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Role Reversal & Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 East Asia in the 20 th th Century Century Prior to WWII Prior to WWII

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Page 1: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

Role Reversal & East Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Asia’s Climb Back to

CentralityCentrality

East Asia in the 20East Asia in the 20thth Century Century Prior to WWIIPrior to WWII

Page 2: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

ReviewReview

China’s Road China’s Road

to to

19111911

Page 3: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

Review: China’s Road to 1911Review: China’s Road to 1911

In the centuries prior to 1800In the centuries prior to 1800::

1.1. China maintained Middle Kingdom China maintained Middle Kingdom ideal amidst Europeans’ ideal amidst Europeans’ resistance to tribute systemresistance to tribute system

2.2. Opium Wars, unequal treaties, Opium Wars, unequal treaties, spheres of influencespheres of influence

3.3. Taiping & Boxer RebellionsTaiping & Boxer Rebellions

Page 4: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

19111911

End of Dynastic System End of Dynastic System

in Chinain China

Page 5: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

In your opinion, what was the In your opinion, what was the major cause of China’s major cause of China’s

decline in the 1800s? Why?decline in the 1800s? Why?

Page 6: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

Review: Japan on Opposite PathReview: Japan on Opposite Path

1800 1840 1868 1900

We

alt

h &

Po

we

r

China

Japan

Page 7: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

ReviewReview

Japan’s Japan’s

RevolutionaryRevolutionary

1919thth Century Century

Page 8: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

Review: Japan on Opposite PathReview: Japan on Opposite Path

1.1. Samurai lose wealth/ importance = Samurai lose wealth/ importance = sign of crumbling social structuresign of crumbling social structure “Meiji Restoration”“Meiji Restoration”

2.2. Meiji = modernizationMeiji = modernization• Social reforms, economic reforms, political Social reforms, economic reforms, political

reformsreforms3.3. Imperialism = world power?Imperialism = world power?

• 1894-1895: Sino-Japanese War = Korea & 1894-1895: Sino-Japanese War = Korea & TaiwanTaiwan

• 1904-1905: Russo-Japanese War = 1904-1905: Russo-Japanese War = Manchuria Manchuria

These victories mark Japan’s arrival as These victories mark Japan’s arrival as a world powera world power

Page 9: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

19101910 Japan’s Japan’s

emerging emerging Asian empireAsian empire

Page 10: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

Post-Dynastic ChinaPost-Dynastic China

1911-19371911-1937

Page 11: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

Decline of Qing dynasty leads to Decline of Qing dynasty leads to disorder b/t 1911 & 1949disorder b/t 1911 & 1949

Page 12: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

ChinaChina

PeriodizationPeriodization::• 1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic”

• 1927-1937: the Guomindang’s China• 1931: Japan invades Manchuria

• 1937-1945: 2nd Sino-Japanese War• World War II & intertwined histories

• 1945-1949: Chinese Civil War resumes

Page 13: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

ChinaChina

1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic”1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic”

Early, factions vie for power :Early, factions vie for power : Landlords (led by Yuan Shikai)Landlords (led by Yuan Shikai) Nationalists (led by Sun Yat-sen)Nationalists (led by Sun Yat-sen) Communists (led by Mao Zedong)Communists (led by Mao Zedong)

Page 14: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

ChinaChina

1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic”1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic”

NationalistsNationalists• Aimed at creating democratic Aimed at creating democratic

ChinaChina• Supported urban life & Supported urban life &

intellectualsintellectuals• Focused on government Focused on government

ideals rather than practical ideals rather than practical solutionssolutions

Page 15: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

ChinaChina

1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic”1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic”

CommunistsCommunists• Aimed at peasant reformAimed at peasant reform

Page 16: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

ChinaChina

1927-1937: Guomindang’s China1927-1937: Guomindang’s China

Chiang Kai Shek emergesChiang Kai Shek emerges• Leads Nationalists (KMT) after SunLeads Nationalists (KMT) after Sun

Page 17: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

19341934 KMT’s brutal KMT’s brutal

crack down crack down on on communists communists leads to leads to Long MarchLong March

Page 18: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

ChinaChina

1927-1937: Guomindang’s China1927-1937: Guomindang’s China

So…by 1931So…by 1931•Nationalists “in charge”Nationalists “in charge”•Communists want powerCommunists want power•Violent civil war Violent civil war

Page 19: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

Imperial JapanImperial Japan

1905-19371905-1937

Page 20: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

Japan expands during 20Japan expands during 20thth century century for lots of reasonsfor lots of reasons

• Japanese expansion is an implicit Japanese expansion is an implicit challenge to Western dominancechallenge to Western dominance

• This leads Japan on the road to warThis leads Japan on the road to war

JapanJapan

1905-1937: Imperial Japan1905-1937: Imperial Japan

Page 21: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

Additional Reasons to ExpandAdditional Reasons to Expand::

1.1. NeedNeed• Island nation, limited resources, limited Island nation, limited resources, limited

farmland, overpopulationfarmland, overpopulation

2.2. Anti-Western SentimentAnti-Western Sentiment• Racial equality?Racial equality?• Limiting of navy?Limiting of navy?• End of emigration to U.S.?End of emigration to U.S.?

JapanJapan

1905-1937: Imperial Japan1905-1937: Imperial Japan

Page 22: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

1930 speech of military leader:1930 speech of military leader:““We are like a great crowd of people packed into a We are like a great crowd of people packed into a

small narrow room, and there are only three small narrow room, and there are only three doors through which we might escape, namely doors through which we might escape, namely emigration, advance into world markets, and emigration, advance into world markets, and

expansion of territory. The first door…has been expansion of territory. The first door…has been barred to us by the anti-Japanese immigration barred to us by the anti-Japanese immigration

policies of other countries. The second door…is policies of other countries. The second door…is being pushed shut by tariff barriers…Japan should being pushed shut by tariff barriers…Japan should rush upon the last door [expansion of territory].” rush upon the last door [expansion of territory].”

JapanJapan

1905-1937: Imperial Japan1905-1937: Imperial Japan

Page 23: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

1930’s American observation:1930’s American observation:““In every classroom is a world-map or map of Asia In every classroom is a world-map or map of Asia

which shows Japan in red as a very small land which shows Japan in red as a very small land indeed, compared to the mainland nations of indeed, compared to the mainland nations of

Asia…In a perfectly bland manner some villager, Asia…In a perfectly bland manner some villager, on looking at such a map, will suggest how nice it on looking at such a map, will suggest how nice it

would be to [acquire] a bit more of China.” would be to [acquire] a bit more of China.”

JapanJapan

1905-1937: Imperial Japan1905-1937: Imperial Japan

Page 24: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

1920s & 1930s, mark further industrial 1920s & 1930s, mark further industrial advance of Japanadvance of Japan

• Great Depression = sparks coups & Great Depression = sparks coups & further militarization of Japanese further militarization of Japanese governmentgovernment

• ExampleExample: : 1931 – Manchurian Incident1931 – Manchurian Incident

JapanJapan

1905-1937: Imperial Japan1905-1937: Imperial Japan

Page 25: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

JapanJapan

1905-1937: Imperial Japan1905-1937: Imperial Japan

Page 26: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII
Page 27: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

Histories IntertwinedHistories Intertwined

China & Japan China & Japan

1937-19451937-1945

Page 28: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

1937 – Japan launches invasion of 1937 – Japan launches invasion of coastal Chinacoastal China

Imperial spirit led to control of Imperial spirit led to control of islands & much of SE Asia as wellislands & much of SE Asia as well

• Cultural & economic imperialismCultural & economic imperialism Branded as: Branded as:

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

or an or an

““An Asia for Asians”An Asia for Asians”

20th Cent. Japan20th Cent. Japan

Page 29: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII
Page 30: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

1937 – Japanese invasion of China1937 – Japanese invasion of China Guomingdang & Communists reach Guomingdang & Communists reach

alliancealliance• Following Communists’ Long March, Following Communists’ Long March,

Guomingdang left to fight Japanese Guomingdang left to fight Japanese alonealone

Turning point in Chinese civil warTurning point in Chinese civil war

WWII – Histories IntertwinedWWII – Histories Intertwined

Page 31: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

Japanese devastate Chinese cities Japanese devastate Chinese cities (Nationalist strongholds) (Nationalist strongholds)

• Communists win support among Communists win support among peasants and for guerilla attacks on peasants and for guerilla attacks on JapaneseJapanese

WWII – Histories IntertwinedWWII – Histories Intertwined

Page 32: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

A terrified baby after Shanghai is attacked by JapanA terrified baby after Shanghai is attacked by Japan

WWII – Histories IntertwinedWWII – Histories Intertwined

Page 33: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

StrategyStrategy• Embargo Embargo → →

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor• Defensive Defensive

perimeter perimeter → → island island hoppinghopping

• Fight to the Fight to the death, death, suicide suicide missions missions → → more direct more direct strikesstrikes

WWII – Histories IntertwinedWWII – Histories Intertwined

Page 34: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

August 6August 6thth & 9 & 9thth, 1945 , 1945 Hiroshima = 140,000 Hiroshima = 140,000

deaths by the end of 1945 deaths by the end of 1945 (200,000 total) (200,000 total)

• Buildings leveled for a 1.5 Buildings leveled for a 1.5 miles radiusmiles radius

Nagasaki = 70,000 deaths Nagasaki = 70,000 deaths by the end of 1945 by the end of 1945 (140,000 total)(140,000 total)

Explosion had temp Explosion had temp exceeding 7,000 exceeding 7,000 ooC (Sun’s C (Sun’s surface temp. = 6,000 surface temp. = 6,000 ooC).C).

WWII – Histories IntertwinedWWII – Histories Intertwined

Page 35: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

Japanese defeat in World War II Japanese defeat in World War II resumes Chinese civil war with resumes Chinese civil war with Communists clearly in controlCommunists clearly in control

• 1949 – Communist victory; 1949 – Communist victory; Nationalist flee to TaiwanNationalist flee to Taiwan

WWII – Histories IntertwinedWWII – Histories Intertwined

Page 36: Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

Following WWII & atomic bombs, Following WWII & atomic bombs, Japan occupied by U.S. forces until Japan occupied by U.S. forces until 19521952

• Political restructuring – emperor not Political restructuring – emperor not divine, but kept in placedivine, but kept in place

• Economic recovery – “The Economic Economic recovery – “The Economic Miracle”Miracle”

Highly educated societyHighly educated society Already industrializedAlready industrialized Rebuild with latest technologiesRebuild with latest technologies No military expensesNo military expenses

WWII – Histories IntertwinedWWII – Histories Intertwined


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