role reversal & east asia’s climb back to centrality
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Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality. East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII. Review. China’s Road to 1911. Review: China’s Road to 1911. In the centuries prior to 1800 : China maintained Middle Kingdom ideal amidst Europeans’ resistance to tribute system - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Role Reversal & East Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Asia’s Climb Back to
CentralityCentrality
East Asia in the 20East Asia in the 20thth Century Century Prior to WWIIPrior to WWII
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ReviewReview
China’s Road China’s Road
to to
19111911
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Review: China’s Road to 1911Review: China’s Road to 1911
In the centuries prior to 1800In the centuries prior to 1800::
1.1. China maintained Middle Kingdom China maintained Middle Kingdom ideal amidst Europeans’ ideal amidst Europeans’ resistance to tribute systemresistance to tribute system
2.2. Opium Wars, unequal treaties, Opium Wars, unequal treaties, spheres of influencespheres of influence
3.3. Taiping & Boxer RebellionsTaiping & Boxer Rebellions
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19111911
End of Dynastic System End of Dynastic System
in Chinain China
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In your opinion, what was the In your opinion, what was the major cause of China’s major cause of China’s
decline in the 1800s? Why?decline in the 1800s? Why?
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Review: Japan on Opposite PathReview: Japan on Opposite Path
1800 1840 1868 1900
We
alt
h &
Po
we
r
China
Japan
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ReviewReview
Japan’s Japan’s
RevolutionaryRevolutionary
1919thth Century Century
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Review: Japan on Opposite PathReview: Japan on Opposite Path
1.1. Samurai lose wealth/ importance = Samurai lose wealth/ importance = sign of crumbling social structuresign of crumbling social structure “Meiji Restoration”“Meiji Restoration”
2.2. Meiji = modernizationMeiji = modernization• Social reforms, economic reforms, political Social reforms, economic reforms, political
reformsreforms3.3. Imperialism = world power?Imperialism = world power?
• 1894-1895: Sino-Japanese War = Korea & 1894-1895: Sino-Japanese War = Korea & TaiwanTaiwan
• 1904-1905: Russo-Japanese War = 1904-1905: Russo-Japanese War = Manchuria Manchuria
These victories mark Japan’s arrival as These victories mark Japan’s arrival as a world powera world power
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19101910 Japan’s Japan’s
emerging emerging Asian empireAsian empire
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Post-Dynastic ChinaPost-Dynastic China
1911-19371911-1937
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Decline of Qing dynasty leads to Decline of Qing dynasty leads to disorder b/t 1911 & 1949disorder b/t 1911 & 1949
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ChinaChina
PeriodizationPeriodization::• 1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic”
• 1927-1937: the Guomindang’s China• 1931: Japan invades Manchuria
• 1937-1945: 2nd Sino-Japanese War• World War II & intertwined histories
• 1945-1949: Chinese Civil War resumes
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ChinaChina
1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic”1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic”
Early, factions vie for power :Early, factions vie for power : Landlords (led by Yuan Shikai)Landlords (led by Yuan Shikai) Nationalists (led by Sun Yat-sen)Nationalists (led by Sun Yat-sen) Communists (led by Mao Zedong)Communists (led by Mao Zedong)
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ChinaChina
1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic”1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic”
NationalistsNationalists• Aimed at creating democratic Aimed at creating democratic
ChinaChina• Supported urban life & Supported urban life &
intellectualsintellectuals• Focused on government Focused on government
ideals rather than practical ideals rather than practical solutionssolutions
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ChinaChina
1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic”1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic”
CommunistsCommunists• Aimed at peasant reformAimed at peasant reform
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ChinaChina
1927-1937: Guomindang’s China1927-1937: Guomindang’s China
Chiang Kai Shek emergesChiang Kai Shek emerges• Leads Nationalists (KMT) after SunLeads Nationalists (KMT) after Sun
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19341934 KMT’s brutal KMT’s brutal
crack down crack down on on communists communists leads to leads to Long MarchLong March
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ChinaChina
1927-1937: Guomindang’s China1927-1937: Guomindang’s China
So…by 1931So…by 1931•Nationalists “in charge”Nationalists “in charge”•Communists want powerCommunists want power•Violent civil war Violent civil war
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Imperial JapanImperial Japan
1905-19371905-1937
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Japan expands during 20Japan expands during 20thth century century for lots of reasonsfor lots of reasons
• Japanese expansion is an implicit Japanese expansion is an implicit challenge to Western dominancechallenge to Western dominance
• This leads Japan on the road to warThis leads Japan on the road to war
JapanJapan
1905-1937: Imperial Japan1905-1937: Imperial Japan
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Additional Reasons to ExpandAdditional Reasons to Expand::
1.1. NeedNeed• Island nation, limited resources, limited Island nation, limited resources, limited
farmland, overpopulationfarmland, overpopulation
2.2. Anti-Western SentimentAnti-Western Sentiment• Racial equality?Racial equality?• Limiting of navy?Limiting of navy?• End of emigration to U.S.?End of emigration to U.S.?
JapanJapan
1905-1937: Imperial Japan1905-1937: Imperial Japan
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1930 speech of military leader:1930 speech of military leader:““We are like a great crowd of people packed into a We are like a great crowd of people packed into a
small narrow room, and there are only three small narrow room, and there are only three doors through which we might escape, namely doors through which we might escape, namely emigration, advance into world markets, and emigration, advance into world markets, and
expansion of territory. The first door…has been expansion of territory. The first door…has been barred to us by the anti-Japanese immigration barred to us by the anti-Japanese immigration
policies of other countries. The second door…is policies of other countries. The second door…is being pushed shut by tariff barriers…Japan should being pushed shut by tariff barriers…Japan should rush upon the last door [expansion of territory].” rush upon the last door [expansion of territory].”
JapanJapan
1905-1937: Imperial Japan1905-1937: Imperial Japan
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1930’s American observation:1930’s American observation:““In every classroom is a world-map or map of Asia In every classroom is a world-map or map of Asia
which shows Japan in red as a very small land which shows Japan in red as a very small land indeed, compared to the mainland nations of indeed, compared to the mainland nations of
Asia…In a perfectly bland manner some villager, Asia…In a perfectly bland manner some villager, on looking at such a map, will suggest how nice it on looking at such a map, will suggest how nice it
would be to [acquire] a bit more of China.” would be to [acquire] a bit more of China.”
JapanJapan
1905-1937: Imperial Japan1905-1937: Imperial Japan
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1920s & 1930s, mark further industrial 1920s & 1930s, mark further industrial advance of Japanadvance of Japan
• Great Depression = sparks coups & Great Depression = sparks coups & further militarization of Japanese further militarization of Japanese governmentgovernment
• ExampleExample: : 1931 – Manchurian Incident1931 – Manchurian Incident
JapanJapan
1905-1937: Imperial Japan1905-1937: Imperial Japan
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JapanJapan
1905-1937: Imperial Japan1905-1937: Imperial Japan
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Histories IntertwinedHistories Intertwined
China & Japan China & Japan
1937-19451937-1945
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1937 – Japan launches invasion of 1937 – Japan launches invasion of coastal Chinacoastal China
Imperial spirit led to control of Imperial spirit led to control of islands & much of SE Asia as wellislands & much of SE Asia as well
• Cultural & economic imperialismCultural & economic imperialism Branded as: Branded as:
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
or an or an
““An Asia for Asians”An Asia for Asians”
20th Cent. Japan20th Cent. Japan
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1937 – Japanese invasion of China1937 – Japanese invasion of China Guomingdang & Communists reach Guomingdang & Communists reach
alliancealliance• Following Communists’ Long March, Following Communists’ Long March,
Guomingdang left to fight Japanese Guomingdang left to fight Japanese alonealone
Turning point in Chinese civil warTurning point in Chinese civil war
WWII – Histories IntertwinedWWII – Histories Intertwined
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Japanese devastate Chinese cities Japanese devastate Chinese cities (Nationalist strongholds) (Nationalist strongholds)
• Communists win support among Communists win support among peasants and for guerilla attacks on peasants and for guerilla attacks on JapaneseJapanese
WWII – Histories IntertwinedWWII – Histories Intertwined
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A terrified baby after Shanghai is attacked by JapanA terrified baby after Shanghai is attacked by Japan
WWII – Histories IntertwinedWWII – Histories Intertwined
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StrategyStrategy• Embargo Embargo → →
Pearl HarborPearl Harbor• Defensive Defensive
perimeter perimeter → → island island hoppinghopping
• Fight to the Fight to the death, death, suicide suicide missions missions → → more direct more direct strikesstrikes
WWII – Histories IntertwinedWWII – Histories Intertwined
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August 6August 6thth & 9 & 9thth, 1945 , 1945 Hiroshima = 140,000 Hiroshima = 140,000
deaths by the end of 1945 deaths by the end of 1945 (200,000 total) (200,000 total)
• Buildings leveled for a 1.5 Buildings leveled for a 1.5 miles radiusmiles radius
Nagasaki = 70,000 deaths Nagasaki = 70,000 deaths by the end of 1945 by the end of 1945 (140,000 total)(140,000 total)
Explosion had temp Explosion had temp exceeding 7,000 exceeding 7,000 ooC (Sun’s C (Sun’s surface temp. = 6,000 surface temp. = 6,000 ooC).C).
WWII – Histories IntertwinedWWII – Histories Intertwined
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Japanese defeat in World War II Japanese defeat in World War II resumes Chinese civil war with resumes Chinese civil war with Communists clearly in controlCommunists clearly in control
• 1949 – Communist victory; 1949 – Communist victory; Nationalist flee to TaiwanNationalist flee to Taiwan
WWII – Histories IntertwinedWWII – Histories Intertwined
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Following WWII & atomic bombs, Following WWII & atomic bombs, Japan occupied by U.S. forces until Japan occupied by U.S. forces until 19521952
• Political restructuring – emperor not Political restructuring – emperor not divine, but kept in placedivine, but kept in place
• Economic recovery – “The Economic Economic recovery – “The Economic Miracle”Miracle”
Highly educated societyHighly educated society Already industrializedAlready industrialized Rebuild with latest technologiesRebuild with latest technologies No military expensesNo military expenses
WWII – Histories IntertwinedWWII – Histories Intertwined