Boyars Czar Peter the Great Westernization Catherine the Great Thirty Year’s War Treaty of Westphalia Maria Theresa Frederick the Great

1500’s Russia far behind the West

Boyars- landowners or church officials with conservative viewpoints

Czar-Latin word for caesar or emperor

1546 Ivan becomes czar

Created a general council (merchants, low, level nobles)

Promote military on merit

Drew up a new legal code

Defeated the Tartars Expanded Russian

territory

1547-1563 known as the good period

1560’s he changed Suspicious of closest

advisors When his wife died he

thought she was murdered

People were conspiring against him

Created a 6,000 police force

Dressed in black and rose black horses

Controlled half of Russia’s territory

Brutal punishment for speaking out

1565 seized land of 12,000 Boyars

Ordered killing of thousands in Novgorod

1581 killed his own son

Russia left without an heir

Time of troubles lasted till 1613

Peter became czar in 1682

Age of 17 took over the throne

Peter said to be 6’6” Stormed Azov- Black

Sea port held by the Turks

Attack was a disaster

Peter built a better navy

Peter helped to build the ships

Built hundreds of ships

New navy Azov surrendered

Westernization- the process of bringing western ideas to Russia

1697 Peter went to Europe

Traveled in disguise Learned hands on

skills (ship building)

Recruited Europeans to bring skills to Russia

Streltsy rebelled to have his sister on the throne

Disbanded the Streltsy and started modern army

Brought church under state control

Built up Russian industry

Started first newspaper

Started schools Modernized calendar Promoted based on

merit instead of social status

Russians needed to learn more science

Waned to adopt European style of clothing

Cut off his own long hair and beard

Boyars resisted this action

1700 fought Swedes for warm water port

Russia’s other ports choked with ice much of the year

Baltic Sea would open Russian trade

Built new capitol of Saint Petesburg

Czar Peter III 1761 Catherine and

soldiers grew angry at his incompetence

Catherine seized power declare Czarina

Kept Peter’s westernization efforts

Built statue said to Peter the First from Catherine the Second

Reformed Russia’s legal and educational system

Removed restrictions on trade

War with Poland Russia won and

took half of Poland’s territory also on the Black Sea

Rebellion inside Russia

Yemelyan Pugachev-claimed he was Peter III

Gained support among peasants

Caught and was beheaded

Catherine needed to strengthen the monarchy in rural areas

Reorganized local government

Administration, hands of local landowners

In return for government service taxes were reduced

Gave them absolute control over their lands and the peasants

Rulers in Central Europe never became Absolute monarchs

Holy Roman Empire had a single emperor

Covered most of Central Europe› Empire had dozens

of small states› Each with own ruler

1450’s All Holy Roman Emperors came from the Hapsburg family

1600’s Hapsburg emperor caused the Thirty Years War

Alliances cause it to be a continent wide affair

Religious dispute in 1618

Two Protestant churches were ordered to shut down

Protestants threw the emperor’s representatives out the palace window

They were unhurt

Emperor’s attempt to control religion sparked revolt

Nobles in Bavaria and Austria rebelled

Joined by other rulers

Monarch in Spain were members of the Hapsburg joined Ferdinand’s side

France, Spain’s rival joined the Protestant side

Denmark and Sweden Also on Protestant side

War lasted till 1648 7 million Germans

died Disease and

starvation

Treaty of Westphalia ended the war

Extended religious tolerance to both Catholics and Protestants

Reduced the power of the Holy Roman Emperor

Austria governed by the Hapsburg family

Prussia’s rulers came from Hohenzollerns

1740 Charles V died without an heir (HRE)

Wrote the Pragmatic Sanction-empire could be passed to a female

Maria Theresa was his daughter seemed she would take the throne

Hohenzollerans had different ideas

Frederick the Great seized Austria Province of Silesia

Offered Maria Theresa an alliance

Would help her husband become Holy Roman Emperor

Maria Theresa turned him down

War of Austrian succession broke out

Spain, France and two German states entered on Prussia’ side

Each hoped to gain territory

Maria Theresa asked for peace

Prussia kept Silesia launching it to position of power

Prussia’s victory intensified rivalry with Austria and Hungary

1756 Seven Year’s War

Prussia ruled by Frederick and Great Britain on one side

Austria, France, Russia on the other

Fighting also occurred in North America and India

Prussia was on verge of defeat

Austrian and Russia forces occupied the capitol

Russia pulled out of the war

Prussia regained strength

Prussia became the strongest military in Europe

Frederick pushed opponent out of Prussia