safe disposal of waste

SEGREGATIONMEANING

The action or state of setting

someone or something apart

from other people or things or being

set apart.

CNMP Development Course November 16-18, 2004


SEGREGATION

Waste segregation

means dividing waste into dry and wet.

Dry waste includes wood and related products, metals and glass.

Wet waste, typically refers to organic waste usually generated by eating establishments and are heavy in weight due to dampness. Waste can also be segregated on basis of biodegradable or non-biodegradable waste.


Organic waste should also be segregated for disposal. The following categories are recommended:

Leftover food which has had any contact with meat should be collected

separately to prevent the spread of bacteria. - If other leftovers are sent, for example,

to local farmers, they should be sterilized before being fed to the animals. Peel

and scrapings from fruit and vegetables can be composted along with other

degradable matter. Other waste can be included for composting, too, such as cut

flowers, coffee grindings, rotting fruit, tea bags, egg- and nutshells, paper

towels etc.


Segregation of domestic waste:

Domestic waste is segregated into different dustbins: biodegradable and non biodegradable.

Useful products made out of Biodegradable domestic waste:

..these waste are converted into some useful products like compost and gobar gas

..eco friendly biodegradable household waste bag


Wet waste Dry waste

Wet-green

If it’s sticky, mucky, or dirty, put it in the green bag. Wet waste includes all food items, soiled food wrappers, hygiene products, tissues and paper towels, as well as any other soiled item that would contaminate the recyclables.

Dry = Blue

If it’s dry, place it in the blue bag. Dry waste includes all items that are not wet or soiled. It also includes items that can be easily rinsed or wiped clean, recyclables and non-recyclables, all types of paper, cardboard, bottles, cans, etc.


catheters


What service is indirectly done by the rag pickers/poor garbage collectors for the

disposal of waste?

The rag pickers/ poor garbage collectors help in removing much of the waste from the garbage dumps.

They remove pieces of metals, glass, rubber & plastics etc which are recycled to get some finished products.


Composting process

•What is it?.....It is a process involving decomposition of the organic waste into humuswhich is a good fertilizer for plants.

It produces carbon dioxide & heat which can be used for various purposes like cooking.


How is compost made?Wastes from the household are made to

undergo decomposition in such a way that bacteria & other micro-organisms break them

down & produce a safe, clean & soil like material known as compost.

compost is made simply by adding compostable

items to a compost heap when you feel like it. It will all compost eventually but

may take a long time and if the mix is unbalanced,

may not produce a very pleasant end product.


green materials Raw vegetable peelings from

your kitchen

Tea bags and leaves

Soft green prunings

Animal manure from herbivores eg cows and horses

Poultry manture

'Browns' or carbon rich ingredients - slow to rot

Cardboard eg. cereal packets and egg boxes

Waste paper and junk mail, including shredded confidential waste

Cardboard

Newspaper � although it is better for the environment to send your newspapers for recycling

Bracken

Wood shavings

Fallen leaves can be composted

Making compost


INDORE METHOD OF COMPOSTINGLayers of vegetable waste & night soil are alternated in a

shallow hole dug in the ground; this is turned regularly

for about 3 months so as to provide air to the mixture.

Compost is now left for one more month without turning

for the process to take effect.


Bangalore method of composting

In this the waste material is placed in layers one metre deep , this material

is not turned at all and decomposes after 5

months .


Advantages of composting

It enhances the soil nutrients

It increases the water retention capacity

It revives the poor soil by adding humus

It prevents pollution by preventing the water run off from draining into water resources


TREATMENT OF EFFLUENTS


Drainage and treatment of effluents

The contaminants in the environment which cause harm to the human health should be removed and his is done by

treating the water which could be later used for some beneficial purposes.

Waste water is treated in three stages:

Primary stageSecondary stage

Tertiary stage


PRIMARY TREATMENT: physical separation of suspended waste as well as odour and colour

(Perforated sheet-A hole or series of holes punched or bored through something, especially a hole in a series, separating sections in a sheet or roll.)

Sand, pebbles, metals, egg shells etc are called grit.

Impurities are removed by passing the waste water in the grit chamber.

The flow velocity of water is decreased in the grit chamber.

This allows the grit to settle down .

Grit is than removed from the grit chamber either by hand or mechanically.

Water which is free from suspended coarse solids & grit then flows into the sedimentation tank.

(a)Screening and settling:

It includes

removing coarse solids like rags,

sticks ,boards etc. The waste water

is passed through a perforated sheet which removes the

coarse particles


Water is stored in large basin

Water which is stored in reservoirs, allows sand particles , clay etc to settle at the bottom of the basin as sludge.

This sludge is removed by taking it to a discharge point at the bottom of the basin for withdrawal.


Coagulation or Flocculation In this process the

sedimented water is subjected to chemical process.

This is done to remove the turbidity(cloudy appearance of water because of small particles.

Coagulant such as aluminum sulphate or alum is used.

Coagulant helps in the

agglomeration of fine particles suspended in water.

Agglomerated particles are again separated by sedimentation or filtration.


ALUM


•It is a process of separation of suspended impurities from water

•It is used to remove micro-organisms as well as the remaining fine particles.

•Drawback(various types of dissolved salts, fats can’t be separated)

Filtration


Secondary treatment of water

Water treated by the primary treatment still contains pathogenic and non-pathogenic organisms. These have to be removed as they has a high demand for oxygen.

This high demand for oxygen is removed before discharging the waste water into the water bodies.

In this method organic matter is biologically degraded by the micro-organisms.(it is also known as biological treatment).


Secondary treatment of water

The waste water(containing organic matter) is put in the tank of sludge heavily laden with micro-organisms.

Micro-organisms digest the organic matter and reduces Biological Oxygen Demand

The water now leaves the aeration tank & carries with it the sludge having organic matter (biomass).

A part of biomass is used again to consume more of the organic matter from the waste water and is known as ‘activated sludge’


Tertiary treatment of water

Also known as advanced Waste Treatment. It is a process that is used to improve the quality of water

that has received primary and secondary treatment.

It also helps in the removal of pollutants(pesticides and insecticides)which gives a peculiar colour, taste and odour to water and lead to health problem.

In order to get rid of the micro-organisms chlorine or bleaching powder is added to water to disinfect it.


incineration A process of controlled high

temperature oxidation of the organic compounds that release thermal energy and produce carbon dioxide

or It involves burning of waste at a very

high temperature

It is a useful technology to deal with the large quantities of organic hazardous waste.


Advantages disadvantages Incineration kills

pathogenic organisms & reduce the volume of waste

It helps in dealing with the large amount of waste.

Waste produces heat which is used to produce steam from water to produce electricity

Pollutes the atmosphere

Devices used are costly

Should be managed carefully otherwise may cause harm to the health of the people living nearby


Scrubber

..It is a device using the spray of water for catching pollutants during emissions

..As the polluted gas flows upwards, the particulates present in the gas collide with the water droplets sprayed from the spray nozzles.

.The liquid droplets containing the particulates settle at the bottom.


Advantages Electrostatic precipitator

Economic and provide high efficiency up 60%

Do not produce the moisture plume

Esp cannot be used with mist or sticky particles

May be subjected to corrosion

Disadvantages

safe disposal of waste

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