s13c9 chapter 9-facts and figures on migration

Contents of section 13: Model village and Model nation.Chapter 9-Chapter 9: Facts and figures on Migration.9.1-F&F - Rural-Urban Migration in India.9.2-F&F - In 2004, the number of workers who were given emigration clearance for contractual employment was just under 500,000.9.3-F&F - India is also a major source country for highly skilled migrant workers.9.4-F&F - Female migrants cited marriage as the reason for migration, males the most important reason for migration was ‘Work/Employment’.9.5-F&F - Migration streams.9.6-F&F - Causes and Trends in Migration.9.7-F&F - Migrant male members seek unprotected sexual favours and on the other hand, the women that they have left behind in their villages fall easy prey to traffickers.9.8-F&F - Migrant labourers run high risks of exploitation.9.9-F&F - Most migrants live in open spaces; make shift shelters or illegal settlements, which lack the basic infrastructure.9.10-F&F - Since the migrants are mobile, their children have no access to schooling.9.11-F&F - In India, labour migrants are largely found in the developed states, typically, coming from underdeveloped regions of the country.9.12-F&F - Migration offers a very fertile ground for traffickers.9.13-F&F – Percentages of migration in India.9.14-F&F - Migration is a positive phenomenon, if regulated and managed properly.9.15-F&F - Migration will be one of the major policy concerns of the twenty-first century.9.16-F&F - 25% of the country's poor live in urban areas 31% of the urban population is poor. 9.17-F&F - Country's two economies - the rural and the urban - are increasingly growing apart.9.18-F&F - 10% increase in urban expenditure is associated with a 4.8% increase in rural non-farm employment.9.19-F&F - Rapid changes in the country's consumption and production patterns require understanding of the integration between urban and rural India.

Views to make this ‘World’ developed and this ‘Earth’ as the lovely place for every ‘Human’.

SECTION 13MODEL VILLAGE AND

MODEL NATIONShelter in a better way, for everyone;

Pollution free atmosphere and greenery everywhere;

Life full of joy, prosperity and peace;

Chapter 9: Facts and figures on Migration.9.1. F&F - Rural-Urban Migration in India.

[Rural-Urban Migration in India:

Rural Population which Migrated to Urban Areas;

25% of the country's poor live in urban areas, 31% of the urban population is poor. Traditional rural-urban migration exists in India as villagers seek to improve opportunities and lifestyles. In 1991, 39 million people migrated in rural-urban patterns of which 54% were female. Caste and tribe systems complicate these population movements. Seasonal urban migration is also evident throughout India in cities like Surat, where many migrants move into the city during periods of hardship and return to their native villages for events such as the harvest.

India's largest cities / urban areas.

Rank

City / Urban Area Population

1 Mumbai (Bombay) 16,368,0002 Kolkata (Calcutta) 13,217,0003 Delhi 12,791,0004 Chennai 6,425,0005 Bangalore 5,687,0006 Hyderabad 5,534,0007 Ahmadabad 4,519,0008 Pune 3,756,0009 Surat 2,811,00010 Kanpur 2,690,00011 Jaipur 2,324,00012 Lucknow 2,267,00013 Nagpur 2,123,00014 Patna 1,707,00015 Indore 1,639,04416 Vadodara 1,492,00017 Bhopal 1,455,00018 Coimbatore 1,446,00019 Ludhiana 1,395,00020 Kochi 1,355,00021 Visakhapatnam 1,329,00022 Agra 1,321,00023 Varanasi 1,212,000

24 Madurai 1,195,00025 Meerut 1,167,00026 Nashik 1,152,00027 Jabalpur 1,117,00028 Jamshedpur 1,102,00029 Asansol 1,090,00030 Dhanbad 1,064,00031 Faridabad 1,055,00032 Allahabad 1,050,00033 Amritsar 1,011,00034 Vijayawada 1,011,00035 Rajkot 1,002,000Source [154] ]

With the establishment of VPA – MV – MN, all the rural people will get better and sustainable income, house, good life style, entertainment, education of international quality in their own village, so the people moving from the village to the urban areas can be prevented. The people who has dry land or who are interested in working with the VPA, where they can expect better income than whatever they are getting in the urban areas will move back to their native villages to lead a better life than, whatever they are leading at the urban areas. This type of reverse migration from urban area to the rural area – MV, will solve all the problems related to the urbanisation. Those people who are poor and living in the urban area, may be leading the life only because, that they are not getting the sufficient income in their native village due to many reasons. But with the establishment of VPA – MV – MN, they are not only getting the better income, but also they are going to get good education for their children, better life style and all these are in a sustainable manner.

9.2. F&F - In 2004, the number of workers who were given emigration clearance for contractual employment was just under 500,000.

[Migration in India.

International Organisation for Migration.

India was one of the first countries to respond to the demand for lower skilled labour in the Arab Gulf States following the economic boom resulting from the oil price hike in the mid-1970s. While the Gulf continues to be an important destination, other countries such as Malaysia have also emerged as destinations for Indian workers. In 2004, the number of workers who were given emigration clearance for contractual employment was just under 500,000, with almost 90 percent going to the Gulf States. The government aims to expand such overseas employment both in order

to relieve domestic unemployment and augment remittances. In doing so it also aims to minimize problems faced by migrant workers in the recruitment and employment process. Source [155] ]

The number of people who are migrating to other nations for the sake of employment will decrease with VPA – MV – MN, as they will be getting better income in their own nation.

9.3. F&F - India is also a major source country for highly skilled migrant workers.

[Migration in India


With its well-educated and language proficient workforce, India is also a major source country for highly skilled migrant workers. The government is keen to expand this further and is looking to the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) as one of the ways to achieve this. India is the largest recipient of workers’ remittances amounting to USD 15 billion in 2003. The government has taken a number of steps to attract remittance flows through formal channels and to develop instruments to attract investment from remittances. Source [155] ]

It is necessary to have skilled people in the nation to give better service for the people of their own area, this is necessary for establishing and maintaining the units at the VPA level.

9.4. F&F - Female migrants cited marriage as the reason for migration, males the most important reason for migration was ‘Work/Employment’.

[Migration in India


Some interesting insights on migration provided by CENSUS of INDIA 2001:

43.8% moved due to marriage, 21.0% moved with their households, 14.7% migrated due to work, 6.7% moved after their birth, 3% for educational purposes, 1.2% for business and 9.7% specified other reasons.

About 42.4 million migrants out of total 65.4 million female migrants cited marriage as the reason for migration. Among males the most important reason for migration was ‘Work/Employment’, 12.3 million out of 32.8 million total male migrants migrated due to this reason.

During the decade, out of the urban growth of 30.3 per cent, 6.6 per cent is accounted for by migration to urban areas.

If one takes away those migrants who moved due to marriage, the total number of migrants falls from 98.3 million to 55.2 million. Total number of migrants among males and females were 32.2 million and 22.9 million respectively. Source [155] ]

There are various reasons for the people to migrate and some of the reasons for migration are unavoidable like marriage.

9.5. F&F - Migration streams.

[Migration in India


Some interesting insights on migration provided by CENSUS of INDIA 2001:

Migration streams (during the last decade)

Rural to rural migration within the country: 53.3 million.

Rural to urban migration: 20.5 million

Urban to rural migration: 6.2 million

Urban to urban migration: 14.3 million

Uttar Pradesh (-2.6 million) and Bihar (-1.7 million) were the two states with largest number of net migrants migrating out of the state.

The total number of interstate migrants was 42.3 million and those who were born abroad account for 6.1 million. ? About 97% of these migrants by last residence were from the eight neighbouring countries (including Afghanistan). Source [155] ]

There are various types of Migration streams we can see.

Rural to rural migration within the country may be the large type of migration that we are seeing in the nation, and it is dangerous to leave this type of development of progress as it will have its own complications like property issues, professional establishment in the new village, complications related to housing, issues related to children’s education and so on.

Rural to urban migration is still dangerous in relation to the development of the nation, as it is going to cause its own complications related to urbanisation.

We can welcome the development like Urban to rural migration, but the course of life in the rural area by the urban citizen, whether he is having adequate facilities in terms of housing, school for the children, hospital care are available or will he move from village to urban area due to lack of these facilities are also to be considered.

It is better to stabilize the Urban to urban migration in order to decrease the various events like burden on transportation, effect on the children due to frequent change of school.

9.6. F&F - Causes and Trends in Migration.

[Migration in India


Causes and Trends in Migration.

India owing to its scope and scale witnesses all kinds of migration. A few major causes and / or trends observed in the course of migration are listed below:

Academically and technically qualified experts emigrating to industrialized countries (Nearly 1.25 million Indians emigrated to the US, Canada, UK and Australia between 1950 and 2000)

Unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled labourers migrating to Middle East countries for undertaking blue collar jobs. (More than 3 million Indian migrants live in Gulf countries, with most of them coming from Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab).

Students migrating to USA, UK, Australia and other European countries to pursue higher education. Source [155] ]

Academically and technically skilled people may prefer to stay in India with better economy and the nation supporting most of the projects that are proposed by the scientists of the nation, thus the nation will develop technical independence.

Unskilled, semiskilled and skilled people may start working with the VPA at the various posts, as they get better income than going abroad and working, to get the money.

India may be able to give better education with NES, still more number of students may go to many nations to get better education as their parents are able to support their studies and later they may develop interest to come back to India and work as they get good academic atmosphere and more scope for research.

9.7. F&F - Migrant male members seek unprotected sexual favours and on the other hand, the women that they have left behind in their villages fall easy prey to traffickers.

[Migration in India


Causes and Trends in Migration

Internal displacement owing to political causes, including secessionist movements; identity-based autonomy movements; local violence, such as caste disputes and riots fuelled by religious fundamentalism and environment and development induced displacement. While the World Refugee Survey puts the total number of Internally Displaced Persons in India at 507,000, the Indian Social Institute in Delhi puts the figure at 21.3 million in its global survey of IDPs. Environmental changes and natural disasters such as floods and droughts have been reasons for displacement, affecting the populations of both flood-prone areas and excessively dry regions.

Advanced technologies in the agro and fishing sector have grossly depleted natural resources thus forcing most male members in the agro and fishing communities to migrate. Such migrant male members seek unprotected sexual favours and on the other hand, the women that they have left behind in their villages fall easy prey to traffickers, thus creating the supply and demand factors that fuel both trafficking and the spread of HIV/AIDS. Source [155] ]

Internal displacement persists till the VPA completely establishes. It is possible to eradicate the causes for migration with VPA, by creating the mind set in the minds of the people like ‘work is the worship’ and thus make them to forget about caste, identity based autonomy, local violence, religious fundamentalism. Environmental and development induced migration may persist to the lesser extent as the development will be in progress all across the nation simultaneously and the MV will be constructed at the environmentally stable places, so displacement due to environmental disturbances will be less. MV’s will not be constructed at flood prone area, and the name drought will be eradicated with RCS and the migration will be prevented.

9.8. F&F - Migrant labourers run high risks of exploitation.

[Migration in India


The Pitfalls of Migration

In the case of most intra-state and inter-state unskilled and semi-skilled migrants, migrant labourers run high risks of exploitation for they are exposed to large uncertainties and lack access to information and knowledge, thus making it very difficult for them to switch jobs in case of dissatisfaction with the current employer. Because of their option-less situation, these labourers lack bargaining power and thereby fail to negotiate reasonable pay scales and fair working conditions with the contractors. Source [155] ]

Most of the work will come under the VPA, and all the places of the nation will be covered by one or the other VPA, and the VPA will have nation wise acceptable norms for the employs (VPWT), all these information’s are made transparent in the VPA, so, the term like exploitation will not arise with VPA. Those employs who are working with the private establishment may continue their job with the same establishment if they are happy and if they are not under exploitation, otherwise these people will be shifting to VPA for and the private agency which is not transparent, and exploiting the employs will suffer.

9.9. F&F - Most migrants live in open spaces, make shift shelters or illegal settlements, which lack the basic infrastructure.

[Migration in India



Most migrants live in open spaces, make shift shelters or illegal settlements, which lack the basic infrastructure and access to civic amenities. They have no local ration cards which can provide them their food at subsidized rates through the Public Distribution system. They are highly prone to occupational health hazards and vulnerable to epidemics including HIV/AIDS. Source [155] ]

All the members of the VPA will have good houses for them in the MV, and the work of the MV, will be started when once the work of RCS is completed. MV will provide good shelter for the members of the VPA, provides the necessary infrastructure, all the necessary amenities will be present in the MV itself. All the necessary preventive measures will be taken for the VPWT, to prevent the occupational hazards. All the families will be leading a happy life with the wife and children in their house in the MV, and people will be coming back to their MV by evening even if they are going for some work outside the MV, thus the spread of HIV can be decreased.

9.10. F&F - Since the migrants are mobile, their children have no access to schooling.

[Migration in India



Since the migrants are mobile, their children have no crèche facilities or access to schooling. They do not come under the purview of either the local government or the NGO PROGRAMMES for they do not belong to that particular region. So citing the problem of monitoring, most agencies leave them outside the scope of development intervention. Source [155] ]

Since the VPA – MV – MN, provides adequate income for the work, which is continuous and sustainable, this make the people not to migrate and people will not be getting any short term work to do, because all the VPA will have the working members of their own. In rare instances the people of the neighbour VPA may help the other VPA, and in that care also they will be going and working in the other VPA, and will be coming back to their MV by evening, thus the other family members and the children will be continuously staying at one MV and thus children will not have any problems in attending the school.

9.11. F&F - In India, labour migrants are largely found in the developed states, typically, coming from underdeveloped regions of the country.

[Migration in India



In India, labour migrants are largely found in the developed states, the traditional migrant-receiving states, typically, coming from underdeveloped regions of the country and being comprised primarily of the most marginalized sectors of society, namely the Tribals and the Scheduled Castes (SCs). These migrants are entirely without legal protection or social security. They are “invisible”, and are not acknowledged and are denied access even to basic amenities in most of the cases. They have no identity in the places where they live and no voice in the places they have left behind. Source [155] ]

With the complete establishment of VPA, everyone will be attached to one or the other VPA all across the nation, shifting from one VPA to another VPA will not make any change in their income, or the people will not be able to use their extraordinary idea to grab the money of the common people with VPA, e.g. business tactics. Whatever may be the caste, like tribals, SC or others, for VPA, all the members are equal, and caste will not be considered with the VPA. All the people in the MV will have equal access to all the amenities.

9.12. F&F - Migration offers a very fertile ground for traffickers.

[Migration in India



Migration offers a very fertile ground for traffickers. In India, migrants who leave their homes in search for better employment opportunities and marital prospects, fall easy preys to traffickers for want of adequate information. India performs all the three roles of being a country of origin, transit and destination in the process of trafficking. At a country level, India is ranked high in the citation index as a country of origin and destination and is ranked medium in the citation index as a country of transit (Trafficking in Persons – Global Patterns, UNODC). Alongside cross-border trafficking, internal trafficking of women, children and men for purposes of sexual exploitation, domestic servitude, bonded labour, and indentured servitude too is widespread. Source [155] ]

NES will have counselling centre in the VPA – VPS, for those who seek job with less than second PUC qualification, University job counselling centre will give the job for all the people who complete the degree, with this people going to fall in trafficking for want of adequate information will be

prevented. Migration in search of better employment opportunity will fall near zero with VPA system as it makes no difference with going to any part with respect to income and the people will be getting the good income with the VPA to which they are attached.

9.13. F&F – Percentages of migration in India.

[Migration in India


Person Male FemaleIntra state migrant

% % %

Rural to rural 60.5 41.6 68.6Rural to urban 17.6 27.1 13.6Urban to rural 6.5 8.6 5.6Urban to urban 12.3 18.3 9.7Unclassified 3.1 4.4 2.6Interstate migrantRural to rural 26.6 20.7 32.7Rural to urban 37.9 44.7 30.9Urban to rural 6.3 6.1 6.4Urban to urban 26.7 25.9 27.5Unclassified 2.6 2.6 2.5International migrantsTo rural areas 53 48.8 57.6To urban areas 47 51.2 42.4Source [155] ]

When we look in to the above statistics it is seen that the rural to rural migration is more common both in the intra and interstate migration. It is not wise to neglect even the rural migration as it is also associated with problems related to housing, children education, to get the government benefits like ration card / voter’s card and so on. The next common type of migration is the rural to urban migration, which is a bad sign of national development and it leads to problems related to urbanisation.

9.14. F&F - Migration is a positive phenomenon, if regulated and managed properly.

[Migration in India


Migration is a positive phenomenon and if regulated and managed properly can reap in benefits for both the sending and receiving regions. In Kerala, for example, emigration has recently led to a considerable reduction in unemployment. Remittances are the main benefit of international migration, providing scarce foreign exchange and scope for higher levels of savings and investments. The remittances of India’s Diaspora have over the past 30 years financed much of India’s balance of trade deficit, have thus reduced the current account deficit and have even led to wealth and asset creation. Source [155] ]

International migration and the migrants supporting the family residing in India may be beneficial to certain extent. But it is the need of the nation, how to make them retain in the nation and make them to earn more than whatever they earn in other nations, so that they lead a normal family life in the nation, and they will be contributing more income to the nation. It is not necessary to prevent the international migration. But the nation need to prepare the skilled people calculating the number of skilled people required to serve the native people with the number of people who have migrated, and this work will be done by the NES.

9.15. F&F - Migration will be one of the major policy concerns of the twenty-first century.

[Migration in India


According to Brunson McKinley, Director General of IOM, “Migration will be one of the major policy concerns of the twenty-first century. In our shrinking world, more and more people will look to migration – temporary or permanent – as a path to employment, education, freedom or other opportunities. Governments will need to develop sound migration policies and practices. Properly managed migration can contribute to prosperity, development and mutual understanding among people”. Source [155] ]

Any can tolerate the international migration, but the nation also need to think about the deficiency of skilled people that is going to generate inside the nation and this issue need to be addressed and should be managed well, so that the natives are not going to suffer with the deficiency of skilled people to serve them. And this will be done by the NES.

9.16. F&F - 25% of the country's poor live in urban areas 31% of the urban population is poor.

[Rural-Urban Migration in India

Rural Population which Migrated to Urban Areas

25% of the country's poor live in urban areas 31% of the urban population is poor.

Traditional rural-urban migration exists in India as villagers seek to improve opportunities and lifestyles. In 1991, 39 million people migrated in rural-urban patterns of which 54% were female. Caste and tribe systems complicate these population movements.

Seasonal urban migration is also evident throughout India in cities like Surant where many migrants move into the city during periods of hardship and return to their native villages for events such as the harvest. Source [156] ]

All those who are poor in the urban area can move to the VPA, where they are going to get better income, housing, life style and certain life, thus there is a possibility that almost one third of the present urban population may move in to the MV with the establishment of VPA. Seasonal migration will also stop as the members of the VPA are going to get the job continuously throughout the year.

9.17. F&F - Country's two economies - the rural and the urban - are increasingly growing apart.

[Does Urban Development Drive Rural Growth in India?

A topic that is often discussed in India across political corridors, corporate boardrooms and households is the rural-urban divide and how the country's two economies -- the rural and the urban -- are increasingly growing apart. The popular notion is that growth not only has been skewed towards urban India but also has been gained at the expense of the countryside.

Some of this thinking can be traced back to economic decisions made soon after India won independence from Britain in 1947. At that time, policy makers emphasized capital-intensive industrialisation and urban infrastructure rather than agricultural investment and rural land reform, leading to the urban-rural imbalance. Often overlooked in discussions of this issue, however, is the fact that the rural economy is no longer limited to agriculture? During the past two decades, rural India has diversified significantly into non-farm activities -- and this has brought India's cities much closer to their hinterlands than people might imagine. Source [157] ]

Urban development may be driving the growth of the rural area, but not at the cost of the life of the people of the urban population due to urbanisation. Now we are seeing the complications related to urbanisation in most of the cities, so it is necessary to distribute the growth of various segments like industries and educational centres even in the rural area. For example different subjects state universities may be established at different VPA territory or different factories are opened at different VPA, if the skilled people working at these establishments gets good house – good life style – good education for their children in the MV, then these people moving in search of basic amenities will decrease and the establishments will not suffer from the deficiency of skilled staff.

9.18. F&F - 10% increase in urban expenditure is associated with a 4.8% increase in rural non-farm employment.


Purushothaman and two colleagues -- Saurabh Bandopadhyay and Anindya Roy -- have written a paper titled, "Is Urban Growth Good for Rural India?" which addresses these questions. "Our studies show that a 10% increase in urban expenditure is associated with a 4.8% increase in rural non-farm employment," Purushothaman says. "As supply chains strengthen across the country, growing urban demand could provide a significant boost to the rural economy."

In their research, Purushothaman and her colleagues uncovered four links between rural and urban economies: Production relationships, consumption relationships, financial linkages and migration. Their study explores the consumption connection and highlights the impact of growing urban consumption expenditure on rural employment and incomes. The categories of consumption expenditure the researchers studied include food, housing, health, transport, education, clothing and footwear, consumer durables, automobiles, entertainment, household appliances, toiletries and cosmetics. Using an econometric approach spanning the past 26 years, their study shows that a Rs. 100 ($2.50) increase in urban consumption expenditure leads to an increase of Rs. 39 (just under $1) in rural household incomes. The channel through which this takes place is increased employment in the rural non-farm sector. "Our interpretation of the data suggests that a sustained urban household consumption growth rate, similar to that seen over the last decade, could lead to 6.3 million non-farm jobs in rural areas and $91 billion in real rural household incomes over the next decade," she notes. Source [157] ]

It is true that the urban expenditure will reach the rural population, through Production relationships, consumption relationships, financial linkages and migration. Thus the economic growth in the urban area will indirectly influence the economic growth of the rural area.

9.19. F&F - Rapid changes in the country's consumption and production patterns require understanding of the integration between urban and rural India.


Rural India: Myths and Reality

Purushothaman emphasizes that rapid changes in the country's consumption and production patterns require a more nuanced understanding of the integration between urban and rural India rather than falling back on traditional myths about the rural-urban divide. She lists three urban myths about contemporary rural India. The first is that faster economic growth in urban India -- as compared to rural areas -- is driving rapid urbanization; second, that rural India is still an agricultural economy; and third, that rural-urban inequality is on the rise.

The reality, Purushothaman points out, is very different. During the past two decades, the rural economy in India has grown significantly faster than the urban economy. During the past decade alone, the rural economy is estimated to have grown on average by 7.3% as compared to 5.4% in the urban economy. The latest Central Statistical Organisation figures show that the rural economy accounted for 49% of India's GDP in 2000. This is a significant increase from 41% in 1981-82 and 46% in 1993-94.

Purushothaman points out that with agriculture only growing at 3.2% on average; much of this growth is driven by the rural non-farm sector. As of 2000, agriculture accounted for 51.8% of rural economic activity. This represents a significant decline from 64% in the early 1980s and 72% in early 1970s. Moreover, services -- which accounted for 21% of rural activity in 1981 -- now account for 28%. In addition, manufacturing, utilities and construction have nearly doubled their share in the rural economy, from just fewer than 10% in 1971 to 18% in 2000. "It is the growth in the non-farm sector that has been really crucial for rural India. A lot of the drivers for the rise in the non-farm sector have come from manufacturing, construction and trade, hotels and restaurants," she said.

Purushothaman also debunked the popular notion that India's economic growth is driving rapid urbanization. According to Census data, while rural-urban migration as a share of total rural population was 6.5% in 1981, in 2001 it fell to 2.8%. The study points out that "the slow rates of rural-urban migration along with declining rates of natural increase in urban areas" indicate that the process of urbanization in India is actually slowing down as a result of economic growth. Source [157]]

There may be lot of controversies related to migration and economy of the rural and urban area, when we consider the rural and urban area as a whole. Let the things may be anything, but it is true that there are poor people present both in the rural and urban area, and they need to be involved in the productive activity so that both the poor and the nation are going to get the benefit, and this is possible with VPA – MV – MN.

Sources:

[154] India's national census of 2001. http://finance.indiamart.com/india_business_information/rural_urban_migration_population_india.html.

[155] Internet: IOM India.

[156] India's national census of 2001.

http://finance.indiamart.com/india_business_information/rural_urban_migration_population_india.html.

[157] Does Urban Development Drive Rural Growth in India - India [email protected].

mailto:[email protected]

http://finance.indiamart.com/india_business_information/rural_urban_migration_population_india.html




s13c9 chapter 9-facts and figures on migration

Government & Nonprofit