RULE #1Add –s to most singular nouns

pen penslamp lampscat catsfork forksflower flowers

RULE #2Add -es to nouns that end in s,

sh, ch, x or z• SINGULAR PLURAL moss mosses box boxes church churches rash rashes

Rule #3

• Add -s to most nouns that end in O.

SINGULAR PLURAL radio radio solo solo halo halo piano piano

RULE #4

• Add -es to a few nouns that end with O.

SINGULAR PLURAL hero heroes volcano volcanoes grotto grottoes potato potatoes

RULE #5 For most nouns ending in y, change y to i and add es

• SINGULAR PLURAL• galaxy galaxies• country countires• city cities• party parties

RULE #6 – When a vowel comes before the y, just add -s

• SINGULAR PLURALray raysday daysboy boystoy toys

RULE #7 For most nouns ending in f or fe, change the f to v and add –s or -es

• SINGULAR PLURALhalf halveslife liveswife wiveself elves

RULE #8 just add -s to a few nouns that end in f or fe

• SINGULAR PLURAL beliefs beliefschiefs chiefsroof roofssafe safes

RULE #9 Some nouns keep the same spelling

• SINGULAR PLURALSheep sheepsspecies speciessalmon salmonaircraft aircraft

Rule # 10 SOME PLURALS ARE FOUND IN IRREGULAR WAYS

• SINGULAR PLURAL• Man men• Child children• Foot feet• Mouse mice

RULE #11 – Some plurals have alternate plurals

• SINGULAR PLURALPenny penniesPerson persons,

peoplefish fishes

RULE #12 SOME NOUNS HAVE NO SINGULAR

• Scissors pants• Trousers shears• Victuals tongs• Measles mumps• Pinchers tweezers

RULE #13 – Some nouns are always singular, but some may be used as plural

when different kinds are meant:

• Gold silver• Wheat corn• Coffee(s) copper• Sugar(s) cotton(s)

Let’s practice a few sentences

1. Stars are made of hydrogen, helium, and small (quantity) of other elements.

The answer

1. Stars are made of hydrogen, helium, and small quantities of other elements.

2 - FIX THIS SENTENCE

They create enormous (amount) of energy when their hydrogen atoms join together and change into helium.

2 – THE ANSWER

They create enormous amounts of energy when their hydrogen atoms join together and change into helium.

3- FIX THIS SENTENCE

• Like human (being), stars go through a life cycle.

THE ANSWER

Like human beings, stars go through a life cycle.

4. FIX THIS SENTENCE

Stars fall in (category), mainly based on their size.

THE ANSWER

4. Stars fall into categories, mainly based on their size.

FIX THIS SENTENCE

5. Many stars shrink as they age into smaller (body) known as white dwarfs.

THE ANSWER

5. Many stars shrink as they age into smaller bodies known as white dwarfs.

FIX THIS SENTENCE

6. Other stars, called supergiants, may end their (life) in explosions called supernovas.

THE ANSWER

6. Other stars, called supergiants, may end their lives in explosions called supernovas.

FIX THIS SENTENCE

(Astronomer) believe our sun is a middle aged star.

THE ANSWER

Astronomers believe our sun is a middle aged star.

8. THE SENTENCE

Most of the sun’s surface consists of (wave) of energy.

THE ANSWER

Most of the sun’s surface consists of waves of energy.

THE SENTENCE

9. There are also dark (patch) on its surface, called sunspots.

THE ANSWER

There are also dark patches on its surface, called sunspots.

THE SENTENCE

The sun’s powerful (ray) can damage your (eye).

THE ANSWER

The sun’s powerful rays can damage your eyes.

CLOSURE

• Today you learned to identify and use singular and plural nouns reading aloud and in writing.

• You also learned to be careful when spelling plural nouns.