sada session 8

Societal Analysis and Development Action (SADA) Session 8 Module 5: Development: Models/Approaches

Societal Analysis and Development Action (SADA)Session 8Module 5: Development: Models/ApproachesSADA-Session 8Power of IdeologyCharity/Welfare approachCapitalistic approachSocialistic approachModernisation approachViolence and non-violence as an approach/action for developmentNew thinking: Freedom, Entitlement, Endowment and TransformationSustainable Development (Next session)

1Prof.S. Peppin, PhD XIMB

Power of IdeologySADA-Session 8


SADA-Session 8Power of Ideology What people think and believe about society, power, rights, etc., determines their actionsEverything has to pass through the mind of the individual before he or she actsHow do the ideas and beliefs appear in our minds?Critical examination of reality thinking for oneselfInfluence of others opinions family, education, mass media, etc.Some forms of teaching imprison the mindOthers liberate the mind, enabling it to think criticallySubjugation by force is the crudest form of social controlMind control is a much more effective methodBut is it really effective? 3Prof.S. Peppin, PhD XIMB

Political Ideology /spectrum: 2 dimension

Right

Left State

Social democracyMarket socialism Welfare state liberalism

State socialism(Communism) FascismNeoliberalism

Market authoritarianism

Traditional conservatism MarketSADA-Session 84Prof.S. Peppin, PhD XIMB

AuthoritarianismDemocracy Market StateInequalityEqualityYou may use 3 or more dimensions

SADA-Session 85Prof.S. Peppin, PhD XIMB

SADA-Session 8

Three major factors which produce, shape and reshape ideologies:

TIME, 2. CLASS, AND 3. CRISIS


6SADA Session 8Prof.S. Peppin, PhD

SADA-Session 8TIME The flow of timeThe course of historySocial evolution and developmentThe 5 centuries of modernization The issue of change -social, technological, cultural, economicAlso: age (individuals, countries, systems) and readiness to embrace changeThe influence of liberalism today is partly explained by the fact that liberalism was created as the ideology of change. Conservatisms main problem: how to keep order in a changing world7Prof.S. Peppin, PhD XIMB

SADA Session 8Prof.S. Peppin, PhD7

SADA-Session 8CLASS

Each major ideology has its main roots in the interests of a certain class, or a section of a class, or several aligned classes For instance, in 19th century Europe: Conservative ideologies were rooted in the interests of landed aristocracy and clergy classes losing power as a result of modernizationLiberalism was rooted in the interests of the rising bourgeoisieSocialism was rooted in the interests of the working classes

The special role of the intellectuals in the production of ideas8Prof.S. Peppin, PhD XIMB

SADA-Session 8CRISIS

A catastrophe (major war, economic collapse, ecological disaster, famine)Major deterioration of social conditionsBreakdown of a stateA revolution or a counterrevolution

Crises create powerful demand for new ideasAnd people commit themselves to ideas much more strongly (become more ideological) than in normal times


SADA-Session 8

Liberalism, conservatism, socialism, and fascism have offered comprehensive political worldviews

Other important ideologies which have not developed into comprehensive systems of thought -but have had major influence on national and global politics:


SADA-Session 8

Nationalism: creating independent states, fostering national unityAnarchism: rejection of the state as a social mechanismFeminism: struggle for gender equalityEnvironmentalism: saving the planetWhat about religious fundamentalisms?


Charity/Welfare approachIt is based on the ethos of religion that helping the ones in need is a ticket to heaven. The ideology behind the relief approach derives from the way the agency understands poverty. The inequalities in societies are seen as the working of fate. It is gods will that some are rich and others poor, that some are victims of catastrophes, both natural and man-made. These tragic situations are to be seen as part of the normal run of human existence.Charity/welfare approach: Believes in meeting the basic needs and providing immediate relief to the sufferingState-GovernmentSisters of CharityDoctors without Borders (MSF)CARE, CRS (not exclusively)UN Agencies (Not exclusively)????

SADA-Session 8FeaturesActors12Prof.S. Peppin, PhD XIMB

Charity/Welfare ApproachIf often creates passivity and dependence. The real poor of India are not beggars. Relief work does not attack and still less solve, the root causes of the problems. In fact, if often prevents people from becoming aware of the real problems and finding lasting solutions. It silences the poor by temporarily satisfying them. The rich and powerful often take advantage of natural calamities and individual difficulties to exploit the poor and control their lives. One should not distribute food, while hoarders hide huge stocks nearby.

It should respect the dignity of people and encourage their contribution (e.g. food for work) Charity should also be done in a well organized and efficient manner. Charity calms the consciences of the rich. A few people in society are sacrificed as dedicated persons and receive the admiration of all as compensation. They are guilt-relievers in society.When I give food they consider me a saint. When I stand for proper wages, they call me communist (Helder Camara)


Capitalistic ApproachCapitalist approach rests on a certain understanding of poverty and under development.Growth is the answer: Heavy stress on increased production and economic growth rather than on removal of poverty and equal distribution of wealth (the cake has to be bigger before it can be shared.)Relies on industrialization and rather sophisticated and capital intensive technology.On cultural level, capitalist approach leads to acceptance of ideas of West and adoption of its attitudes and values.Hence traditional societies have to be modernized and have to adopt more rational attitudes and values, hard work, discipline, desire for material progress, sense of saving foresight, team spirit & collaboration, creativity, spirit of responsibility, initiative, entrepreneurship, boldness etc.Hence to a great extent it means westernization or reinterpretation of tradition, cultures and religions according to modern criteria and values.It has also been called the diffusion theory for it takes for granted that the beneficial effects of development will more or less automatically spread to the lower sections of society from the rich or elite.

State/GovernmentWorld BankITC, HLL etc (CSR)Foundations What about MFIs?Who else?

SADA-Session 8FeaturesActors14Prof.S. Peppin, PhD XIMB

Capitalistic ApproachCritiqueProduced unparalleled progress in the levels of freedom and the standard of living of the majority of the people of those countries. This is a genuine liberation from hunger, sickness, illiteracy etc. offering to the masses of the people great opportunities for development and creativity.From a purely economic point of view, this approach has been quite a success.But there are major inadequacies in this approach. There are many unresolved crises in modern capitalism.First of all capitalism has failed to solve its own poverty and inequality problems. And secondly the gap between the rich and poor in these countries tend to keep growing rather than narrowing. Extreme poverty drives people to borrow. Moneylenders prosper. Then there are all the problem of consumerism and ecological devastation. Abundance of luxury articles and scarcity of basic goods, sophisticated technology and unemployment, low wages, debts and bonded labour.Then there are the crises in the cultural moral and spiritual fields.


Socialistic ApproachSocialism advocates an economic system distinct from that of capitalism. The main characteristics of the socialist approach are :

Socialism proposes a distinct economic, political and ideological social order and structure in society.Socialism perceives that there is an intrinsic, casual relationship between the wealth and development of a few, and the poverty of the many. And this is at the national as well as the international level.Perceives the close interdependence of economic and political power.Reforms are not enough, however, radical they be, what is needed is a new economic orderIt is the capitalist development which creates the underdevelopmentDevelopment means LIBERATION !

State/GovernmentAction Aid, OXFARM (not exclusively)Agragamee Were Mahatma Gandhi and JP. Narayan socialists?SADA-Session 8FeaturesActors16Prof.S. Peppin, PhD XIMB

Socialistic ApproachCritiqueSADA-Session 8Not all socialists are Marxists. Not all socialists advocate capture of power through revolution, but compared to the capitalist approach all socialist approaches are revolutionary.Experience all over the world has shown many weaknesses in this approach:Benefits of development were enjoyed by the ruling elite.No place for peoples voice/ democracy. Dictatorship became the dictum.Projected a disguised growth and the call for transparency was dealt severely.


Modernisation ApproachBasically an extension of capitalism in the Third World.A time lag is presumed between the developed and developing countries. Backward countries have to steadily increase their production and standard of living and thus catch up with the advanced countries. There is a heavy stress on economic growth and increased production, rather than on the removal of poverty and on equal distribution of wealth.Relies on industrialization and capital intensive technology and family planning is important.Another feature of this modernization theory is that it implies a harmonious and peaceful paradigm of development.

State/GovernmentPrivate CorporationsBi-lateral agencies?????SADA-Session 8FeaturesActors18Prof.S. Peppin, PhD XIMB

Modernisation ApproachCritiqueSADA-Session 8Results so far have been not up to expectationVery uneven development between nations and within nations.Social justice is forgottenUrban biased developmentSlum developmentsEcological problemsAmbiguous comparisons with the West. There are fundamental differences between the conditions which prevailed in todays rich nations, at the beginning of their development process, and those which are found in the Third World today, For exampleDifferences in the density of population and population growth levels People are more socially conscious, and so less tolerant of stark poverty and great inequalitiesThe picture of harmonious development in the west is false. The modern Western society is the product of great conflicts and struggles by the poor.Ignores the existence of power groups with vested interests.Neglect of human and structural dimensions of poverty19Prof.S. Peppin, PhD XIMB

ViolenceSADA-Session 8There are three types of violence (1) White violence :Structural systemic instituionalised violence operative in the structures and institutions of society.This White violence leads to untold suffering and deaths (e.g. every year in India, 3 to 6 mn children die of poverty before becoming 5 years old). Mark Twain asked what kind of death is more painful : by hunger or bullet?(2) Revolutionary violence : by those who want to transform society, often caused by frustration and despair who is responsible for this violence? (a) the opponents of change and (b) the passive and silent. The more the rich / powerful (and high castes) oppose change and the more the middle classes are passive the more revolutionary violence there will be. (3) Repressive violence: by the Government and its army / police (sometimes called counter violence) and also by the rich and their goondas who oppose changes and threaten its agents. In some countries, there is a spiral of violence in society In India these three types of violence are very widespread and on the increase.

Actors: State/Government, Naxal Movements, PLA, LTTE, etc


ViolenceCritiqueSADA-Session 8Outcome of violence: (1) Destruction of public property: To judge such actions, one must ask whether the government is responsive enough to non-violent demands.(2) Terrorism whether leftist or rightist (a) indiscriminate killing never morally justifiable (b) Selective killing of corrupt politicians / officials and unjust or oppressive people. (3) Guerrilla movements: Small armies with hit and run tactics .. very widespread in todays world. A few victories (e.g. Cuba, Vietnam, Zimbabwe, Nicaragua tribal groups in India). Difficult for guerrillas to overthrow powerful armies On the other hand, difficult for government to defeat guerrillas, especially if they have much public support, often protected and inconclusive struggles. (4) Full-scale wars with regular armies.

Can we justify violence?Who perpetuates violence? (State and party funding)Violence always breeds violence


Non-ViolenceSADA-Session 8People often confuse non-violence with inaction / passivity.A radical distribution of wealth and power has never been brought about by this method. Non-violence struggles, as practiced by Gandhi, J.P. Narayan, Martin Luther King and others, go much farther than preaching.Non-violence can be radical in its approach.Non-violent methods.1. Petitions to government or government / bank officials.2. Involving the masses in support of certain demands (e.g. through mass demonstrations, signature campaigns, strikes and fasts). 3. Exercising strong pressures on the government or certain persons / groups / institutions. strikes (local / regional / regional / national in or many sectors) (and picketing) fast to death, boycotts (of certain goods, shops or services) (and picketing and gheraos) 4. Civil disobedience : No tax campaign, refusal to supply good grains or meant to the cities courts, etc.

Actors: PUCL, Anna Hazare etc


Non-ViolenceCritiqueSADA-Session 8Conflict is common where there are competing interests. Conflicts is not necessarily violence. Secondly conflict is often a necessary means to attain the dialogue with people in authority.

The poor do not achieve this until they have shown they are no longer servile and afraid.

How can the poor resist, for example at the local level, the oppressive violence often exercised against them?

Is violence possible and relevant in such cases? Or should the poor stick to non-violence?

How will you, as Rural Managers react, when you witness violence in your project operation area?


Rights Based ApproachFreedom, Entitlement, and EndowmentSADA-Session 8Freedom: To raise ones voice, take decisions on matters affecting ones life and freedom to dissent and disagree.Entitlement: The relationships, established by trade, direct production or sale of labour power, through which an individual or household gains access to food.Direct entitlement is access to food gained through own production and consumption.Exchange entitlement is that command over food which is achieved by selling labour power in order to buy food.Trade entitlement is the sale of produce to buy food.Endowment: The owned assets and personal capacities which an individual or household can use to establish entitlement to food.

Actors: State/Government, Action Aid, OXFARM etc, UN Agencies, PUCL, RTI/RTE/RTF/RTE etc


Friedmans Model of Empowerment/Development

SADA-Session 8Propounded in 1992 this model is more holistic and addresses several issues related to poverty. Friedman says that poverty arises because of a low social power base. Hence if the poor can be given a good power base poverty can be automatically erased.


Friedmans Model of Empowerment/DevelopmentSADA-Session 8

Organisation : Collectively / solidarity is essential for the poor to improve their bargaining power and articulation.Networks : It is not sufficient for the poor to be organized, but need networking between their organizations.Social Power Base: Community based institutions, norms, rules and organisation of people (SHGs)-Social capitalDefensible Life Space : A house or shelter to live in and to secure ones belongings. The belongings that one wants to secure may be cheap but valuable in other ways.Information : Information in power. Information that a poor person needs would be of wages, benefits and employment.Surplus Time : This time is required to take care of oneself, the children, the sick and the aged in the family. This is important for human capital formation.Instruments of work and livelihoods : Any asset that is productive and helps one to earn a living.Financial Resources : Credit for any new enterprise or to upgrade an existing livelihood.Knowledge and Skills : Knowledge to make better use of the resources available to oneself26Prof.S. Peppin, PhD XIMB

Group ExerciseSADA-Session 8Different ProgrammesITC-HLLNRHMMGNREGA????27Prof.S. Peppin, PhD XIMB

sada session 8

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