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S Kanjanachuchai2102--584 Intro to Nanoeelectronics
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S Kanjanachuchai9. Quantum Computation
• Making Quantum Systems• Quantum Computing:
– Mirage– Molecular Cascade– QCA
2102--584 Intro to Nanoeelectronics
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S Kanjanachuchai2102--584 Intro to Nanoeelectronics
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S Kanjanachuchai2102--584 Intro to Nanoeelectronics
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S Kanjanachuchai
Ti l Th B i iTitle : The Beginning Media : Xenon on Nickel (110)
2102-
D M Ei l E K S h i
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D.M. Eigler, E.K. Schweizer. Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunneling microscope.
Nature 344, 524-526 (1990).
electronics
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S KanjanacTitle : The Making of the Circular Corral huchaiMedia : Iron on Copper (111)
rals
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. Cro
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MC
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S KanjanacTitle : Corral Collage huchai
Title : Corral Collage Media : Iron on Copper (111)
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2102-
M ro
unds
uPh
ysic
s
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STM
electronics
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S KanjanacMedia : Fe on Cu (111)
Quantum Corral huchai
Surface electrons forced into "quantum" states of circular structure. The ripples in the ring of atoms are the density distribution of a particular set of quantum states of thedistribution of a particular set of quantum states of the corral.
Electrons don't bounce around in the corral before they escape beyond the border. The corrals are leaky.p y y
2102--584 Intro to Nanoe
St di C l
electronics
8M.F. Crommie, C.P. Lutz, D.M. Eigler., Confinement of electrons to quantum corrals on a metal surface. , Science 262, 218-220 (1993).
Rectangular CorralStadium Corral
M.F. Crommie, C.P. Lutz, D.M. Eigler, E.J. Heller, Waves on a metal surface and quantum corrals, Surface Review and Letters 2 (1), 127 (1995).
S Kanjanachuchai9. Quantum Computation
• Making Quantum Systems• Quantum Computing:
– Mirage– Molecular Cascade– QCA
2102--584 Intro to Nanoeelectronics
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S KanjanacQuantum-Mirage Information Transport MIRAGE
huchai
Truth Table
In Out
1 1
In Out
0 0Table
Topograph
10 nm
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Mirage
electronics
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S Kanjanachuchai2102--584 Intro to Nanoeelectronics
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S KanjanacMulti Channel Quantum-Mirage Information Transport
huchai
Truth TableTruth TableInIn OutOut
LL RR 11 11
InIn OutOut
LL RR 00 00
InIn OutOut
LL RR 11 11
InIn OutOut
LL RR 00 00Truth TableTruth Table LL--RR
UU--DD
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11
11
11
LL--RR
UU--DD
00
00
00
00
LL--RR
UU--DD
11
00
11
00
LL--RR
UU--DD
00
11
00
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TopographTopograph
2102-
MirageMirage
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S Kanjanachuchai9. Quantum Computation
• Making Quantum Systems• Quantum Computing:
– Mirage– Molecular Cascade, Chevron– QCA
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S Kanjanachuchai2102--584 Intro to Nanoeelectronics
14http://domino.research.ibm.com/comm/pr.nsf/pages/rsc.cascade.html
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S Kanjanachuchai
Input AO tp t COutput C
2102-Input BC = A and B
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Input B
electronics
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S KanjanacLogic AND gate
huchai
Final configuration. All CO molecules have hopped to their final locations.
...after Input X was triggered and the resulting cascade propagated to the central molecule. The remaining cascade is now a 'simple' linked chevron cascade. Green
Initial configuration. A single CO in the center becomes part of a chevron when both arms X and Y have propagated to the center. Blue circles represent CO's that are going to
circles represent CO's that have hopped to their final location.
hop during the operation of the logic gate. Red circles are not going to change their location during the operation of the gate.
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S KanjanacTwo-Input Sorter huchaip
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S KanjanacMolecule Cascade Logic Circuit
huchai
3-input sorter cascade
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Circuit Components: 3 "And" gates -584 Intro to Nanoe
3 "Or" gates6 "Fan-Outs"3 "Cross-Overs"+ Wiring electronics
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Circuit Dimensions: 12 nm x 17 nm541 molecules
g
S KanjanacEquivalent state-of-the-art semiconductor circuit (CMOS 9s)huchai
Inputs Outputs
O2 = (A * B) + (B * C) + (C * A)
O3 = A + B + CB
O1 = A * B * C
C
A
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Circuit Dimensions: 7.65 um x 6.97 um Equivalent Molecular Cascade Logic Circuit
100 000 Less Po er260,000 Greater Density
electronics
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100,000 Less Power
1,000,000,000,000 Slower !
S Kanjanachuchai9. Quantum Computation
• Making Quantum Systems• Quantum Computing:
– Mirage– Molecular Cascade– QCA: Quantum (dot) Cellular Automata
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Cellular Automaton: Game of Life
If a black cell has 2 or 3 black neighbors, it stays black. If a black cell has -584 Intro to Nanoe
g , yless than 2 or more than 3 black neighbors it becomes white. If a white cell has 3 black neighbors, it becomes black. Despite its simplicity, the system achieves an impressive diversity of behavior, fluctuating between apparent randomness and order. One of the most apparent features of the Game of Life is the frequent occurrence of gliders arrangements of cells that electronics
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Life is the frequent occurrence of gliders, arrangements of cells that essentially move themselves across the grid. It is possible to arrange the automaton so that the gliders interact to perform computations.
S KanjanacQCA
huchai
Quantum dot
2102-Cellula -584 Intro to Nanoe
CellulaAutomata
electronics
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S KanjanacEncoding Binary Information Using the Polarization of a Cell huchai
Pre requisite:Pre-requisite:2 excess electronsin each cell
Interaction between a Pair of QCA Cells
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S KanjanacVariations of QCA cell design
huchai
4-dot cell 2-dot cell 5-dot cell 6-dot cell4-dot cell 2-dot cell 5-dot cell 6-dot cell
Middle dot acts as variable barrier to
Indicates path for tunneling
tunneling.
Rotated QCA cell
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http://www.virlab.virginia.edu/VL/QCA_cells.htm
S KanjanacLogic Devices Implemented Using QCA huchaig p g Q
Wire: Standard Cell
Wire: Rotated Cell
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Wire: Corner
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S KanjanacWire: Crossinghuchai
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S KanjanacQCA Inverter huchai
QCA Inverter
Fan Out [1,2] or [1,3]
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S KanjanacMajority Gate
huchai
AND & OR gates
With one input fixed, e.g. C, the majority gate functions as either an AND gate (C=0) or an OR gate (C=1)
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C=0
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S KanjanacFull Adderhuchai
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S KanjanacInput and Output in a QCA Array
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S KanjanacMetal-dot QCA implementation huchaiQ p
Al/AlO on
Metal tunnel junctions
Al/AlO2 on SiO2
2102--584 Intro to Nanoe70 mK
electrometers
1 µm
electronics
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“dot” = metal island70 mK
S KanjanacTunnel junctions by shadow evaporation huchaij y p
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First aluminum depositionOxidation of aluminumSecond aluminum depositionThin Al/AlOx/Al tunnel junction
electronics
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S Kanjanachuchai2102--584 Intro to NanoeMo {O CCCo (CO) }Ru (NH ) (C H N ) 0+ electronics
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Mo2{O2CCCo3(CO)9}4Ru4(NH3)16(C4H4N2)410
S KanjanacMolecular QCAhuchai
Charge configuration represents bit
“1”1HOMO
2102-
isopotential f
“0”
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surface
electronics
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Gaussian 98 UHF/STO-3G
S KanjanacCore-cluster molecules huchaiCo e c uste o ecu es
Five-dot cellFive dot cell
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Variants with “feet” for surface binding -584 Intro to Nanoe
and orientation
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S Kanjanachuchai2102--584 Intro to NanoeS. Suraprapapich et al electronics
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Best Poster Award
S Kanjanachuchai
Self-Assembled Lateral InAs Quantum
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QDot Molecules: Dot Ensemble Control and Polarization-Dependent Photoluminescence
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S. Suraprapapich, S. Kanjanachuchai, S. Thainoi and S. Panyakeow
electronics
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S KanjanachuchaiConclusion
• Quantum: STM-based fabrication• Computation: (system mechanism)
– mirage surface electron– chevron trimer decays– QCA Coulomb repulsion
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