russia: human patterns over time the land of the czars
TRANSCRIPT
RUSSIA: Human Patterns Over Time
The Land of the Czars
Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
Vocabulary Terms
• Cold War• Czar• Permafrost• Glasnost• Perestroika• Russification• Nomadic pastoralists• Serf• Mujahedeen
Major Geographic Qualities
• IMMENSE TERRITORIAL STATE• NORTHERNMOST LARGE AND POPULOUS
COUNTRY IN THE WORLD• A FORMER WORLD COLONIAL POWER• A COMPARITIVELY SMALL (<150 MILLION) AND
CONCENTRATED POPULATION• CONCENTRATED DEVELOPMENT• MULTICULTURAL STATE• MINIMAL PORTS
Dimensions
• SPANS 9 TIME ZONES• GULF OF FINLAND TO ALASKA (WEST TO EAST)• ABOVE THE ARCTIC CIRCLE TO SALT LAKE CITY
(NORTH TO SOUTH)• TWICE THE SIZE OF THE US OR CHINA• SIBERIA: “SLEEPING LAND”
Other Facts• Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one-eighth
of the Earth's inhabited land area. • Russia is also the world's ninth most populous nation with 143 million
people as of 2012.Extending across the whole of northern Asia, Russia spans nine time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms.
• Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally.
• Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
• The Russian economy is the world's ninth largest by nominal GDP• The 3rd largest nominal military budget. • It is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the
largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction
Size Comparison
Climate as a Restrictive Element
• AGRICULTURE– Short growing seasons– Drought prone– Erosion (accelerated via snow melt)
• SETTLEMENT PATTERNS & TRANSPORTATION• INDUSTRY
– High energy consumption– Specialized equipment and facilities– Extractive
*permafrost*spring and fall mud*special equipment and facilities - $$$
Vegetation
Rise of the Russian Empire• Nomadic pastoralists- lived off the land, moved with the seasons• Central Asia, Ukraine and Russia- first settlements due to irrigated
crops and enriched trade (Silk Roads)• Kiev and Moscow- early Russian settlements founded by the Slavs
(a group of farmers)• Greek Missionaries- introduced Christianity and the Cyrillic
alphabet• Genghis Khan- Mongol army leader who conquered Ukraine,
Russia, Central and East Asia• Siberia was the first non Russian area to be annexed at beginning
of Russian empire• Czars and serfs- Czars were powerful leaders (king). Serfs
(laborers/slaves) were legally bound to live and work on the land owned by an aristocrat. If the land was sold, the serfs were also transferred
Cyrillic Alphabet
The Beginnings
• Slavic ruler, Ivan the Terrible conquered the Mongols in 1552, marking the beginning of the Russian empire
• Called “terrible” because he would fall into rages, paranoia, suffered mental illness and had people killed
Communist Revolution & its Aftermath
• Overthrow of Czar Nicholas II in 1917– Romanov dynasty comes to an end– Overthrown by the Bolsheviks (inspired by
communism)– Story of Anastasia
Communist Leaders• Bolsheviks
– Vladimir Lenin• Formed the Communist Party centered in Moscow• Inspired by the writings of Karl Marx• Believed the people of Russia needed a transition period and to overthrow
the government
• Karl Marx– German revolutionary philosopher inspiring the Bolsheviks – Criticized Europe because of a “domination” by capitalists– Establishment of a egalitarian society- no gov’t, no currency, everyone
works for the common good, sharing what was produced
• Joseph Stalin– Union of Socialist Republics (USSR)– Assumed power after Lenin’s death– Development of “Central Planning”- the state owned all real estate and means
of production; gov’t directed economic activity
LENIN
MARX
STALIN
Political Framework
• SOVIET LEGACY– Revolution (1905-1917)– Bolsheviks versus Mensheviks – V.I. Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov)– Capital: Petrograd to Moscow (1918)
• FEDERATION/FEDERAL STRUCTURE– USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) 1924
• RUSSIFICATION SOVIET- is a form of cultural assimilation process during which non-Russian communities give up (whether voluntarily or not) their culture and language in favor of the Russian one. The major areas of Russification are politics and culture
Former Soviet Union
Economics
Command Economy• An economy in which the means
of production are owned and controlled by the state
• Features of the Soviet Economy: *Production of particular manufactured *goods to particular places *Economic interdependence of the republics
Free Market• Capitalism is an economic
system that is based on the private ownership of capital goods, or the means of production, and the creation of goods and services for profit
Successes and Failures of Communism
Successes• Increased industrial
production• Massive government
investments• Farmers now factory
workers= higher wages• Higher standards of living
for the time and better schools
Failures• Production only towards
heavy industry (machines, transport equipment)
• Less attention for consumer goods and services
• Formation of the secret police, starvation and executions for anyone who opposed Stalin
Cold War and Arms Race
• The US and its allies worried that the Soviets would try to extend their power (communism) further into Europe…this led to the Cold War– 50 year geopolitical rivalry (not an actual war)– Build up of strong armies– Weapons (nuclear)
• Sputnik, race to moon, emphasis on math/science
• Communism spread to places such as Afghanistan, Vietnam, Cuba, North Korea
Arms Race and Afghanistan
• 1979 War – Afghan Freedom fighters (Mujahedeen) trained by Pakistan
and the US, defeated invading Soviets – US and Pakistan as allies (financing, weapons, military)
• Mikhail Gorbachev (President, 1985)– Glasnost (discussion of change socially/economically)– Perestroika (revitalization of economy through
reconstructuring)• 1991 collapse of the USSR– Military and officials against change tried to seize power, it
failed, thus prompting the collapse. – 12 new, independent countries/republics arise
Decline of the Soviet Union
• A sharp decline in agricultural & industrial production
– Economic output down by 4% in 1990 & 10-15% in first half of 1991
• Intensification of ethno-cultural (nationalism & separatism)
– Unity of the Soviet Union (macro) & unity of republics (micro) threatened
• Pluralization of Soviet politics & steady erosion of Communist Party monopoly or power
Matryoshka A popular toy in Russia
is a nesting doll called Matryoshka.
The grandfathers carved them out of wood for the grandmothers or babushkas to use to tell stories to their grandchildren.