kk^kWknSZkPv ZklA\kkcg Bk\^kvA: PP: bkYkbP^ZkkOkkg U@bU@-bkkSkk@Okk^kCkkcbZk lTk^kk@lZkPnYk#kZk^kkP^~ YklkPk^kbQkkZkkYklU RlSkBkOMk^kbQkkZkklYk^k Ul@bVnKb^kR-YkkTkb^kkRXkvRPZkk Ykkvcg klP lTkYkrYk^kkvlbYk bk^krRw^ kkYkwA^kCkP^kvTk bkYkZkbZkw^ kYkv^ k lbQkP^kkP^~PmQkg Xkk^kAXkk^kl^k^kvAkv XkoP:
78 bkYkZkbkk@ ' XkCk^kkTkkmAnTRAnTR-
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bk^krP: b^k@bklTkXkr@Xkk^kgFkvPZkv b^kZkYkcg b^klYkcwAYk^~TkklbP TkklbP YkYk AkTk Ykkvc:#knlFkTkYkckvlTklSk@lbYk30
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AckTkHkwTk#kkbkYkk\kk Uo^kr@gCk 79
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lTkYkrYk^kkvlbYk bk^krRw^ kkYkwA^kCkP^kvTk bkYkZkbZkw^ kYkv^ k lbQkP^kkP^~ PmQkg ekvZkXkk^kl^k^kvAkv XkoP:(Ykkl\kTkm)
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AckTkHkwTk#kkbkYkk\kk Uo^kr@gCk 81
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Zkckf bkm QkrAk A\k#kU Ak^Zk AcPv cy :
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Xkk^kkQkr :bk^kr U@^Zkkxbkv PQkk Tkbkv Uk cn. Xkk^kkxbkv HkWk XkvR HkkTkk PWk UZkkvCkAkv@YkOkAv l\kZkv UTkk kYkk cm @ck TZk lLAkTkk Tkc{ @ck bkkAk@ R#krTkekkTkFkkl@kAv bkkQk.AU cnk ^kc kYkkYkx cm @YkOk A@Pk cw .vbkk HkkTkTkk31
Wk bkkAk@ R#krTkekkTkFkkl@kb^kU Ul@OkP bk kYkkAkv b^kUAk bkgFkvPTk Awbkk ckvPkcw Zkc AcPv cn. kFkkZkr bk AQkTkAkv bkYkvKPv cy :
Yky .A #kn bkRk Um ekkTkRpCk cof ZkQkkQkrbkvAnG TZk ^kkv Ykv@k PlTkA U@YkkOknYkkk Tkc{ @v!38
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cYkvA: Bk\kn #knkv R#krTkekkTkYkZk: bkRkUmTkkZklbP YkYk lAlJFkRZkTZkU@YkkOknYkkkYklU38
Zkkv lc TkkYkkTkklRYkkvckvTYkkPZkkZkTPYkklPWkn: bkTk^~ lTks^kOOkvTk CknOkkTk^k@Pg klP-WkkvSZkYkkTk: AQkgFkTkklU klPWknSZk lTkHkA@P\kl^kTZkbPl^kbYkpPFkkYkmA@k^k\kkvATkTZkkZkvTk U@Ykvk@-YkkYkkTkg ekk^kk kkZkkTknFkZkr Fk bkYZkCkvAkYkk@kYkkv XkoP: bk Bk\^kcYkkYkkYkkZkdkg lFkTYkkkgHZkkvlP: bkYkbPYkkYkk^kPrYkkTk^Zkk^kckl@AXkk^kw: lFkTYkkkkAk@vOkklXk
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k\kk^Zk l^kXk|YklP@bAl@Ok{ Xk@vOkkkvTYkCTk .ak XkCk^kkTk^kWkkvSklbkTSkn:32
84 bkYkZkbkk@ ' XkCk^kkTkkmAnTRAnTR-
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lP kmbkYkZkbkk@^ZkkBZkkZkkYkkYkBZkkPkw Uo^kr@gCk: bkYkkk:
AckTkHkwTk#kkbkYkk\kk Uo^kr@gCk 85
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Akv YkoNj kYk-HkkTk Hkkv U@-kYk^kkRm Hkm^k cw&cw AYkr SZk^kbkkTk cm Hkm^k" Zkkx lc ^kkv AQkTkm A@v39 Akvr SZk^kbkkTkYkx TknXkkCk PmdkOk-YkTR HkkvbkAkv cm YkkTkv kPYkk TZk Akv TkkvAYkrAkv!40Akv TZk YkkTkv kPYkk Wkbk AYkrAv cm RZkAkvAkv Pm^k|YkTRCknOkkx bklcP AYkkvlcAv TknXkkCkAkv!41Akv AYkr-kYkk XkZk lYk\kA@ Hkm^kAm k#kk Sk@vAkv AYkrAv bkgZkkvCkbkv lXk\kkak kYkkAm A@x42
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RnWknrl Zkkx cm kw@ Wkcnl^kSk kPYkk U@Akv Acw^kv bk^kr Tkzc U@YkkQkr^ kkRm Zkv lc lTkkZkl^kR~ Acw43
CkkQkkQkr :'kYkkTkYk~ HkkTkTP: kYkkAkv Tk HkkTkPv cn. 'U@kYk^kklRTk: U@AkvkYkk AcTkv^kk\kv 'AvlFkP~ YkoNk: Pn Akvr YkoNj Ykkvcm ekkTkm Pkv 'SZk^kbkkTkg SZk^kbkkTkAkv'PQkk Fk kw@ Akvr 'AYkr AYkrAkv 'Hkm^kYk~ kUZkTP Hkm^k AcPv cy 'U@v TZkAkvr 'SZk^kbkkTkvakn SZk^kbkkTkkxYk x 'Pm^k|YkTRkTknXkkCkCkg Pm^k|YkTR TknXkkCkCkPAkv 'Hkm^kgYkTZkTPv Hkm^k YkkTkPv cy 'PQkk kw@ 'U@v Robk@v Akvr 'TkkvAYkr lU Fk TkkvAYkrAkv 'Hkm^k:lP Hkm^k YkkTkPv cy 'U@v TZk Akvr 'AYkrOk: RZkg AYkrAv RZkAkv 'Hkm^kYk~ Hkm^kYkkTkPv cy Akvr &'Zk: Hkkv 'Pm^k|^kYkTR^kCknOkkXZkkg Pm^k|YkTRPkU CknOkkxbkv XkvRAkv kkk ckvPkcw 'bk: ^kc 'Hkm^k: Xk^klP Hkm^k cw" bkkAk@ 'AYkkrTknXkkCkYk~ AYkrAv TknXkkCkAkv'FGTP Hkm^k FGPv cy (YkkTkPv cy) 'AvlFkP~ Akvr 'Hkm^kAYkkvrXkZkg Hkm^k kw@ AYkr'v lU Bk\kn RkvTkkx lYk\kv cn.Akv cm 'Hkm^kYk~ FGTP Hkm^k YkkTkPv cy 'Pn kw@ 'U@vTZk Akvr ' AYkrOkkg bkgZkkvCkvTk AYkrAv bkgZkkvCkbkv cm 'Hkm^kYk~ FGTP Hkm^k YkkTkPv cy'.^kgl^kSkk: bkkAk@Av PQkk 'Wkcnl^kSkk: TZk Xkm TkvA kAk@Av 'RnYkvrSkbk: RnWknrl-
- c Bk\kn PRbkkSkk@Ok\kdkOkkA\kTkk\kmWk^kvTkkZkTPl^kYkoNk: bkTPbPkl^kAYkkYkkTk-YkHkkTkTPkv Wkc^kkv WkcnSkk U@YkZkkYkkTklYklP k\kUlTP TkwbksCkA@kCkvakA\YkklakP-YkSZk^kbkkTkYkv^ k Hkm^kbPQkkl^kSkkSZk^kbkkTkkP^~ gCkk@bZkv^ k AkaOZkkrRlPl@^kvTkkTZkbZkkTknU-\kXZkYkkTk^kklRlP AvlFkP^~ Tkk
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TkkTZkbZkkTknU\kXZkYkkTk^kklRlP AvlFkP~ YklkPk^kRnXkZkkYkA^kkRkYkAYkkvrXkZkYkv^ k Hkm^k: AkbTZkrP:AYkrOkkvlPl@^kvTkkTZkbZkkTknU\kXZkYkkTk^kklRlP AvlFkP~ QkrlZkkbkYkQkr: AYkrbkgZkkvCk .^k Hkm^k:AYkrbkgZkkvCkkBkK~^ kkZkk ^k AkbkgZkkvCkkRlPl@^kvTkkTZkbZkkTknU\kXZkYkkTk^kklRlP AvlFkP~.^kYkv^kgkAk@k P@vlU WkcnkAk@k: U@YkkYkvlP ^ZkUlR#klTP RnYkvrSkbk: lATPn Tk PvU@YkkQkr^ kklRlXk: U@YkkQkr^ kklRTk lP lTksR#ZkTPv
AnP:
90 bkYkZkbkk@ ' XkCk^kkTkkmAnTRAnTR-
AcPv cy lA bkkPk-bkkPkUbkv ^Zkkk bkYkbP Pm^k|YkTR^kCknOkkxbkv XkvRU ckvTkv^kk\kk AYkrAkTknXk^k cm Hkm^k cw ZkkxlA bknBk:RnBkbkv TZk \kCk Akvr Hkm^k lRBkkr Tkc{ RvPk6 AkvrAcPv cy lA kmBkOMAm XkkflP XkZkU lYk\kv cn. kYkk kw@ AYkr RkvTkkx lYk\kA@ cm Hkm^kcy ZkkxlA bkYUoOkrPZkk AYkkvbkv lXkk \kCk Akvr Hkm^k lRBkkr Tkc{ RvPk7 Akvr AcPv cylA QkrlZkkYkx (kZkkvHkTkXkoP lZkkYkx) bkYkQkr .vbkk Hkkv AYkrAk bkgZkkvCk ^kc cm Hkm^k cwZkkxlA Hkwbkv kL \kAlMjZkkxAv bkgZkkvCkbkv lXkk \kCk Akvr U\kgCk lRBkkr Tkc{ RvPk bkm kAk@AYkkvAv bkgZkkvCkbkv TZk \kCk Akvr Hkm^k lRBkkr Tkc{ RvPk (kL \kAlMjZkkg lYk\kA@ U\kgCkWkTkk PWk ^kc QkrlZkkYkx bkYkQkr cnk; bkmkAk@ Zkckf Xkm HkkTkTkk)8 bkkAk@ kLkAk@ Pkv Zkc Acv kw@ .vbkv .vbkv TZk Xkm TkvA kAk@Av RnWknrl (l^kl^kSk kAk@bkv) U@AkvkYkk AcPv cy; U@TPn U@YkkQkrAv ekkPk Tcx bkZkkQkr^kkRm Tkc{ AcPv
Xkk^kkQkr :Hkm^k-Hkm^k RkvTkkx TkklRAk\kbkv .Adkvkk^kCkkcbkgZkkvCkUbkv lYk\kv cn. cykw@ TkklRAk\kbkv cm UnR~Ck\kAv bkgZkkvCkbkv Hkm^kAm TkvA l^kAk@bklcP ^kbQkkZkx ckv @cm cyU@YkkQkrRplbkv RvBkTkv U@ Hkm^k Pkv UTkv FkwPTZk^k klR Xkk^kkxAkv Tkc{ GkvMjPk kw@ UnR~Ck\kUTkv YkosPA HkMj^k klRAkv Tkc{ GkvMjPk U@TPn Hkkv U@YkkQkrAkv Tkc{ HkkTkPv ^kv bkgZkkvCkbkvcn. Xkk^kkxAkv cm Hkm^k AcPv cy; ZkkxlA U@YkkQkrbkv Hkm^kAk b^kU UnR~Ck\kbkv lXkk bk^krekAkvlRBkkr RvPk cw PQkk bk^krekAm U@YU@kAv kCkYkbkv HkkTkk Hkk bkAPk cw bkl\kZkv lHkTkAv YkPYkxbk^krek Tkc{ cy ^kv UTkm Wknlbkv TkvA A\UTkkZkx A@Av AcPv cy TkYkxbkv ^kvRkTPm YkmYkkgbkAbkkgBZk ZkkvCk Wkkw TkwZkklZkA ^kw#kvlakA Fkk^kkrA klR YkPkxAv k#kZk \kvA@ kL kAk@Pkv kCkK Acv cy; kw@ TZk Xkm UTkm-UTkm Wknlbkv TkvA A\UTkkZkx A@Av TkvAkAk@bkv AcPv cy bkkv Ackf PA Ack HkkZkv?39 bkv 43
.vbkk AcTkv^kk\kv bkZkkQkr^kkRm Zkkx Tkc{ cy bkkv AcPv cy :
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.Rv bk^^kv Xkk^kk UkvCCk\kR^^kUl@OkkYklOkUOOkkAv^kl\klHkOkvzc XklOkZkk Ac Pv Hkm^kkv lk ^knkglP44
.Pv bk^kvr Xkk^kk: Un\k^ZkUl@OkkYklTkaUkk:Av^kl\klHkTkwXkrlOkPk: AQkg Pv Hkm^k ZknFZkTPv44
ZkP: .PvSZk^kbkkTkkRZk: bkYkbPk .^k Xkk^kk XkCk^kls^kkbkkldklXk@crl:Un\k^ZkUl@OkkYkYkZk^kvTk kekkk: bkTPkwPTZk#koTZkkUn\k^ZkkRlPl@^kvTk kekkZkYkkTkgFkwPTZkb^kXkk^kg Hkm^k^Zkg Xkl^kPng TkkvbkcTPv; PPkv Tk Bk\^kkCkYkZknlb^kkTknXk^kwWkkrlSkPUdk^kkk-RkYk^kklRTk: U@YkkQkr^ kklRTk: .PRv^ k bk^krek^kFkTkg Pk^kRkCkYk: Zkg Pn b^kkTknXk^kCksXkPk Zknl:Tk Bk\kn TkwbksCkA@kCkvakA\YkklakPYkSZk^kbkkTkg Hkm^k: PQkkl^kSkkSZk^kbkkTkkP ~ AkPrb^k@bZkv^ k #ZkklYkAkZkklPl@^kvTkkTZkbZk lFkb^kXkk^kbZk l^k^kvFkAw: b^kZkYknU\kXZkYkkTk^kkP~ Tk Bk\^kTkk-
AckTkHkwTk#kkbkYkk\kk Hkm^k-Hkm^k lSkAk@ 91
Un\kR@^k Ul@OkkYkbkv UHkv cn. bkWk Xkk^k ZkvbkWk Av^k\kmlHkTk XkklakZkk lAbk @mP Hkm^k Ackv Tcx? 44
CkkQkkQkr :'.Pv Zkc Uo^krAlQkP SZk^kbkkTk klR 'bk^kvr Xkk^kk: Xkk^k cy ^kv bkXkm'UnR~Ck\k^ZkUl@OkkYklTkaUkk: UnR~Ck\k^ZkAv Ul@OkkYkbkv Uk cn. cy bkkAk@ 'Av^kl\klHkTkw:Av^k\km bk^krek lHkTkvTRv^kkxTkv 'XklOkPk: Ack cw 'Pv Tcx 'Hkm^k: lP Hkm^k .vbkk 'AQkgFZkTPv Awbkv Ack Hkk bkAPk cw?
KmAk :Zkc bkYkbP cm SZk^kbkkTkklR Xkk^k l^kkAv (bkYkbP URkQkkvAv) bkkdkkP~RvBkTkv^kk\kv XkCk^kkTk (^kmP@kCk bk^krek) @cgPRv^kkxAv k@k UnR~Ck\k^ZkAv Ul@OkkYkYkZk Acv CkZkvcy bkl\kZkv ^kv FkwPTZkb^kXkk^kYkZk Hkm^k^Zk ckvTkvAv l\kZkv bkYkQkr Tkc{ cy lA Hkkv Hkm^k^ZkFkwPTZkXkk^kbkv #koTZk .vbkv UnR~Ck\k^Zkbkv lPl@P (lXkk) Ack CkZkk cw; bkl\kZkv Hkkv TkSZk^kbkkTkklRAAkv Hkm^k AcPv cy ^kv ^kkbP^kYkx U@YkkQkr^kkRm Tkc{ cy; ZkkxlA kCkYk ZknPkw@ b^kkTknXk^kbkv TkAk Udk WkklSkP cw bkYkx &^kv Hkm^k Tkc{ cy " Zkc bk^krekAk ^kFkTk cw^kc Pkv kCkYk cw kw@ ^kc (lTkYTkkvP) b^kkTknXk^kCksXkP ZknP cw :b^kZkYkv^k Uk cn.@kCk-vakAv k@k Ykl\kTk SZk^kbkkTk cy ^kv Hkm^k Tkc{ cw; ZkkxlA Akl\kYkkbkv lXkk bkn^kOkrAmXkkglP PQkkl^kSk SZk^kbkkTkbkv lXkk TZk lFkb^kXkk^kU Hkm^k XkvRekklTkZkkxAv k@k b^kZkg
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b^kZkYknU\kXZkYkkTk^kkP~ Tk Bk\^kQkrlZkkbkYkQkr: AYkrbkgZkkvCkkv Hkm^k: AYkrbkgZkkvCkkP~ BkK~^ kk#kklZkTk:UnakbZkv^ kkAkbkgZkkvCkkRlPl@^kvTkkTZkbZk lFkb^kXkk^kbZk l^k^kvFkAw: b^kZkYknU\kXZkYkkTk^kklRlP
c Bk\kn Un\klXkkkYkkvU\klWSkg klP l^kklPUk: bkkYTkw^ kw^ kYkTkn#kkbZk:(Ykkl\kTkm)
l^k@Yk lAYkU@vOkkAkZkrAkv\kkc\kvTkb^kZkYklU lTkXkpP: bkTk^~ U#Zk akOYkkbkYkvAYk~RZkbk@lbk Ungbk: Un\kklkSkkYTkkvTkTkn lAYkTknU\kWSkXkkrlP zAFkkvU\klWSk:34
AckTkHkwTk#kkbkYkk\kk Hkm^k-Hkm^k lSkAk@ 93
cy8 (bkmkAk@ TZk Akvr Robk@v kAk@bkv Acv Pkv ^kckf Xkm Zkcm ZknP HkkTkTkk)
Xkk^kkQkr :FkwPTZkb^kXkk^kU Hkm^k bk^kr U@Xkk^kkxbkv lXkk XkvRekklTkZkkxAv CkkvFk@ cy;bkl\k. ekkTkm Hkwbkk YkkTkPv cy ^kwbkk Tkc{ cw44
Zkckf UnR~Ck\kbkv lXkk kYkkAm U\kWSkAv klP l^k@kvSk A@Tkv^kk\kv (UnR~Ck\kAkv cmkYkk HkkTkTkv^kk\kv) UnakAkv (bkAv lcPU kYkkklkAm WkkP AcA@) lYkLkbkUo^krA (kw@bkYkXkk^kbkv) cm bkkAk@ URv#k A@Tkk Zkc Ak^ZkYkx WkP\kkPv cy :
\kkvAkQkr :cv Xk^Zk! PnIkv 'U@vOk TZk 'AkZkr-Akv\kkc\kvTk ^ZkQkr cmAkv\kkc\k A@Tkvbkv 'lAYk~ Zkk \kkXk cw? Po 'l^k@Yk bk Akv\kkc\kbkv l^k@P ckv kw@'.AYk~ .A FkwPTZkYkkk ^kbPnAkv 'b^kZkYk~ lU b^kZkg 'lTkXkpP: bkTk~ lTkk\k \kmTk ckvA@'U#Zk akOYkkbkYk~ RvBk; .vbkk Gc Ykkbk XZkkbk A@ kw@ RvBk lA .vbkk A@Tkvbkv 'RZk-bk@lbk UTkv RZkbk@kv^k@Ykx 'Un\kkP~ lXkkSkkYTk: lHkbkAk PvHk-kPkU-kAk#k UnR~Ck\kbkvlXkk cw .vbkv bk 'Ungbk: kYkkAm 'TkTkn lAYk~ TknU\kWSk: XkklP kklk Tkc{ ckvPm cw 'zAFk U\kWSk: Zkk ckvPm cw?
Xkk^kkQkr :ZklR UTkv b^kUAk XZkkbk A@v Pkv bkAm kklk ^k#Zk ckvPm cw;ZklR U@^kbPn ckv Pkv bkAm Pkv kklk Tkc{ ckvPm UTkk b^kU Pkv l^k
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AQkg lFkRT^kZkklPXkkbkvZkSZk^kbkkTkkRZk: Un\kb^kXkk^kk lP FkvP~
l^kcg lU Zk AYYkg bk^^kg UkvCCk\kYkZkg lHkOkk WkxlPHkbbk V\kg Pg ^knklR RnBkg lP l^kUkYkkOkbbk45
l^kSkYklU Fk AYkr bk^k Un\kYkZkg lHkTkk Wk|n^ klTPZkbZk V\kg PRnFZkPv Rn:BklYklP l^kUFZkYkkTkbZk45
SZk^kbkkTkklRXkk^klTk^krPrAYkl^kSkYklU Fk AYkr bkYkbPYkv^ k Un\kYkZklYklP lA\k bkA\kek-eklk: PbZk Pn ZklUkAAkkYklSkNbZk V\k^kvTkklXk\kZkPv PRTkkAn\k^k\kdkOkbkkwBZkkBZkkYk-b^kXkk^kl^k\kdkOk^kklA\k Rn:BkYk~ PRTP:UklPTk .^k lA\kkAn\k^k\kdkOkk SZk^kbkkTkklRXkk^kk:
94 bkYkZkbkk@ ' XkCk^kkTkkmAnTRAnTR-
ckvPk ckv Pkv bkAk lTkakvSk lAZkk cw ZklR bkYkIkTkvYkx lSkA Ak\k \kCkv Pkv Gc YkkbkbkvlSkA Tkc{ \kCkvCkk; bkl\k. TZk lTkakZkkvHkTk Akv\kkc\kAk ZkkCk A@Av bkYkx \kCk HkkTkvbkv#kmDk| cm b^kUAm kklk ckv HkkZkCkm .vbkk URv#k cw34
Wk l#kaZk UoGPk cw lA Tk SZk^kbkkTkklR Xkk^kkxAkv Hkm^k Tkc{ Ack TZkFkwPTZkb^kXkk^kAkv Hkm^k Ack; Pkv Zkc Xkk^k Xkm FkwPTZkAv bkkQk bkYWkTSk @BkTkv^kk\kv klPXkklbkPckvPv cy (^kv FkwPTZkAv lPl@P HkMjAv Pkv lRBkkr Tkc{ RvPv) PQkklU Tcx UnR~Ck\kAv b^kXkk^kZkkx Ack? bkAv k@b^kU CkkQkkbkok AcPv cy :
@v! AYkr kAk@Ak lHkTk bk^kr Un\kYkZk AcvUl@UkAYkx lHkbk AYkrAk V\k Rn:Bk TkkYk klbk cw45
CkkQkkQkr :'l^kSkYk~ lU Fk kLkx kAk@Ak 'AYkr AYkr 'bk^k bkWk'Un\kYkZkg UnR~Ck\kYkZk cw .vbkk 'lHkTkk: lHkTkvTXkCk^kkTk bk^krekRv^k 'Wk|n^kTP AcPv cy'ZkbZkl^kUFZkYkkTkbZk lHkbk U^k ckvA@ RZkYkx kTkv^kk\kv AYkrAk 'V\kg V\k 'PP~ klbk'Rn:BkYk~ Rn:Bk cw 'lP FZkPv .vbkk Ack cw
KmAk :SZk^kbkkTkklR bkYkbP Xkk^kkxAkv Uk A@Tkv^kk\kk Hkkv kLkx kAk@AkekkTkk^k@OkklR AYkr cw ^kc bkXkm UnR~Ck\kYkZk cw .vbkk bk^krekAk ^kFkTk cw l^kUkAAm YkZkkrRkAkv kkkbk AYkrAv V\kUbkv Hkkv Ack HkkPk cw ^kc (QkkrP~ AYkrV\k) TkkAn\kPk\kdkOkbknBkTkkYkAkYkb^kXkk^kbkv l^k\kdkOk cw bkl\k. Rn:Bk cw bk Rn:BkYkx cm kAn\kPk\kdkOk SZk^kbkkTkklR Xkk^k
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PPkv Tk Pv lFkRT^kZkl^kXk|YkvZkkYkb^kXkk^kk: lATPn Un\kb^kXkk^kk:
Zk
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XkvRR#krTkkkbkbQkk^k@kOkkg XkbYkTk ^k lTk:#kgAYknUYkRrTkvTk zcbkkXkk^kk^kZkv^k WkTSkbZkkXkk^k: PQkk@ll^kYkoNkv Hkm^kkv WkSZkYkkTkkv YkkvFkTkmZk lP @kCkvakYkkvcvXZkkv Hkm^kbZk U@YkkQkrPkv XkvRR#krTkvTkYkkvdkkvUkZkUl@Ck|cOkkXkk^kkP~ Xk^kZkv^ k YkkvdkbZkkXkk^k:
Qk AvTk RpkTPvTk k^kpkkv ^Zk^kck@ lP FkvP~
@kZkk cn lOkCCkRkv lk Zk .bkkv Wk\kbkYknRZkbbk kRvbkkv^k^kck@vOk Rn ^knklR PQkvkv lOkCCkRkv @kZkk47
96 bkYkZkbkk@ ' XkCk^kkTkkmAnTRAnTR-
U@YkkQkrAk AcTkv^kk\kk cw bkl\k. U@YkkQkrXkoP ckvTkv U@ Xkm SkYkrPmQkrAm k^kplk A@TkvAv l\k.(^Zk^kck@TkZk) WkP\kkTkk TZkkZkbkE*P cm cw U@TPn ZklR ^Zk^kck@TkZk Tk WkPkZkk HkkZkv PkvU@YkkQkrbkv (lTkkZkTkZkbkv) Hkm^k #k@m@bkv lXkk WkPkZkv HkkTkvAv Ak@Ok Hkwbkv XkbYkAkv Ykbk\k RvTkvYkxzcbkkAk Xkk^k cw bkmkAk@ kbkbQkk^k@ Hkm^kkxAkv lTk:#kgAPZkk Ykbk\k RvTkvAnFk\k RvTkv (DkkPA@Tkv)Ykx Xkm zcbkkAk Xkk^k Lc@vCkk kw@ bk Ak@Ok WkTSkAk cm Xkk^k lbk ckvCkk; PQkkU@YkkQkrAv k@k Hkm^k @kCkvakYkkvcbkv lXkk WkPkZkv HkkTkvAv Ak@Ok &@kCkm vakm Ykkvcm Hkm^k AYkrbkvWkfSkPk cw bkv GnMjkTkk"bkkAk@ YkkvdkAv UkZkAv Ck|cOkAk Xkk^k ckv HkkZkvCkk kw@ bkbkvYkkvdkAk cm Xkk^k ckvCkk (bkkAk@ ZklR ^Zk^kck@TkZk Tk WkPkZkk HkkZk Pkv WkTSk-YkkvdkAkXkk^k Lc@Pk cw)
Xkk^kkQkr :U@YkkQkrTkZk Pkv Hkm^kAkv #k@m@ PQkk @kCkvakYkkvcbkv lXkk AcPk cw ZklRbkmAk .AkTP Ck|cOk lAZkk HkkZkv Pkv #k@m@ PQkk @kCkvakYkkvc UnR~Ck\kYkZk lbk ckxCkv Pkv lV@UnR~Ck\kAk DkkP A@Tkvbkv zcbkk Tkc{ ckvCkm PQkk @kCkvakYkkvcbkv WkTSk Tkc{ ckvCkk bkkAk@U@YkkQkrbkv Hkkv bkgbkk@-Ykkvdk RkvTkkxAk Xkk^k Ack cw .AkTPbkv Zkc cm Lc@vCkk lATPn .vbkk.AkTPU ^kbPnAk b^kU Tkc{ cw; ^kbPnAk kkTk ekkTk kFk@Ok ^kbPnU cm cwbkl\kZkv ^Zk^kck@TkZkAk URv#k TZkkZkkkk cw bkkAk@ bZkkkRbkv RkvTkkx TkZkkxAk l^k@kvSk lYkKkA@kkTk A@Tkk bkkv bkYZkA~^k cw46
Wk l#kaZk UoGPk cw lA Zkc ^Zk^kck@TkZk lAbk RpkTPbkv k^kpk cnk cw? bkAk k@AcPv cy :
&lTkCkrYkTk bk TkpUAk cnk"lTkRvr#k bkwTZkbkYkocYkx^Zk^kck@bkv Ac\kkZk Zkc U@ XkoU bkYkx .A cw;47
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.Ykv^ k Zk ^k^kck@kv HIk^kbkkOkklROOkXkk^kkOkgHkm^kkv lk ARkv bknkv PQkvkv lOklFGRkv Hkm^kkv48
@kHkk Bk\kn lTkCkrP Zkvak Wk\kbkYknRZkbZkkRv#k:^Zk^kck@vOk PoFZkPv PkwAkv lTkCkrPkv @kHkk47.^kYkv^ k Fk ^Zk^kck@kvSZk^kbkkTkk
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- ^kvlU b^kZkg @bkUvOkkUl@OkYkTkkkk@bk:; PQkk Un\k^ZkkRTZk^kvTkkl^k
- CkTSkUvOkkUl@OkYkTkkkkCkTSk:; PQkk Un\k^ZkkRTZk^kvTkkl^k
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