s. f. son- energetic materials combustion laboratory (emcl)

8/3/2019 S. F. Son- Energetic Materials Combustion Laboratory (EMCL)

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S. F. SonSchool of Mechanical

Engineering

[email protected]

http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~sson/

Energetic Materials

Combustion Laboratory (EMCL)



Propellant Combustion• Research topics of interest:

– Improved catalysts

– Air breathing fuels

– Microscale thrusters &actuators

– Combustion instabilities

– Erosive burning – Advanced propellants

• Example: Microthrusters – Current microthrusters do not

focus on propellant issues

– High nitrogen materials canburn in small thrusters andare easily ignited at lowpressures

– A. N. Ali, S. F. Son, M. A. Hiskey, D. L. Naud, “Novel HighNitrogen Propellant use in Solid Fuel Micropropulsion,” Journal of Propulsion and Power, 20(1), pp. 120-126 (2004).

Recent Publications:• B. C. Tappan, Ali, A. N., Son, S. F. and T. B. Brill, “Decomposition and

ignition of the high-nitrogen compound triaminoguanidiniumazotetrazolate (TAGzT),” Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics v.31,no.3, p.163-168, 2006.

• A. N. Ali, M. M. Sandstrom, D. M. Oschwald, K. M. Moore, and S. F.Son, “Laser Ignition of DAAF, DHT, and DAATO3.5,” Propellants,

Explosives, and Pyrotechnics 30, No. 5, pp. 351-355 (2005).• D. E. Chavez, B. C. Tappan, M. A. Hiskey, S. F. Son, H. Harry, D.

Montoya, S. Hagelberg, “New high-nitrogen materials based onnitroguanyl-tetrazines: Explosive properties, thermal decompositionand combustion studies,” Propellants, Explosives, and Pyrotechnics,30(6), pp. 412-417 (2005).

• A. N. Ali, S. F. Son, B. W. Asay, and R. K. Sander, “Importance of thegas phase role to the prediction of energetic material behavior: Anexperimental study,” Journal of Applied Physics, 97(6), pp. 1-7(2005).

• A.N. Ali, S.F. Son, M.Q. Brewster, M.E. Decroix, and B.W. Asay, “HighIrradiance Laser Ignition of Explosives,” Combustion Science andTechnology, 175(8), pp. 1551-1571 (2003).

PropellantIgniter & Simple Nozzle



Composite Energetic Materials

• Topics of interests: – Nanoscale energetic materials

(nanoenergetics)

– Reactives such as Al-Teflon for application to structural energetics or reactive projectiles

– Flame spread on nanoaluminum

– Microscale combustion of nanoenergetics

• Example: Flame Spread onNanoaluminum – The combustion of nano-scale aluminum

poorly understood

– Flame spread used as a means for characterizing the combustion of nano-

aluminum with gaseous oxidizers – J. Y. Malchi, R. A. Yetter, S. F. Son, and G. A. Risha, “Nano-

Aluminum Flame Spread with Fingering Combustion Instabilities,”Presented at the 31st International Symposium on Combustion ,2006.

Recent Publications:• V. I. Levitas, B. W. Asay, S. F. Son, and M. Pantoya, “A Mechanism

for Fast Reaction of Nanothermites Based on Dispersion of LiquidMetal,” Accepted in Applied Physics Letters, 2006.

• D. G. Tasker, B. W Asay , J. C. King, V. E. Sanders, and S. F. Son“Dynamic Measurements of Electrical Conductivity in MetastableIntermolecular Composites,” Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 99, no.2, p.23705-1-7, 2006.

• B. Bockmon, M. L. Pantoya, S. F. Son, and B. W. Asay, “BurningRates and Propagation Mechanisms of Metastable Intermolecular Composites,” Journal of Applied Physics, 98(6), pp. 1-7 (2005).

• W. L. Perry, B. L. Smith, C. J. Bulian, J. R. Busse, C. S. Macomber, R.

C. Dye, and S. F. Son, “Nano-Scale Tungsten Oxides For MetastableIntermolecular Composites,” Propellants, Explosives, andPyrotechnics, 29(2), pp. 99-105 (2004).

• D. S. Moore, S. F. Son, and B. W. Asay, “The Time Resolved SpectralEmission from Deflagrating Metastable Interstitial CompositesComposed of Nano-Aluminum and Nano-MoO3 Powders”,Propellants, Explosives, and Pyrotechnics, 29(2), pp. 106-111 (2004).

• B. W. Asay, S. F. Son, J. R. Busse, and D. M. Oschwald, “IgnitionCharacteristics of Metastable Intermolecular Composites,”Propellants, Explosives, and Pyrotechnics, 29(4), pp. 216-219 (2004).

• M. L. Pantoya, S. F. Son, W. C. Danen, B. S. Jorgensen, B. W. Asay,and J. R. Busse, “Characterization of Metastable Intermolecular Composites (MICs),” (Book Chapter) Chapter 16 in DefenseApplications of Nanomaterials, A. W. Miziolek, et al. Eds., an ACS

Symposium Series Book, Vol. 3 (2004).



Combustion Synthesis

• Using combustion synthesis,

beginning with a metal complex

we have made ultrahigh surface

area metal foams

– There are many applications of

these unique materials

Publications:• B. C. Tappan, M. H. Huynh, M. A. Hiskey, D. E. Chavez, and S. F.

Son, “Ultralow-density nanostructured metal foams: Combustionsynthesis, morphology, and composition,” Journal of the AmericanChemical Society, v.128, no.20, p.6589-6594, 2006.

• B. C. Tappan, M. H. Huynh, M. A. Hiskey, D. E. Chavez, E. Luther, D.L. Naud, J. T. Mang, and S. F. Son, ” Energetic decomposition of high-nitrogen metal complexes and the formation of low-density nano-structured metal monoliths,” Material Research Society Fall Meeting,Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, v.896, p.15-24,

2006.



Microscale combustion

• Energetic materials and gaseous

combustion – Applications include

microthrusters, microscaleactuation, and power generation

• Example: Combustion of Nanoscale Thermites in

microchannels – Microscale combustion is of

interest in small-volume energy-demanding systems, such aspower supplies, actuation,ignition, and propulsion

– Dependence of propagation rate

with tube diameter obtained – S. F. Son, B. W. Asay, T. J. Foley, R. A. Yetter, M. H. Wu, and G.

A. Risha, “Combustion of Nanoscale Al/MoO3 Thermite inMicrochannels,” Submitted to J. Propulsion, 2006.

Publications:• A. N. Ali, S. F. Son, M. A. Hiskey, D. L. Naud, “Novel High Nitrogen

Propellant use in Solid Fuel Micropropulsion,” Journal of Propulsionand Power, 20(1), pp. 120-126 (2004).

• M. H. Wu, M. P. Burke, S. F. Son, R. A. Yetter, “Flame Accelerationand the Transition to Detonation of Stoichiometric Ethylene/Oxygen inMicroscale Tubes,” Presented at the 31st International Symposium on

Combustion , 2006.

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

V = 1090.3 - 0.1508/d R= 0.99351

P r

o p a g a t i o n V e l o c i t y ( m / s )

1/Diameter (m-1

)



Explosives safety

• Topics of interest

– Deflagration to detonation transition(DDT)

– Thermal explosion (cook-off)

– Flame spread

– Convective burning

– Combustion in cracks

– Insensitive munitions• Example: Flame Spread on PBX 9501

– There is little flame spread data for homogeneous energetic materialsand no data for nitramines

– The flame spread rate is of thesame order of magnitude as normaldeflagration and varies nearly as

the square root of pressure, as our simple analysis predicts

– S. F. Son, B. W. Asay, E. M. Whitney, and H. L. Berghout,”Flame Spread Across Surfaces of PBX 9501,” Presentedat the 31st International Symposium on Combustion ,2006.

Recent Publications:

• H. L. Berghout, S. F. Son, L. G. Hill, and B. W. Asay, “Flame spreadthrough cracks of PBX 9501 (a composite octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine-based explosive),” Journal of Applied Physics,vol.99, no.11, p.114901-1-7, 2006.

• B. W. Asay, S. F. Son, P. M. Dickson, L. B. Smilowitz, and B. F.Henson, “An investigation of the dynamic response of thermocouplesin inert and reacting condensed phase energetic materials,”Propellants, Explosives, and Pyrotechnics, 30(3), pp. 199-208 (2005).

• H. L. Berghout, S. F. Son, C. B. Skidmore, D. J. Idar, B. W. Asay,“Combustion of Damaged PBX 9501 Explosive,” Thermochimica Acta,384, pp. 261-277 (2002).

• H. L. Berghout, S. F. Son, and B. W. Asay, “Convective Burning inGaps of PBX 9501,” Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 28, pp.911-917 (2000).

10 mm

Flame

Front

Regressing

Surface

Flame SpreadDirection

Unburned Flame

Inhibitor



Multiphase Combustion:

Coal Combustion• An oxygen blown, or oxy-fuel or O2/CO2) system increases theconcentration of CO2 by using pureoxygen instead of air for combustionin PC power plants

• By using pure oxygen for combustion

the concentration of CO2 can beincreased from 13-15% (wet basis) to80-90 percent (Dry Basis)

• However, few combustion studieshave focused on oxy-fuelcombustion, especially at pressures

• We are designing a dust cloudexperiments using pulverized coal ina chamber of O2 (diluted with CO2),igniting the mixture, and studying theflame propagation dynamics as wellas measuring the products

• We are designing a dust cloud

experiments using pulverized coal in

a chamber of O2 (diluted with CO2),

igniting the mixture, and studying the

flame propagation dynamics as well

as measuring the products



Storage and release of

chemically stored hydrogen• Storage and release of chemically

stored hydrogen

– Combustion of nanoaluminum and liquidwater

– Decomposition of ammonia borane andhydrides

• Example: Combustion of nanoaluminumand liquid water – Composite systems have been studied

for H2 production for fuel cells. – New nano-materials (such as nAl, nB,

nFe2O3) and new chemicals (such ashigh nitrogen-high hydrogen compoundsTAGzT and DAATO3.5) may now be used

to control the production rate and H2 gastemperature.

– G. A. Risha, S. F. Son, B. C. Tappan, R. A. Yetter, and V. Yang,“Combustion of Nano-Aluminum and Liquid Water,” Presented at the 31stInternational Symposium on Combustion , 2006.

PT

Exh aust

Nichrome

Wire

ArgonInlet

Propellan t

Booster

Quartz

Tube nAl-H2O

Mixture

s. f. son- energetic materials combustion laboratory (emcl)

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