Preliminary Site Assessment

Rose Hill and Rosemount CemeteriesColumbia, Maury County, TN

May 2014

Preliminary Site Assessment

Rose Hill and Rosemount CemeteriesColumbia, Maury County, TN

Prepared for:Rose Hill Cemetery Rosemount Cemetery

Prepared by: Center for Historic Preservation at MTSUGinna Foster Cannon, Graduate Research AssistantMichael Fletcher, Graduate Research AssistantTeresa Prober, Graduate Research AssistantSusan London-Sherer Graduate Research AssistantDr. Stacey Graham, Research Professor

May 2014

Table of ContentsBackground of the Study4Methodology5Historical Assessment..6History of Columbia, Maury County.6History of Rosemount Cemetery....9History of Rose Hill Cemetery.13Iconography..15

Preservation Considerations..42

Heritage Development57Civil War Trails Marker.. 57

Bibliography61

Appendices..64Deed for Rosemount64Illinois Historic Preservation Agency Power Point.65 Civil War Soldiers Interred at Rosemount and Rose Hill...80 Civil War Trails Marker Application..81National Register Information Packet Forms..90

Background of the StudyIn October 2013, Danny Moser a member of the Board of Trustees for Rose Hill Cemetery in Columbia, TN contacted MTSUs Center for Historic Preservation (CHP) for planning advice. The Board identified the need to increase the visibility of the cemetery within its own community and region at large. Despite its substantial annual budget of $200,000, Rose Hill faces increased operating costs and decreased plot sales. Moser would like to have the cemetery listed on the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of its historic and cultural importance. The listing would be valuable in attracting more visitors, garnering fundraising support, and lending heft to grant proposals. While aknowledging the value of Rose Hill, the CHP advocated a joint project with the adjacent African American cemetery, Rosemount. The significance of the cultural landscape cemetery district can only be understood when both sides of mirror cemeteries are assessed together. In December 2013, Moser, Jim Lund President of the Maury County Historical Society, Kenny L. Anderson, Sr. Pastor of Mt. Calvary Missionary Baptist Church representative for Rosemount, and Dr. Stacey Graham and Katie Randall of the CHP, toured the cemeteries together. After the meeting, Moser commented that it was the first time in sixty years that representatives from both cemeteries came together for a mutual purpose.

MethodologyIn conjunction with the CHP, a team of MTSU graduate students in the Spring 2014 Seminar for Historic Preservation researched and assessed Rose Hill and Rosemount Cemeteries under the direction of Dr. Graham. The work was divided: Susan London-Sherer researched the historic significance of Rose Hill as well as analyzed the cemeterys iconography; Michael Fletcher researched the historic significance of Rosemount; Ginna Foster Cannon assessed the preservation needs of Rosemount and researched historic cemetery best practices; and Teresa Prober researched the Civil War Trails Marker for the cemetery district. This report is a precursor to preparing a cemetery district nomination for the National Registry as well as a Civil War Trails Marker.

History of Columbia, Maury County, TNMaury County is located 30 miles southwest of Nashville and has an estimated population of 84,000 people.[footnoteRef:1] Maury County formed from Sections of Williamson and Dickson Counties, named for TN state senator Abram Maury was established November 16, 1807. Settlers came to the region for the fertile soil perfect for growing tobacco, cotton, and raising livestock. Maury County experienced two major shifts in agriculture after the Civil War. Farmers switched from cotton to grain and expanded the existing livestock industry. From this, Cleburne Jersey Farm near Spring Hill became nationally known for its dairy production, and sold Jersey cattle to many other farms in the region. During these years, however, tobacco became the county's largest cash crop.[footnoteRef:2] Agriculture is still a major part of Maury Countys economy producing wheat, grain, corn, sorghum, and cotton as well as beef cattle. [1: Maury Countys population in 2013 was estimated at 82,000 and the total population of Tennessee was 6.5 million. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/47/4716540.html] [2: Marise P. Lightfoot, Maury County entry in Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=847.]

High grade brown phosphate discovered by William Shirley at Mount Pleasant in 1888 not only provided nutrients that enriched the soil and contributed to the regions agricultural success, this discovery launched a mining industry that flourished for more than one hundred years. Hooker, Monsanto, Occidental and Stauffer phosphate mining companies employed thousands of Maury County residents until environmental concerns and dwindling resources forced its decline in the mid-1980s. Today Maury County has a varied economy that includes auto manufacturer General Motors as well as a growing tourist industry with increased interest in Maury Countys historic sites.[footnoteRef:3] The single most popular event is Columbias Annual Mule Day held in April. [3: Except for the resort counties, Maury County annually welcomes a larger number of tourists that any other rural county in Tennessee. Marise P. Lightfoot, Maury County entry in Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=847.]

Columbia, the county seat, was laid out and lots sold in 1808. At that time, the town consisted of four-square blocks; it was incorporated in 1817.[footnoteRef:4] Columbia remains the largest city in Maury County with an estimated population of 35,000 people.[footnoteRef:5] Measuring thirty-two square miles, the population density in the city is more than eight times higher than that of the rest of the county.[footnoteRef:6] Columbia also has a good size African American community making up 21% of the total population compared to 13% for the county as a whole.[footnoteRef:7] [4: Lightfoot, Maury County entry in Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture] [5: U.S. Census population estimate for Columbia was for 2012. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/47/4716540.html] [6: Ibid.] [7: Ibid.]

During the first half of the twentieth century, race relations in Columbia were often tense culminating in the Columbia Race Riot, 1946. According to the Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, This post-World War II race riot occurred in the town of Columbia on the night of February 25-26, 1946. Like other outbreaks of violence in the South in the immediate postwar era, this incident involved military veterans who were unwilling to accept prevailing racial norms upon returning to their hometowns. In 1946 Columbia contained about five thousand whites and three thousand blacks. Race relations in the county had often been tense in the prior generation; since 1925, for example, two lynchings had taken place there. But racial violence decreased during World War II, and in the postwar months there were few indications of future trouble.[footnoteRef:8] But on the night of February 25, 1946, African Americans rioted to prevent the lynching of James Stephenson, a 19 year old black Navy veteran, accused of assaulting a white repairman at a local store. Four officers were shot trying to enter the black business district. In response, the Tennessee Highway Patrol brought in over seventy policemen to quell the riot leading to the arrest of more than a hundred African Americans. Then, two days later, two detainees were killed by the police. The Columbia "riot" made headlines across the state and the nation. Walter White and Thurgood Marshall of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People immediately flew to Nashville in order to organize a legal defense. White met with Governor James N. McCord and announced the creation of a national defense committee. Marshall turned to Tennessee attorneys Z. Alexander Looby of Nashville and Maurice Weaver of Chattanooga for assistance.[footnoteRef:9] Historian Gail Williams OBrien argued that the episode in Columbia was emblematic of a nationwide shift during the 1940s from mob violence against African Americans to increased confrontations between blacks and the police and courts.[footnoteRef:10] [8: Carroll Van West, Columbia Race Riots, 1946 entry in Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=296. ] [9: Ibid.] [10: Gail Williams OBrien, The Color of Law: Race, Violence and Justice in the Post-World War South. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1999. ]

History of Rosemount Cemetery Established in 1873, Rosemount Cemetery has served Columbia, Tennessees African American community for almost 150 years. A so-called mirror cemetery, because it is bounded on the west and south by the citys white cemetery, Rose Hill, Rosemount sits on a hill that gently slopes to the east. It is the final resting place for many of Columbias prominent black citizens, including Dr. J.C. Halfacre, a prominent physician who died in 1896. Dr. Halfacre served as an alderman from Columbias Third Ward. He is possibly the earliest African American to serve in Columbias city government.[footnoteRef:11] For this reason, and many others, Rosemount serves as a focal point for Maury Countys African American history. [11: Jill K. Garrett, Hither and Yon II: More of the Writings of Jill K. Garrett, ed. by Carese Parker (Polk Memorial Assoc. N/D), 331.]

On August 25, 1873, the Trustees of the Rosemount Cemetery, Thomas Mackey, Richard Sanderson, Balaam Frierson, Frank Wigfall, Levi Eules, A. Cheatham, Bradley Dobbins, Washington Kennedy, and Manuel Donelson, purchased five acres of land from William Anderson, a white doctor and land owner. This purchase was the culmination of a search that had taken several months. In March, the Nashville Union & Advertiser newspaper reported that the colored citizens of Columbia are to have Cemetery.[footnoteRef:12] Previously, African Americans were buried in Greenwood Cemetery, but by 1873 Greenwood was full. At the time, the Trustees were looking to purchase 16 acres at the western edge of Columbia called the Holland Tract, reportedly for $500.00.[footnoteRef:13] The City government agreed to contribute $250.00 to the project on the condition that 1 acres be set aside as an African American pauper burial ground. The purchase stalled, however, as the ground on the tract was too rocky. By August, the Trustees settled on the present five acres for $800, for which they paid $500 in cash, the remainder due on January 1, 1874. [12: Cornelia Braden, Nashville Union & Advertiser, 3/23/1873, quoted in In My Fathers Kingdom There Are Many Mansions, ( Maury County Archives, N/P, 1986), n/p.] [13: Columbia Herald, 3/21/1873, in Ibid., n/p.]

The cemetery was financed by subscriptions for individual and family plots and contributions, probably from the congregations of the several African American churches in the community. William Cap Jordan and Richard Sanderson, both local ministers, were among the first subscribers. Of the other eight trustees, not much is known except for Frank Wigfall, a brick mason, Manuel Donelson, a carriage driver, and Balaam Frierson, the new minister of Mt. Lebanon Missionary Baptist Church. Thomas Mackey served as the cemeterys first president and sexton. On December 19, the Columbia Herald reported that lots in the cemetery were ready for sale.[footnoteRef:14] Since then, the community has laid to rest many distinguished citizens. Among them are Isaiah Gholston, a builder and a minister, who constructed the Gholston Methodist Church (now Bethel AME Church) on the corner of Glade and Helm (11th) St.[footnoteRef:15] Edmund Kelly also rests at Rosemount. Kelly was a founder of Mt. Lebanon Church and after emancipation he was one of the leading figures in the cause of African American education in Maury County. In January, 1900, Columbia witnessed the burial of Old Bragg, Braxton Bragg, the formerly enslaved man-servant to the Confederate general. Though the graves location is unknown today, his funeral was reportedly conducted by Columbias white citizens and arranged by the Daughters of the Confederacy.[footnoteRef:16] [14: Ibid., n/p.] [15: Garrett, Hither and Yon II, 331.] [16: Michael Edward Bennett, The Duck River Valley Chronicle: A Brief history of Maury County, Tennessee Bicentennial Edition 1807 2007, (2009), 292. ]

Rosemount is the final resting place for many of Columbias prominent citizens and heroes, including members of the United States Colored Troops (USCT), men who fought valiantly during the Civil War. Rosemount, Columbias first urban African American cemetery, is also the largest of Maury Countys African American cemeteries.[footnoteRef:17] For this reason, it serves as a focal point, an illustration of struggle, strength and survival, for Maury Countys African American history. [17: Jo Ann Williams McClellan, Gone But Not Forgotten: African American Cemeteries and 1908-1930 Death Records of Maury County, TN., (Nashville, Tn.: Authors Corner, 2009), xi. ]

Beyond its local significance, however, we can frame Rosemounts importance in a wider regional and national context. The National Register of Historic Places recognizes several similar post-emancipation cemeteries. One of these, Mt. Olivet Cemetery in Jackson, Mississippi, has been described as a microcosm of Jacksons historic African American community and forms a cornerstone in the early formation of distinctly ethnic properties following the Civil War[footnoteRef:18] In common with Mt. Olivet, and many other African American cemeteries across the South, Rosemount signifies the transition of a people from enslavement to freedom, a people forming their own institutions and self-sufficiency, in spite of legal and social constraints imposed by whites. [18: Nancy Adgent Morgan, Anne-Leslie Owens and Carroll Van West, Mt. Olivet National Register of Historic Places Nomination (Murfreesboro, Tn.: MTSU Center for Historic Preservation, 2001), 6.]

Nationally, historic cemeteries are a rich source of study and information. They provide us a unique window into the past. Cemeteries serve as a source of cultural and societal memory. Further, they are cultural and historic landscapes, often shaped by fashions and events. Their physical presence reminds us of the past in a more urgent way than books or documents. Long-term use allows us to examine and ponder, in a single place, changes in social, cultural and religious ideas which otherwise might escape our attention. This brief account only outlines the highlights of Rosemounts history and we are left with many unanswered questions. Here we have opportunities for future research. One of the major questions concerns the large area of unmarked graves. Local tradition has it that this served as a burial ground for enslaved people before the War, yet we learn from the deed that the city of Columbia donated $250 towards the purchase of the land with the condition that a portion be set aside as a pauper burying ground. Further research might reveal the nature of these unmarked burials. A new inventory of legible stones with a map of their location would also be a valuable addition to the historic record. Comparing this list with earlier inventories will help build a more complete picture of those buried at Rosemount. Likewise, oral history interviews could add much to our knowledge of Rosemount. Many organizations find it useful as a community building exercise to conduct such interviews among themselves. The Center for Historic Preservations Dr. Rachel Martin offers workshops, teaching members of the community how to conduct oral history interviews, making this important resource a community-centered project. Finally, it would be worthwhile to build relationships with local genealogy groups. Such groups can serve as both sources and repositories of information on those buried at Rosemount.

History of Rose Hill Cemetery

Columbia, Tennessees Rose Hill Cemetery is an extraordinary historic resource that allows the visitor to meander back through time all the way to the Victorian era. A walk through the cemeterys rolling hillside landscape provides a feast of beauty for the eyes, and an abundance of symbolism straight from the hearts of Columbias ancestors. The cemetery is the final resting place of nearly 12,000 Tennesseans who called Columbia and the surrounding areas home. The gravemarkers associated with the cemeterys earliest burials date to the early 1850s, and reflect cultural beliefs and practices that can be associated with a wider garden cemetery movement that took place in America from the 1830s through the 1870s.

Rose Hill Cemeterys rolling hillside landscapeColumbia founded its first cemetery out of necessity in 1809. Greenwood Cemetery was the towns earliest, but by the 1850s, further expansion at Greenwood Cemetery seemed unlikely due to sub-surface rock and the fear of overcrowding. Columbia mayor, Meredith Helm, donated a percentage of his farmland for the purpose of establishing a new cemetery. Rose Hill Cemetery opened to the public in 1853, and became the fashionable, new alternative to the older Greenwood Cemetery. Rose Hill Cemetery boasts a fusion of both the rural Upland South folk graveyard tradition and the new, European-inspired, Victorian garden cemetery.

Iconography of Rose Hill Cemetery Columbia, Tennessee

Winged cherub with palm frond at Rose Hill Cemetery, Columbia Tennessee

A Brief History of the Evolution of the Garden CemeteryIn the 1700s, Europe saw a population boom that led to a shortage of space in cities and towns, in which to bury the dead. Churchyards were filled with graves piled one on top of another and the threat of disease became imminent. In Paris, an incident at the Cimetire des Innocents caused horror and outrage among the people. After an unusually rainy spring, the walls containing the cemetery collapsed, spilling bones, and exposing decomposing bodies for all to see. The public was outraged and demanded reform. New laws governing burials and burial methods were enacted as a means to not only protect the living from the dead, but also as a means of relocating cemeteries to the outskirts of towns, instead of in churchyards, which were generally located in town centers. Pre-Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, France, founded in 1804, is considered to be the prototype for the garden cemetery movement.[footnoteRef:19] The garden cemetery concept quickly spread to America. The idea of the garden cemetery was inspired by both the need to locate cemeteries on the outskirts of town, and the desire to lay family members to rest in a beautiful park-like, landscaped setting that nurtured not only the dead, but also the soul of the living. [19: Gaylord Cooper, STORIES TOLD IN STONE Cemetery Iconology: A Manual for Genealogy Research (Louisville: MotesBooks, 2009), 11.]

Winding, park-like avenue and monument at the Chopin grave.Pre-Lachaise Cemetery, Paris, France (Photos courtesy of Voyage-Webguide).

The First American Garden CemeteriesThe first American garden cemetery, Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts, was established in 1831.[footnoteRef:20] Mount Auburns great popularity stemmed from its beautiful, park-like setting with mature trees, roads, and walking paths. The landscape had an architectural design that allowed visitors to enjoy the lush surroundings, which were inspired by English gardens, while they traveled leisurely throughout the circuit of the cemetery, reflecting on memories of lost loved ones. [20: Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cemetery, http:// http://mountauburn.org/cemetery/ [accessed April 11, 2014].]

Mt. Auburn Cemetery Freeland tomb encased by lush green landscape.

Mt. Auburn Cemeterys popularity gave rise to similar garden cemeteries across the country. Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York, Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia are all examples of early American garden cemeteries.(L) Green-Wood Cemetery Brooklyn, New York (AP Photo/Mary Altaffer)(R) Laurel Hill Cemetery Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Photo Laurel Hill Cemetery)

Hollywood Cemetery - Richmond, Virginia - Haxall family plot (Photo John O. Peters)These cemeteries became veritable galleries of fine art devoted to the departed. They hold the sentimental remembrances lovingly carved in stone that mark the spot where the beloved rests eternally. Victorian funerary ethics of the nineteenth century led the practice of mourning to become a well-established social ritual. At the Wartime Widows: Victorian Mourning Customs of the Civil War Era exhibit at the Oaklands Historic House Museum in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, they point out that the impressions and approval of others governed individual behavior, and those that ignored proper etiquette faced social ostracism.[footnoteRef:21] It became socially conventional, even advantageous, to display grief through meaningful, substantial monuments and works of stone artwork devoted to the departed. Mid-nineteenth century Romanticism and the Second Great Awakening inspired the addition of magnificent full-bodied sculptures and striking memorials dedicated to the dead, and representative of the social status and wealth of the living. These spectacular pieces of artwork are laden with symbolic meaning. They speak volumes about the cultural values and funerary practices of mid-nineteenth century Americans. [21: Oaklands Historic House Museum, Wartime Widows: Victorian Mourning Customs http://oaklandsmuseum.org/education-programs/wartime-widows-victorian-mourning-customs/ [accessed May 1, 2014].]

Full-Bodied Guardian Angel SculptureMiles Coleman Mays January 12, 1846 September 27, 1887.Rose Hill Cemetery, Columbia, Tennessee

These artifacts are tremendously important pieces of artwork. They hold immeasurable value to the family members who placed them, and they are laden with symbolism and significant meaning. In terms of cultural value, these collections of funerary artwork, including the one at Rose Hill Cemetery, are priceless.

Mourning As A Social InstitutionThe development of the American garden cemetery, in the Victorian period, helped to propel the practice of mourning to the status of a social institution.[footnoteRef:22] New businesses cropped up that catered to the bereaved, offering mourning clothes, books about mourning, and custom-made gravestones reflective of individual beliefs and sentiments. Elaborately carved gravestone icons emerged as a means of thoughtfully remembering the dead through symbolism and sentimentalism. The garden cemetery movement led to a shift in thinking among American people, away from death as the cruel end to a harsh life, and toward the possibilities that lie beyond death, in the afterlife. [22: Cooper, 11.]

Full-Bodied Angel SculptureRose Hill Cemetery, Columbia, TennesseeGravestone symbols transformed from the earliest Puritan skull-and-crossbone carvings of the seventeenth century, to winged angels and cherubs in the eighteenth century. By the late nineteenth century, gravestone iconography expanded to include a wide variety of imagery including: crosses, willow trees, urns, obelisks, and flowers just to name a few. Many of these symbolic icons can be interpreted as representative of the themes of rebirth, the afterlife, and eternity.

The Cross Christian symbol of religious faith and resurrectionRose Hill Cemetery

Finger pointing toward the sky indicating the soul has gone to HeavenRose Hill Cemetery

Rose Hill Cemetery: Fusion of the Old and the NewInspired by the new American garden cemetery movement of the 1830s, Rose Hill Cemetery sought to establish itself as a tranquil, final resting place for the deceased, that also addressed the needs of the living. Rose Hill Cemetery combined concepts from the new garden cemetery movement with concepts from the rural Upland South folk graveyard tradition to create something new and distinctive in Columbia: a cemetery infused with the cultural elements of both styles. A blend of the old and the new prevailed at Rose Hill.

Women in mourning statues at Rose Hill CemeteryWomen were the expected mourners of the Victorian era.Their presence in the cemetery connotes sorrow and grief over the loss of a loved one.

In keeping with the rural Upland South cemetery tradition, Rose Hill Cemetery is situated on a scenic hilltop and, for the most part, exhibits east-west grave orientation, although some exceptions do apply. The landscape also reveals the presence of towering, mature trees, including majestic evergreens, which are symbolically connected to immortality.

Evergreen trees at Rose Hill Cemetery are symbolic of immortality.Rose Hill exhibits an architectural design that incorporates roads, walkways, and staircases, which allow the visitor to move throughout the entire landscape circuit, taking in the otherworldly beauty, and reflecting upon personal memories. The flow of the cemetery encourages mourners to move throughout the planned landscape as they seek solace in the serenity of the environment.

The garden cemetery movement inspired architectural elements at Rose Hill Cemetery.Roads, walkways, and paths allow for easier access for visitors, and encourage travel throughout the circuit of the cemetery.Cemeteries like Rose Hill were often the first places where private, middle-class Americans could view such fine pieces of artwork and sculpture. These magnificent works of art transported people far away from the grim reality of their everyday lives, and into a place of beauty, serenity, and hopefulness for the future. Rose Hill Cemetery became a place where Maury Countys middle- and upper-class could display wealth and family prestige. Some families could even afford to commission companies such as Muldoon Company in Louisville, Kentucky, for elaborate tombstone monuments.

Mid-nineteenth century winged cherub head at Rose Hill Cemetery.Iconography at Rose Hill CemeteryThe term iconography comes from the Greek, and translates literally to image writing. Gravestones are emblazoned with images, icons, and meaningful symbols that can provide us with clues about past cultural attitudes and beliefs. Studying the diverse array of symbols, carvings, monuments, motifs, and icons that are found in cemeteries everywhere can address historical and cultural attitudes about death, dying, and burial practices, which are often reflected in motifs on the gravestones themselves. Standard gravestone motifs of the Victorian Era include the dove, the open bible, the cross, the crown, and the finger pointing toward Heaven. These particular motifs are particularly widespread throughout the Upland South, and are all present in Rose Hill Cemetery, along with an intriguing array of other symbols and motifs. These symbols appear to communicate an intensely fundamentalist religious interpretation of death, dying, and an afterlife.

Iconography Study at Rose Hill CemeteryImageNameMeaning

Weeping Willow Tree

In Christianity, the weeping willow tree is associated with the gospel of Christ. The symbolism dictates that no matter how many branches are cut off, the tree will remain intact. The willow tree is often found paired with the lamb in cemeteries.

Lamb

In funerary art, lambs generally mark the graves of children. The lamb symbolizes innocence and refers to Christ, who is often depicted as the Lamb of God.

Sleeping AngelOften found on the graves of children. These celestial beings are the closest to humans.[footnoteRef:23] They act as intermediaries between God and humanity, and are often called our guardian angels. [23: Douglas Keister, Stories in Stone: A Field Guide to Cemetery Symbolism and Iconography (Layton, Utah: Gibbs Smith, 2004): 168.]

Open BibleRepresentative of the Christian faith, the word of God, and knowledge. Sometimes an open bible can also represent the human heart, its thoughts and feelings open to the world and to God.[footnoteRef:24] [24: Keister, 113.]

Cross with CrownA Christian symbol of the dominion of the Lord. When the two symbols are combined, the cross represents Christianity and the crown represents victory. Can also be associated with members of the York Rite Masons.

Flowers

There was an extensive symbolic language of flowers in the nineteenth century. Flowers remind us of the beauty and the brevity of life.[footnoteRef:25] Flowers have been a symbol of remembrance since people began memorializing the dead. The Egyptians were the first to extensively use flowers in funerary rites. [25: Keister, 41, 79.]

DoveThe dove is a symbol of purity and peace and is associated with the Holy Ghost. It is the most commonly seen animal symbol in cemeteries. The dove is often seen holding an olive branch, a reference to the dove that Noah sent to search for land.[footnoteRef:26] [26: Ibid., 79.]

Clasping HandsClasping hands are most commonly associated with matrimony. When looking at the sleeves, one appears feminine and the other masculine. If the sleeves appear to be gender neutral, the clasping hands may represent a heavenly welcome or an earthly farewell.[footnoteRef:27] [27: Ibid., 108.]

Urn(Draped)The draped urn is a common funerary symbol from the 19th century. The urn and the willow tree were two of the first motifs to replace the deaths heads effigies after the Revolutionary War. The drapery symbolizes mourning and the veil between earth and the heavens.[footnoteRef:28] [28: Ibid., 137.]

Obelisk(Egyptian Revival Period)The obelisk became popular during the Egyptian Revival Period of the nineteenth century and continued to be popular well into the 1920s. The obelisk is representative of a ray of sunlight. To appease Christians, designers of obelisks often added Christian symbolism to soften their pagan image. Obelisks were considered to be tasteful, with pure uplifting lines, associated with greatness, and were less costly and space consuming than elaborate sculpted monuments.[footnoteRef:29] [29: The Association for Gravestone Studies, Symbolism on Gravestones (/knowledge-center/symbolism), https://www.gravestonestudies.org/knowledge-center/symbolism#faqnoanchor [accessed April 11, 2014].]

Woodmen of the World(WOW)Tree-stump tombstones often mark the final resting places of Woodmen of the World organization members. The organization was founded in 1890, and was originally open to white males between the ages of 18 to 45. WOW specifically excluded men in dangerous vocations like train brakeman or gunpowder factory employee. Today, the organization is known as the Woodmen of the World Life Insurance Society/Omaha Woodmen Life Insurance Society. Tree stump tombstones not associated with WOW members are also seen in Tennessee cemeteries, and in these cases, signify a life that has been cut short.[footnoteRef:30] [30: Keister, 188.]

Freemasons/MasonsAndCity MansionsThe symbol of the Freemasons is the square and compass. Oftentimes, inside the symbol is the letter G, which some say stands for geometry, while others say it stands for God. The square and compass represent the interaction between mind and matter and refer to the progression from the material to the intellectual to the spiritual.[footnoteRef:31] The cityscape imagery is a reference to the King James version of the bible quote from John 14:2: In my Fathers house are many mansions: if it were not so, I would have told you. I go to prepare a place for you. The meaning of the quote is that there is room in Heaven for everyone if they follow the scripture of the Bible. [31: Keister, 191.]

ScrollThe scroll represents a decorative way of presenting inscription or bible references.

Winged Army ShieldUnited States AviatorThe first United States Aviator Badges were issued to members of the Air Service during World War I. The badges were issued in three degrees: Observer (a "US" shield and one left-side wing), Junior Aviator or Reserve Aviation Officer (a "US" shield between two wings), and Senior Aviator (a star over "US" shield between two wings).

Daughters of the American Revolution(DAR)The Daughters of the American Revolution is a non-profit women's organization for the descendants of American Revolutionary War veterans. Membership was open to any woman 18 years or older, regardless of race, religion, or ethnic background, who could prove lineal descent from a patriot of the American Revolution.

WreathThe wreath symbolizes victory in death, honor, and eternal love.

Classical Greek RevivalArchitectureClassical Greek Revival architecture can be easily recognized in funerary art by its columns. These monuments are inspired by classic Greek and Roman architecture.

Anchor andTree StumpThe anchor is a Christian symbol of hope, strong faith, and steadfastness. The symbolism comes from a bible passage in the Epistle to the Hebrews 6: 19 Which hope we have as an anchor of the soul, both sure and stedfast, and which entereth into that within the veil. This particular monument is very elaborate, and was possibly crafted by the Muldoon Co. of Louisville, Kentucky.

Cherub with Broken Column(Cherubim)These angels were sent to guard the way of the tree of life.[footnoteRef:32] Recently, cherubs have become synonymous with Valentines Day cards, but they were originally considered gatekeepers, and generally can be seen watching over the graves of children. The broken column signifies the end of a life cut short. This particular column was salvaged from Central High School circa 1915, and is significant because of the school-related career of this particular individual. [32: Keister, 167.]

CornCorn is one of the oldest harvested plants in America. As funerary artwork, it symbolizes fertility and rebirth. In American Indian culture the seeds of an ear of corn (maize) represent all the people as well as all the things in the universe.[footnoteRef:33] [33: Ibid, 57.]

Angel atthe Gates of HeavenIn Christian funerary symbolism, imagery of gates represents the passage from one realm to the next. Gates also symbolize a portal to the promised land, or entry into the kingdom of heaven.

Figure Pointing toward the HeavensA Christian symbol signifying that the departed is enjoying heavenly sleep. The pointing finger also symbolizes a soul that has gone home to Jesus.

AngelsAngels have always played an active role in Christian perceptions of death.[footnoteRef:34] Angels are the symbolic messengers between God and man. Angel monuments are complex in meaning, revealing popular Christian beliefs. This Rose Hill angel is believed to be a guardian angel, watching tenderly over the gravesite with an outstretched hand, meant to hold a flower or wreath to adorn the grave. Some interpret this pose as a symbol of an untimely death. Others see it as symbolic of the transitory nature of life.[footnoteRef:35] [34: Roark, 57.] [35: Ibid., 82.]

Example of IHS symbol for clarity purposes onlyIHSThis symbol is often seen on crosses (and is visible at Rose Hill adorning the angel seen above). The letters overlay one another. It is believed that IHS is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase in hoc signo vinces, which translates to in this sign you will conquer, and appeared to Constantine in the form of a vision. IHS stands for the first three letters of Jesus name when using the Greek alphabet: Iota, Eta, Sigma.

Angel Childwith Palm Frond(Cherub)Often found adorning the graves of children, as is the case here. This cherub watches over the gravesite of a four-year-old child. The palm frond is the Christian adaptation of the symbolic martyrs triumph over death and, by extension, any believers triumph over death.[footnoteRef:36] [36: Keister, 63.]

Deaths HeadThe deaths head symbol has been evolving since the early sixth century. Along with the skull and crossbones, there were winged skulls, which then evolved into human faces called soul effigies. With the emergence of the garden cemetery in the mid-19th century, a winged cherub, like the one seen here at Rose Hill Cemetery, replaced the deaths head.

Mourning FiguresWeepers or PleurantsThese statues of women are usually found in classical dress. Women are thought to be the mourners of the human race; the ones who are expected to express emotion. The presence of these mourning women in the cemetery signifies sorrow and grief at the loss of a loved one.

Father and SonFamily HeadstoneIndicative of the transitional phase of the Upland South cemetery tradition with an emphasis on family plots and elaborate monuments.

IvyIvy is eternally green even in the bleakest environments. It symbolizes immortality and fidelity, and clings to a support system, thus making it symbolic of attachment.

Tablet GravestoneWithCrown MotifA childs tablet gravestone at Rose Hill Cemetery is indicative of the crown of thorns worn by Jesus.

Tablet GravestoneWithGothic MotifThe tower on this Rose Hill Cemetery tablet stone is indicative of gothic architecture. Because gothic architecture did not rely heavily on pagan Classical styles, it is closely related to Christianity, and is the first purely Christian architecture.

Mausoleum(Gordon Family)When garden cemeteries became popular in the mid-19th century, mausoleums began to appear on the landscape. They generally fall into one of six broad categories that include: Egyptian, Classical, Gothic, and Baroque architecture. The Gordon mausoleum at Rose Hill defies classification in this system, as it more closely resembles a log cabin, indicative of American pioneers.

Ledger Stone(Flat)A ledger stone marking a 9-year-old childs grave at Rose Hill Cemetery. Ledger stones were once thought to seal the spirit of the departed in the grave, thus keeping the spirit from aimlessly wandering the earth.

EpitaphShort verses from poems or the bible often appear on gravestones in order to honor the dead. Oftentimes, the deceased chooses their own epitaph in their lifetime.

Bedstead GravestonesThe bedstead gravestone is indicative of eternal rest.

Box Tombs(Above Ground)Box tombs for above-ground burials were popular in the first half of the 19th century, and can be seen at Rose Hill Cemetery.

Family PlotWithBroken ColumnsThe Whitthorne family plot at Rose Hill Cemetery. Four members of the Whitthorne family died in September 1860 due to exposure to cholera. The broken columns signify lives that have been cut short.

Final Thoughts on the Iconography at Rose Hill CemeteryRose Hill Cemetery contains a stunning collection of some of the finest artistic and sculptural stonework funerary art pieces that Tennessee has to offer. Religious themes and icons abound, membership in secret societies and organizations is heartily accounted for, and tradesmen and craftsmen are remembered fondly through the funerary artwork representative of their lives. The Victorian folk art adorning the graves at Rose Hill Cemetery exemplifies the changing cultural perceptions about death and dying, as well as the growing sophistication of the American arts patron. People became increasingly more interested in the cultural developments that were going on in America, and appreciated the arts for their ability to portray sentimental, personal messages in magnificent, tasteful sculptures that were rich in both beauty and symbolic meaning.

A heartfelt reminder of undying love at Rose Hill Cemetery.

Preliminary Preservation Plan: Rosemount Cemetery[footnoteRef:37] [37: Photos taken on December 17, 2013 and February 5, 2014. ]

The initial conditions assessment for Rosemount Cemetery, conducted from December 2013 through April 2014, makes a series of recommendations to support the preservation of this important cultural and historic landscape for current and future generations. The goal is to provide an overview of cemetery preservation and a list of recommended resources as well as an inventory of issues and noteworthy items at Rosemount including next steps. Ideas on how to generate awareness for the site within the community are also provided. Our hope is that this assessment will serve as the first step in crafting a comprehensive preservation plan for Rosemount. In addition to those we list, future steps to consider include conducting an inventory of all the gravestones in the cemetery (name, dates, location and other pertinent details) and analysis of the iconography.[footnoteRef:38] [38: A possible model to follow for the inventory is Historic Rose Hill Cemetery Columbia, Tennessee (2011) by Sandra Gibson Lindsey and Faye Elliott Jackson. ]

Prior to embarking on the preservation of Rosemont, community organizers should have a solid understanding of the basics of cemetery preservation. One place to start is with the classic A Graveyard Preservation Primer, Second Edition (2013) by Lynnette Strangstad. This book covers a wide range of topics from organizational concerns to conservation issues to the ethics of cemetery preservation so that readers can make informed decisions. A note about Stangstads approach she is very conservative and advocates having much of the work done by professional preservationists. This approach works for communities with unlimited resources. For smaller communities with more limited resources, state historical agencies may be a better resource. The websites provide a host of information and many advocate a more do-it-yourself approach. Examples to look out include Preservation of Arkansass Historic Cemeteries, Oregons Historic Cemetery Preservation & Technical Support, and Illinois Historic Preservation Agencys Cemetery Preservation.[footnoteRef:39] Prior to launching into a project such as cleaning gravestones, we advise consulting an expert in cemetery preservation and hosting a training seminar for volunteers. Dr. Carroll Van West, Director of MTSUs Center for Historic Preservation, has mentioned he would be willing to conduct such a seminar in Columbia. Most of the time, nothing stronger than clean water and a natural, soft-medium bristle brush and tongue depressors are recommended. See Appendix I for a presentation titled, Cleaning Stone Grave Markers. [39: www.arkansaspreservation.com/preservation-services/cemetery-preservation/default.aspx, http://www.oregon.gov/oprd/HCD/OCHC/pages/ochc_preservation_.aspx and http://www.illinois.gov/ihpa/Preserve/Cemetery/Pages/default.aspx.]

While there are and have been over the years many schools of thought on cemetery preservation they all share a few basic tenets. [footnoteRef:40] First, do no harm. This concept stresses the fragility of cemeteries and their resources. For example, the rise of institutionalized lawn care at cemeteries during the second half of the twentieth century increased the use of lawnmowers, weed wackers, and pesticides. [footnoteRef:41] Unfortunately, these machines can chip and scratch grave markers without proper modifications and pesticides are known to corrode markers. Mindful lawn care practices are an important aspect of preservation. Second, do nothing that cannot be reversed. Commonly-used but inappropriate and damaging techniques include setting stones in concrete, repairing broken markers with concrete instead of correct adhesive, and using adhesives, cleaning solutions and techniques that will further damage the marker.[footnoteRef:42] Training is an essential element of preservation. Third, if in doubt contact an expert in cemetery preservation. This reinforces tenets one and two. For the most part, experts agree on the basic dos and donts of graveyard maintenance. [40: http://www.illinois.gov/ihpa/Preserve/Cemetery/Pages/default.aspx] [41: http://www.arkansaspreservation.com/preservation-services/cemetery-preservation/default.aspx] [42: Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Cemetery Preservation Training Facts, http://www.illinois.gov/ihpa/Preserve/Cemetery/Documents/Cemetery%20Preservation%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf]

Basic Dos and Donts of Graveyard Maintenance[footnoteRef:43] [43: Lynette Strangstad, A Graveyard Preservation Primer, Second Edition, Lanham, MD: Altamira Press, 2013, 70-71. ]

Do consider trash receptacles and benches. Remember that trash bins will require regularly scheduled emptying. Do educate maintenance personnel regarding procedures for historic graveyard care. Do equip mowers with a blade guard. Dont mow immediately next to stones. Instead, use a nylon whip (weed eater) or hand clippers for close trimming. Sometimes the better choice is an appropriate low-lying groundcover. Dont use commercial herbicides around stones. Do remove scrub trees and prune shrubs to prevent damage to stones and to enhance the life of the shrubs. Do use signs to inform visitors of regulations. Signage, too, alters the graveyard, so keep it to a minimum within the site. Do train volunteers before any cleanup is done at the site.

Below, please find an inventory of the issues we identified at Rosemont. The easiest to accomplish are listed at the top and labeled short-term fix. The more difficult issues in terms of labor and expense are labeled as medium-term and long-term fixes. This inventory is intended to provide a place to start thinking about the issues facing the cemetery. It is a resource to be consulted as long-term strategic goals are crafted.

IssueExample from Rosemount Next Step

Trash strewn across grounds especially along brush and retaining walls.Consider adding trash cans in discrete locations, posting no littering signs at the entrance of the cemetery and organizing a community clean-up day. Short-term fix.

Evidence of lawncare related damage. Chips likely caused by mower. Scratches may be a result of a weed wacker.Place guards on mowers. Hand clipper recommended if trimming near old stones. If a weed wacker is used then replace metal threads with nylon. Short-term fix.

Evidence of lawncare related damage. A large section has broken off likely to do a mower hitting it repeatedly. Old stones are more fragile.

Hand clipper recommended if trimming near old stones. Short-term fix.

Grave stone located in the brush along the southern edge of the cemetery.

Prune overgrowth. Short-term fix.

Multiple grave markers located in the growth on the western edge of the cemetery including recent ones this marker is from 1987.

Prune overgrowth. Short-term fix.

Biological deterioration caused by algae, lichen, fungi, mold and moss. Biological agents retain moisture within the stones.

Host a training session with an expert in cemetery preservation for community volunteers who want to help remove biological agents from the grave stones. Note: Most often, nothing stronger than clean water, a natural, soft-medium bristle and wooden craft stick is recommended. Improper methods can irreparably damage the stones each type of stone requires a different method. Medium-term fix.

Broken concrete retaining wall on the southern edge of the property. Retaining wall necessary to prevent additional soil erosion. Call professional to assess and fix the retaining wall. Medium-term fix.

Crumbling cinderblock retaining wall along slope to southern edge of the property. A functioning retaining wall helps to prevent further erosion. Call professional to assess and fix the retaining wall. Medium-term fix.

Chain link fence separating Rosemount and Rose Hill is in bad repair. Fix or replace fence. A joint project with Rose Hill? Medium-term fix.

Cinder block wall around family plot is crumbling. Consider asking family if they would like to make a donation to fix the wall. Medium-term fix.

Grave stones have detached and fallen over.

Contact an expert in cemetery preservation for assessment and repair work. Improper repairs can irreparably damage the stones. Long-term fix.

Leaning headstones and footstones.

Contact an expert in cemetery preservation for assessment and repair work. Improper repairs can irreparably damage the stones and disturb the cultural and historic landscape. Long-term fix.

Grave stone fell over and another piece is broken/ Contact an expert in cemetery preservation for assessment and repair work. Improper repairs can irreparably damage the stones and disturb the cultural and historic landscape. Long-term fix.

This next chart documents noteworthy preservation elements at Rosemount. There are no fixes required. It, too, is meant to be a resource to be consulted in the strategic planning process. Cemetery preservation is easier to understand when examples are provided.

Noteworthy Example from Rosemount Next Step

Headstone detached from stone base. It was reattached with what looks like cement. This approach is inadvisable because the cement retains water. It also impaired the headstones historical and artistic integrity. It is a permanent fix that cannot be undone without further damaging the stone.No fix required.

The broken headstone was reattached with cement. See above comments on using cement for repairs. No fix required.

Headstone appears to have been righted using a cement base. See above comments on using cement for repairs.No fix required.

The broken headstone was reattached with a metal plate. This approach is inadvisable because metal will expand and collapse with changes in temperature. It also impaired the headstones historical and artistic integrity. It is a permanent fix that cannot be undone without further damaging the stone. No fix required.

See above for comments on metal braces. No fix required.

Stone marker is in unstable condition. Do not try to clean stones in this condition. No fix required.

This concrete marker is in unstable condition. Do not try to clean. No fix required.

Ramifications of landscaping need to be considered. Tree grew up around the gravestone. No fix required.

Ramifications of landscaping need to be considered. Tree roots appear to be dislodging headstones. No fix required.

Ground depressions, with and without markers, are visible throughout the cemetery. As many markers were made of temporary materials, the depressions speak to large number of burials at the site. Do not fill in the depressions. No fix required.

See above for comments on ground depressions. No fix required.

Generating Awareness:

Generating awareness of Rosemount within the African-American community in Columbia will be an important part of a sustainable long-term preservation plan. The goal of awareness is to expand the number of people vested in the cemeterys well-being whether that support comes from sitting on a oversight board, contributing funds or volunteering labor and/or equipment. Successful cemetery preservation is a long-term endeavor that requires funds and energetic volunteers. Host clean-up days at the cemetery. Invite members, partners, like-minded associations and local scout troops. Also invite the media for some favorable press.

Give talks at local schools and civic groups. Invite attendees to other educational opportunities and volunteer days.

Create a Friends of Rosemount Society. This endeavor would help raise money, awareness, and gather potential volunteers. Rose Hill has a Friends Society whose pamphlets are available at the Maury County Archives. Consider partnering with the Friends of Rose Hill Cemetery Society to cross-promote properties.

Maximize the visibility of Rosemount on tourist sites. For example, link social media to the Maury County African-American Heritage Tour Guide that lists Rosemount hosted on the Maury County Convention and Visitors Bureaus website. See http://www.antebellum.com/downloads/AAHbrochure.pdf (page 8). Ask the Visitors Bureau to include a description of Rosemount on the Historic Cemeteries tab under Attractions.[footnoteRef:44] Currently, there are three cemeteries listed: Rosewood, Zion Presbyterian, and Rose Hill. According to Jo Ann Williams McClellans Gone But Not Forgotten: African-American Cemeteries and 1908-1930 Death Records of Maury County, TN (2009), there are over 60 African-American cemeteries in Maury County.[footnoteRef:45] [44: http://www.antebellum.com/www/docs/140/historic-cemeteries/] [45: McClellan, xi. ]

Establish partnerships with local groups such as churches, funeral homes, insurance companies and florists. This has the potential to raise funds, in-kind donations, awareness and potential new members.

Cross-promote with like-minded associations such as genealogical associations, historical societies, history departments at local colleges, and/or state, regional or national cemetery organizations.

Hold a training session for volunteers wanting to clean gravestones and remove moss.

Educate the public on the historic, cultural, social and artistic merits of Rosemount with walking tours, brochures, and a social media presence (Facebook, Twitter and Instagram etc..)

Heritage Development

Civil War Trails MarkerThe Tennessee Civil War Trails Marker program in partnership with the Tennessee Civil War National Heritage Area produced its first marker in 2008. This program features a series of interpretive signs identifying major and minor Civil War campaigns, and other Civil War sites. The marker program encompasses 5 states each with an individual map designed for driving tours. Out of the 5 states, the TN Civil War Trails marker driving tour map is the most requested.[footnoteRef:46] This program is part of a larger heritage tourism program focused on attracting visitors to Tennessee. In 2012 tourist contributed $16.16 billion dollars to the TN economy and generated over $1billion in state and local taxes.[footnoteRef:47] [46: Tennessee 2013-2014 Tourism Roadmap. (Tennessee: Department of Tourist Development, 2013), 6.] [47: Ibid, 2.]

Civil War Trails Marker website Civil War Trails Marker Once erected, the location of a marker is added to the TN Civil War Trails map. This map is distributed to tourist attractions and welcome centers across the state, placed on the website, and linked with the TN Department of Tourist Development. There are approximately 273 Civil War Trail markers across Tennessee only three are located in Columbia. Civil War Trail markers attract tourist, tourist dollars contribute to local TN communities. Rose Hill and Rosemount cemeteries are unique historic sites with Civil War stories that warrant a Civil War Trail marker. Though the Civil War Trails marker program is beneficial and provides a platform to attract attention as well as visitors to Rose Hill and Rosemount, it is a complicated process and incurs a cost. To assist the community of Columbia the Center for Historic Preservation conducted the initial research, drafted historical narrative, selected accompanying images, and captions for images. The Maury County Historical Society is the agency completing the application packet. Further assistance for submitting the application is available at www.tncivilwar150.com. The required fee is $1,100 and must accompany the application packet. Jim Lund, President of the Maury County Historical Society is dedicated to this endeavor and is confident the fee is attainable with the support of the Maury County community.

Draft Text for Civil War Trails MarkerLocated here is Rose Hill and Rosemount Cemeteries. Rose Hill, founded in 1853 is situated on a rolling hillside in downtown Columbia Tennessee. The Decatur Nashville Railroad, located next to Rose Hill made this a strategic location during and immediately after the Civil War. Rosemount adjacent to Rose Hill was established in 1873, as part of the African American community. Separated by a fence, both cemeteries have served the community of Columbia, Tennessee, for over one hundred years. In 1865 U.S. Quartermaster Capt. A.R. Eddy began plans for a national cemetery in Columbia to reinter Union soldiers who died in numerous Middle Tennessee campaigns, including over three hundred fifty soldiers buried in the southeast corner of Rose Hill near the line of Union breastworks. Capt. Eddy cited the central location of Columbia and the close proximity of the Nashville Decatur railroad for easy transportation of the dead. By late 1867, due to an effort to centralize national cemeteries in Middle Tennessee, the Union dead at Rose Hill were reinterred at Stones River National Cemetery in Murfreesboro.Located within Rosemount Cemetery are at least two graves of United States Colored Troops (USCT), including Sergeant Asa Johnson of the 15thUSCT Co C and Sergeant William Frierson (also spelled Friakson) of the 13th USCT Co A. Sergeant Frierson was wounded in the battle of Nashville, when the USCT participated in the charge at Overton Hill alongside white Union troops, suffering heavy causalities. Both have headstones that indicate their rank and service. During Reconstruction, both men witnessed the growth of an African American community in Columbia born from emancipation. Within the Confederate plot where 102 soldiers are buried stands a monument, in the unique position of funeral parade rest, that honors all Confederate dead in the cemetery. This monument was erected in May 1882 by the Womens Confederate Memorial Association. It was part of a larger movement born out of southern womens benevolent societies created after the Civil War.

Bibliography

Braden, Cornelia M. In My Fathers Kingdom There are Many Mansions Rosemont Cemetery, Columbia, TN 1986.

Bennett, Michael Edward. The Duck River Valley Chronicle: A Brief history of Maury County, Tennessee Bicentennial Edition 1807 2007, (2009).

Cobb, Dawn E., Hal Hassen, and John C. Heider, Cemetery Preservation, Part I: Basic of Workshop. Springfield, IL: Illinois Historic Preservation Agency and Illinois Department Natural Resources, 2012.

Columbia Herald, 3/21/1873

Cooper, Gaylord. STORIES TOLD IN STONE Cemetery Iconology: A Manual for Genealogy Research. Louisville: MotesBooks, 2009.

Elisabeth L. Embodying Immortality: Angels in Americas Rural Cemeteries, 1850- 1900. In Annual Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies, Markers 24 (2007): 56-111.

Eubank, Brigitte and Kristen OHare et al., Franklin Cemeteries Project and Preservation Plan: Old City Cemetery and Rest Haven Murfreesboro, TN: MTSU Center for Historic Preservation, 2010

Garret, Jill K. Hither & Yon: The Best of the Writings of Jill K. Garrett Vol I(Columbia, TN: Maury County Historical Society), 1986.

Garrett,Jill K. and Carese Parker, Hither & Yon: More of the Writings of Jill K. Garrett Vol II (Columbia, TN: Maury County Historical Society), 1992.

Green-Wood Cemetery (AP Photo courtesy of Mary Altaffer). http://www.masslive.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2013/05/abeautifulwaytogonewyork .html

Hawkins, Fred Lee Hawkins, Jr. Maury County, TN Cemeteries with Genealogical and Historical Notes, Volume I. Columbia, TN, 1989.

Hollywood Cemetery, http://www.hollywoodcemteryjacsontn.com/index.php? content&view=article&id=17&Itemid=18 [accessed April 11, 2014].

Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, Cleaning Stone Grave Markers, http://www.illinois.gov/ihpa/Preserve/Cemetery/Documents/Cleaning%20Grave%20 Markers.pdf.

In hoc signo logo http://newenglandoddities.com/2008/06/02/headstone-symbols-in-hoc-signo-vince/

Jackson, Sarah, Andra Kowalczyk, and Laura Stewart. Preservation, Restoration and Interpretation Plan for Rest Hill Cemetery in Lebanon, TN Murfreesboro, TN: MTSU Center for Historic Preservation

Jeane, Gregory. Rural Southern Gravestones: Sacred Artifacts in the Upland South Folk Cemetery. In Annual Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies, Roark, Markers 4 (1987): 55-84

Keister, Douglas. Stories in Stone: A Field Guide to Cemetery Symbolism and Iconography. Layton, UT: Gibbs Smith, 2004.

Laurel Hill Cemetery (Photo courtesy of Laurel Hill Cemetery). http://www.visitphilly.com/museums-attractions/philadelphia/laurel-hill-and-west- laurel-hill-cemeteries/

Maury County Convention & Visitors Bureau, Historic Cemeteries, http://www.antebellum.com/www/docs/140

McClellan, Jo Ann Williams. Gone but Not Forgotten: African-American Cemeteries And 1908-1930 Death Records of Maury County, TN Nashville: Authors Corner, LLC, 2009.

Meyer, Richard E., ed. Cemeteries & Gravemarkers: Voices of American Culture. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press, 1992.

Morgan, Nancy Adgen, Anne-Leslie Owens, and Carroll Van West, Mt. Olivet National Register of Historic Places Nomination Murfreesboro, TN: MTSU Center for Historic Preservation, 2001.

Oaklands Historic House Museum, Wartime Widows: Victorian Mourning Customs http://www.oaklandsmuseum.org/education-programs/wartime-widows-victorian -mourning-customs/[accessed May 1, 2014].

Sloane, David Charles. The Last Great Necessity: Cemeteries in American History. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.

Strangstad, Lynette. A Graveyard Preservation Primer, Second Edition, Lanham, MD: Altamira Press, 2013.

Tennessee 2013-2014 Tourism Roadmap. Tennessee: Department of Tourist Development, 2013.

The Association for Gravestone Studies, Some Common Symbols/Emblems Found in 19th-Century Cemeteries, https://www.gravestonestudies.org/images/symbols-19c.pdf [accessed April 11, 2014].

The Association for Gravestone Studies, Symbolism on Gravestones (/knowledge-center- symbolism), http://www.gravestonestudies.or/knowledge-center/symbolism# faqnoanchor. [accessed April 11, 2014].

Rosemount Cemetery Deed

From Red Book W-2, pg. 102Rose Mount Cemetery Deed5 acres executed by W. I.Anderson, Aug. 25th 1873Registered Aug. 29th 1873

I, William I. Anderson of the County of Maury and State of Tennessee, have this date bargained & sold & do hereby transfer& convey unto Thos. Mackey, Richard Sanderson, B. Frierson, Frank Wigfall, Levi Eules, A. Cheatham, Bradley Dobbins, Washington Kennedy, & Manuel Donelson, Trustees of Rose Mount Cemetery, for & in consideration of eight hundred dollars, five hundred dollars in hand paid, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, & a note of three hundred dollars made this day & due on the first day of Jany next, a certain tract or parcel of land situated in district No. 9 in the aforesaid County and State, being bounded and described as follows;Beginning at a stake on the east boundary line of Rose Hill Cemetery (Samuel L. Grahams corner,) thence with said line South 3d West 52 poles 8 links to a stake S E corner of said Cemetery, on Tuckers line thence with said line S 89 E. 15.27 poles to a stake, thence North 3 East 52 poles & 8 links to a stake in S.L. Grahams line & with said line N 89W 15 27/00 poles to the beginning, containing five acres.To have & to hold the same to the said Trustees of said Cemetery in fee simple, and I do farther covenant with said trustees that I am lawfully seized of said land & have a good right to convey it & that the same is unincumbered (sic). I do farther covenant & bind myself, my heirs & representatives to warrant & forever defend the title of said land & every part thereof to the said trustees & their successors against the lawful claim of any person whatever. Retaining for myself a lien on the aforesaid five acres of land until all the purchase money is paid. This 25 day of August 1873.Test. W.J. Whitthorne. W. I. Anderson. seal Thos. M. Guest. State of Tennessee Maury CountyPersonally appeared before me, John M. Hickey, Clerk of the County Court of said County, which said court is a court of record, W.I. Anderson the bargainer with whom I am personally acquainted, and who acknowledged that he executed the above Instrument for the purposes therein contained. Witness, my hand at office in Columbia, the 25 day of August 1873.Filed Aug. 25th 1873 Jno. M. Hickey Clerkat 3 oclock P.M.

Illinois Historic Preservation PowerPoint Cleaning Stone Grave Markers Power Point courtesy of Illinois Historic Preservation Agency.

Civil War Soldiers buried in Rose Hill and Rosemount

United States Colored Troops Rosemount Cemetery

United States Department of the InteriorNational Park ServiceNational Register of Historic Places Registration Form

This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin, How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions.

1. Name of PropertyHistoric name: ______________________________________________Other names/site number: ______________________________________ Name of related multiple property listing: ___________________________________________________________ (Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing____________________________________________________________________________2. Location Street & number: _____________________________________________City or town: ____________ State: ____________ County: ____________ Not For Publication: Vicinity:

____________________________________________________________________________3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this nomination ___ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property ___ meets ___ does not meet the National Register Criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant at the following level(s) of significance: ___national ___statewide ___local Applicable National Register Criteria: ___A ___B ___C ___D

Signature of certifying official/Title: Date______________________________________________State or Federal agency/bureau or Tribal Government

In my opinion, the property meets does not meet the National Register criteria. Signature of commenting official: Date

Title : State or Federal agency/bureau or Tribal Government

United States Department of the Interior ..Name of Property

..County and State

..Name of multiple listing (if applicable)

National Register of Historic PlacesContinuation Sheet

Section number 7___ Page 1_____

________________________________________________________

National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form

This form is used for documenting property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (formerly 16B). Complete each item by entering the requested information.

_______ New Submission________ Amended Submission

A. Name of Multiple Property Listing

B. Associated Historic Contexts(Name each associated historic context, identifying theme, geographical area, and chronological period for each.)

C. Form Prepared by:name/title organizationstreet & number city or town statezip codee-mailtelephonedate

D. CertificationAs the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR 60 and the Secretary of the Interiors Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation.

______________________________________________________________________________Signature of certifying officialTitleDate

_____________________________________State or Federal Agency or Tribal government

I hereby certify that this multiple property documentation form has been approved by the National Register as a basis for evaluating related properties for listing in the National Register.

__________________________________________________________________Signature of the Keeper Date of Action

Table of Contents for Written NarrativeCreate a Table of Contents and list the page numbers for each of these sections in the space below.Provide narrative explanations for each of these sections on continuation sheets. In the header of each section, cite the letter, page number, and name of the multiple property listing. Refer to How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form for additional guidance.

Page Numbers

E. Statement of Historic Contexts(If more than one historic context is documented, present them in sequential order.)

F. Associated Property Types(Provide description, significance, and registration requirements.)

G. Geographical Data

H. Summary of Identification and Evaluation Methods(Discuss the methods used in developing the multiple property listing.)

I. Major Bibliographical References(List major written works and primary location of additional documentation: State Historic Preservation Office, other State agency, Federal agency, local government, university, or other, specifying repository.)

Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C.460 et seq.).Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 250 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, PO Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127; and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reductions Project (1024-0018), Washington, DC 20503.

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