role of shgs in improving socio-economic status of women...

Role of SHGs in Improving Socio-Economic Status of Women in Bundelkhand Region of Uttar Pradesh

The Researcher- International Journal of Management Humanities and Social Sciences July-December 2017, 2(2) 1

Role of SHGs in Improving Socio-Economic Status of Women in

Bundelkhand Region of Uttar Pradesh

Mohd Shamim Ansari1 Radhia Kureel

2

Abstract

Poverty is the global phenomenon and the primary cause of human misery. Today the most

important challenge of civilized society is to fight poverty. Microfinance is a novel tool in the

hands of policy makers and civil societies. Microfinance is a financial service of a small

quantity viz. saving, credit, insurance, money transfer etc. provided by financial institutions

to poor. Among the various models of micro-finance, Self Help Groups (SHGs) Model bank

Linkage Model is the most popular model in Bundelkhand Region of Uttar Pradesh. The

economy of Bundelkhand is primarily based on agriculture which primarily gambles on rain.

Lack of job opportunity locally is the root cause of poverty in this region. Economic

empowerment is route to social empowerment. In this backdrop the paper attempts to

examine the efficacy of these institutions in the region. This paper aims to investigate

whether SHGs have been working on paper or are actually successful in achieving the

primary objective of incubation.

Key Words: Mirco- Finance, SHGs, Economic Empowerments, Living Conditions, Decision

ability

JEL Classification Code: A1, D12, D71

I. Introduction

“You can tell the conditions of a nation by looking at the status of its women”

Shri Jawahar Lal Nehru,

Poverty is the primary cause of human misery. Today the most important challenge of

civilized society is socio-economic empowerment of women. Microfinance is a novel tool in

the hands of policy makers and civil societies for socio-economic empowerment of women.

The Grameen Bank of Bangladesh of Professor Muhammad Yunus has already written a

1 Associate Professor ,Department of Commerce, AMU, Aligarh (India)

2 Assistant Professor,Institute of Economics and Finance,Bundelkhand University, Jhansi



success story in this direction. He advocated that loaning to very poor people; especially

women can be instrumental in eradicating poverty to large extent.

The success story of Grameen Bank Model has forced government and civil societies to

experiment such model in India also. Shri Mahila Sewa Sahkari Bank was the first

microfinance institution in India which was started by the Self Employed Women

Association (SEWA) in 1974. Since then the bank has been providing banking services to

poor self employed women working as hawkers, vendors, domestic, servant, and so on.

According to ILO, “Micro Finance is an economic development approach that involves

providing financial services through institution to low income client”. According to The

National Microfinance Taskforce India (1999), “Micro Finance as provisions of thrift, credit

and other financial services products of very small amounts to the poor in rural, semi-urban

or urban-areas for enabling them to raise their incomes levels and improve their living

standard”. The only qualification of microfinance is that the value is small and beneficiaries

are poor.

Micro credit and Micro savings are two important pillars of microfinance. In India

Microcredit comes under the purview of priority sector where regulatory authority (RBI)

ensures flow of credit to Economically Weaker Section (EWS). “Self Help Groups are

voluntarily formed informal groups. A SHG consists of 10-20 members. The members are

encouraged to save on regular basis and create a large corpus. The pooled corpus is used to

meet the credit needs of the group members.

The groups are democratic in nature and collectively make decisions. Since the members are

neighbours and have common interest, the group is a homogenous one and cohesiveness is

one of the characteristic features of the group. Regular savings, periodic meetings,

compulsory attendance, proper repayment and systematic training are the salient features of

the SHG.

The study is confined to Bundelkhand Region of Uttar Pradesh only which comprise of seven

districts viz: Jhansi, Hamirpur, Banda, Lalitpur, Mahoba and Chitrakoot. The region has been

in news due to relatively higher degree of population migration. Lack of job opportunities in

the region has forced its population to migrate in search of livelihood. Atrocities by local

money lenders are reported in the region. Inadequate access of formal credit and

unavailability of adequate collateral to bank has forced EWS to borrow from local money

lenders. Financial inclusion measures by banks and relief packages sanctioned by the

government were ineffective in socio-economic upliftment of EWS. As per the verbal

discussions with Block Development Officers (BDOs) many MFIs are registered in the

region. SHGs Bank Linkage Model of micro-finance is most popular model operating in the

region.



II. Objectives of the study

The primary objective of this is paper is to map the socio-economic profile of SHGs and how

far they have been successful in improving the socio-economic conditions of members. If not,

what are the major impediments? In this back drop the proposed study would aim to cover the

following objectives. The study also aims to explore whether SHGs have been successful in

inculcating decision making capacity and other soft skills among the members.

III. Hypothesis for the study

H1o: There is no significant change in decision making role in family after becoming

member of SHGs

H2o: No significant perceived change in soft skills of women on becoming member of

SHGs

H3o: The joining of SHG membership has no significant change in saving and investment

of individuals

IV. Literature Review

The microfinance movement has fundamentally altered the financial landscape in most

developing countries while challenging the traditional financial system and government

thinking. As a result, in Latin America and South Asia, microfinance provides most of the

financial services to low-income individuals and households (World Bank, 2007).

Microfinance was initially facing ideological and economic differences in different countries.

While Microfinance in Latin American Countries focused on building successful micro

enterprises; microfinance institution in South Africa was more focus on poverty alleviation

(Rutherford, 2003).

Puhazhendi and Satyasai (2000) argued that the impact of micro finance was relatively more

pronounced on social aspects than economic aspects. Rao (2000) concluded that SHGs has a

positive impact in respect of building of self-confidence, social development, skill formation

and social empowerment. According to Manimekalai and Rajeswari (2001) SHGs helped

group members to achieve economic and social empowerment. They observed that MFIs

have induced a sense of headship, managerial skill, administration of various actions of a

trade, right from acquiring funding, identifying raw material, market and appropriate

diversification and transformation. Nedumaran et al. (2001); Venkatachalam and Jeyapragash

(2004) pointed that microfinance is an effective way of socio-economic upliftment of its

members. Vinaya Gamoorthy (2007) noted that members’ saving habit increased through

SHGs. According to Usha et al. (2004) micro credit facilitated the access of financial

resources for poor and make them self dependent.



Anuradha (2005) highlight that in Andhra Pradesh mushrooming of SHGs boosted self

confidence among female beneficiary and led to significant reduction in dependence on local

money lenders. Rajagopalan (2005) stressed that women gained very considerably in terms

of mobility, self confidence, access to economic services, construction of own savings,

capability in community dealings and better position at domicile and in the society. Devi

(2006) argued that Micro credit helped in poverty alleviation and empowerment of rural

women. Income generating activities brought significant difference in the lives of

beneficiaries by facilitating economic independence, self confidence and autonomy.

Leelavathy and Aradhana (2006) pointed out that members of SHG have a high degree of

participation in decision making and most of the members of the group expressed that they

were economically empowered after joining SHGs. Meenakshi (2006), Swain and Wallentin

(2007) reported that SHGs brought greater awareness regarding roles, rights and duties

among group members. Suguna (2006); Jyotirmayee (2008) stressed upon improved social

empowerment and capacity building of rural women.

Anjugam and Ramasamy (2007) revealed that landless and marginal farm households and

socially backward households participated more in the SHG-led microfinance programme.

Singh K. and Gautam (2007) argued that Group process had a positive significant relationship

of empowerment and women’s participation in Self Help Groups that enabled them to gain

self confidence, social and economic empowerment and capacity building.

Oommen (2008) also reported that the SC/STs have ‘fairly improved’ their ability to

collectively bargain, to plan projects and to organise group activities besides improving their

social position within their own groups and within the wider community. However, Tripathy

and Jain (2008) reported that micro-finance has a negligible income impact on asset less rural

poor, deprived and disadvantaged. Microfinance contributed in household’s socio-economic

welfare and fostering gender equality Nirmala and Geetha (2009); Raghavan (2009);

Banerjee (2009) and Das (2012).

Pillai and Nadarajan (2010); Subramaniam (2010) observed that on SHGs have ushered a

silent revolution of poverty alleviation and women empowerment. Makandar (2011);

Palanichamy (2011); Sathiyabama and Meeenakshi Saratha (2011) are of the opinion that

women have been actively participating in household decision making process after

becoming members of SHGs. Barua, (2012) observed that the loans provided to the members

were not adequate for carrying out income generating activities. Most of the studies from

north India indicate inefficacy of micro-finance in socio-economic empowerment of group

members.

V. Research Methodology



a. Sample Selection and Design:

The proposed study is based on random sampling. The respondents were taken from all the

seven district of Bundelkhand Region of Uttar Pradesh viz. Jhansi, Banda, Lalitpur,

Hamirpur, Mahoba, Jalaun, and Chitrkoot. However, due to budget and time constrains

registered members from two development blocks from each district were considered for the

study. 25 beneficiaries from each development blocks were selected randomly to give their

feedback through schedule (2 blocks 25 respondents 7 district). Therefore total sample size

from each districts were considered for the study.

b. Data Collection Methodology

This study is primarily based on primary data. The data were collected from the member of

SHGs on a specially structured pre-tested questionnaire and personal interview. The

questionnaire was prepared with focus on to extract information relating to socio-economic

condition of members. It primarily aimed to collect the information that whether acquiring

membership of SHGs has changed their lives substantially or not.

d. Tools and Techniques of Data Analysis

The primary data collected as specified above were processed in accordance with the outlines

of the research plan. This implied editing, coding, classification and tabulation which was

carried out initially so as to facilitate analysis. Data analysis has been divided into two stages.

i. Descriptive Statistical Analysis where percentage analysis of frequencies distribution

have been carried out for different variables. Tables, charts and graphs were used.

ii. Testing of Hypothesis was carried out using t-value, ANOVA, and Chi- Square test

using SPSS 16.



VI. Result and Discussion

This section aims to evaluate that how far SHGs have been successful in contributing social

and economic wellbeing of the members. The findings of the study is divided into following

three categories (i) Social and economic conditions of respondents; (ii) Changes in living

condition on acquiring SHG membership and (iii) Testing of Hypotheses.

(i) Analysis of socio-economic and living conditions of beneficiaries

Social Structure of SHGs Members in the Region:

The study reveals that SHG Model of micro-finance is popular among youths in the region as

74 percent of the respondents age group fall below 40 years (Figure 1). It also reveals that the

SHGs Model is popular among female as 70.6 percent of the respondents were female.

However, it has been observed that male dominates the SHGs members in Banda districts of

Bundelkhand Region followed by Mahoba. The education profile of beneficiary is alarming

as only 30 per cent reported that they are able to read and write. Only 5.7 per cent of the

respondents are illiterate (Figure 2).

It has been observed that SHGs linked bank model is not popular among religious minorities

as only 2.3 per cent of the respondents are Muslims (Figure 3). However, it has also been

observed that the socially and economically backward communities among Hindus i.e.

Schedule Castes (SCs) and Other Backward Castes (OBCs) are much more aware about the

benefits of micro-finance (Figure 4). 50.03 percent of the respondents are SCs, 28.6 percent

are OBCs, 16.6 percent are General Category and 4.6 per cent are Schedule Tribes (Figure 5)

SHGs Model of micro-finance is popular among married women respondents (94.9 percent ;

Figure 6). Housewives seem to be associated with micro-finance to upgrade their socio-

economic status.



Social Status

Figure 1: Age of Respondents Figure 2: Gender Distribution

Figure 3: Respondents’ Education Figure 4: Respondents’ Religion

Figure 5: Respondents’ Category Figure 6: Respondents Marital Status

Economics Status of SHGs Members in the Region:

The main occupation of SHGs members in Bundelkhand Region is agriculture (49.7 percent)

followed by daily labour (48.9 percent), Self employed (24.3 percent) and remaining

housewives (10.9 percent). Only 0.3 percent of members are salaried class. The main income

generating activities undertaken by the respondents are agriculture, stationery shop, rickshaw

and taxi driving, animal husbandry, fish vending, vegetable vending, sale of readymade

garments, provision shops and pickle making etc (Figure 7).

About 85.2 percent of the respondents have monthly income of below Rs.2000 (Figure 8).

SHGs can be instrumental in raising the income level provided effective income generation

activities are undertaken by SHGs.

It has been observed that 48.3 per cent of the beneficiary respondents have land holding.

However, land holding are too small and agriculture activities on commercial lines could not

be carried out. It is only sufficient to grow crop to feed the family. 34.3 per cent of the

24.6%

49.4%

17.7%

7.7% 0.6% 18-30

31-40

41-50

51-60

60 & above

29.4%

70.6%

Male Female

24.6%

11.4% 30%

14%

11.1%

5.7% 3.1%

Illiterate Just Literate Primary High School Intermidate Graduate Secondary

97.4%

2.3%

Hindu Muslim

16.6%

28.6% 50.3%

4.6%

General Other Backward Class

Schedule Caste Schedule Tribe

1.7%

94.9%

3% 0.6%

Unmarried Married Widow/ Widower Divorcee/ Divorce



respondents have no land holding. 17.4 per cent of the respondents reported that they have

land lease to carry out agriculture activities for livelihood (Figure 9).

Another important parameter to determine the economic status in Indian society is holding of

gold and silver ornaments. 71 per cent of the respondents reported that they do not have any

holding gold and silver (Figure 10).

Holding conditions of financial assets such as insurance, saving accounts and informal capital

were other parameters considered to judge the economic status of the respondents. Only 27.1

per cent of the respondents reported that they have insurance for financial security. 43.1 per

cent have reported to have personal saving accounts. 28.9 per cent have informal capital

(Figure 11).

Figure 7: Occupation Figure 8: Respondents’ Family Income

Figure 9: Status of Land Holding Figure 10: Holding of Gold

Figure 11: Status of other assets holdings

37.1%

36.5%

0.2%

18.1%

8.1%

Agriculture Related Work Daily Labour Salaried Self Employed Housewife

5.71%

10.57%

12.86%

23.71% 16.29%

4.57%

26.29%

Less then 500 500 to 1,000 1,001 to 1,500 1,501 to 2,000 2,001 to 3,000 3,001 to 4,000 4,000 & above

17.43%

48.29%

34.29%

Land on Lease Own Land Landless

28.1%

71.9%

Yes No



(ii) How SHG membership changed the living conditions of Members:

98.6 percent of the respondents had their own houses while only 1.4 percent reported to be

living in rented accommodation or with joint family. 47.4 percent reported to be living in

semi-pukka (partially brick and mortar) houses while 29.4 Percent in kachha houses (Mud

House) and the remaining 21.7 percent in pukka houses (Fully Brick and Mortar) (Figure 12

and Figure 13).

The respondents were asked, “Whether Microfinance have brought any significant change in

their lives in terms nature of housing being dwelled upon? About 61.1 percent reported that

no significant change have taken place in nature of housing being dwelled upon due SHGs’

membership. 37.4 percent agreed that SHGs have contributed in converting nature of house

from kuchha to semi-pukka. However, all respondents from Mahoba district agreed that

SHGs has contributed in upgrading their houses (Figure 14 and Figure 15).

It was observed that 70.9 percent of the respondents have electricity connection in their

houses. However, 29.1 percent of the SHG members still do not have electricity connection

in their houses (Figure 16). The respondents asked, “Whether SHGs facilitated in

electrification of houses”. 42 percent respondents agreed that SHGs have facilitated in

getting electricity connection while 58 per cent did not agreed with the statement (Figure 17).

Besides electricity toilet facility was other parameter considered to assess the living condition

of members. 54 percent of the respondents that they have toilet facility at home while 46.3

percent reported that they do not have such facility at home (Figure 18). They were asked,

“Whether SHGs have facilitated in contributed in construction toilets at home”? 39.1 percent

of the respondents agreed that SHG had contributed in establishing toilet at home while 60.9

percent did not agree with the said statement (Figure 19).

Change in living condition after acquiring SHGs memberships

Figure 12: Availability of safe drinking

water

Figure 13: Ownership of House

43.9%

23.8%

27.1%

5.2%

Personal Savings

Informal Capital

Insurance

Other



Figure 14: Housing type before acquiring

membership

Figure 15: House due to SHG

Membership

Figure 16: Electricity Connection Figure17:Electricity Due To SHG

Membership

Figure 18: Toilet at Home Figure 19: Toilet at Home due to SHG

membership

89.9%

10.1%

Yes No

98.6%

1.4%

Yes No

29.4%

47.4%

21.7%

1.4%

Kachha House Semi-Pukka House

Pukka House Not Applicable

37.4%

61.1%

1.4%

Yes No Not Applicable

70.9%

29.1%

Yes No

42.0%

28.9%

29.1%

Yes No Not Applicable



iii: Testing Of Hypothesis

In order to ascertain the efficacy of microfinance in the Bundelkhand Region primary data

collected through structured schedules were analyzed using SPSS. Depending upon the nature

of data test such as chi-square, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test and correlation analysis has

been used to test the specified hypothesis.

Hypothesis 1

H10: There is no significant change in decision making role in family after becoming member

of SHGs

H11: There is significant change in decision making role in family after becoming member of

SHGs

Table 20: Chi-Square Statistics for change in decision making

x4a1r x4a2r x4a3r x4a4r x4a5r x4b1r x4b2r x4b3r x4b4r x4cr x4dr

Chi-

Squar

e

1.991E

2a

2.403E

2a

3.617E

2b

1.120E

2a

1.902E

2a

1.759E

2b

1.699E

2b

1.799E

2b

1.869E

2b

3.994E

2b

3.968E

2b

df 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

Asym

p.

Sig.

.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

As χ2 , p<0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternate hypothesis is accepted which

states that there is statistically significant change in decision making role in the family after

becoming the member of the SHGs (Table 20).

Hypothesis 2

53.7%

46.3%

Yes No

39.1%

60.9%

Yes

No



H20: No significant perceived change in soft skills on becoming member of SHGs

H21: Significant perceived change in soft skills on becoming member of SHGs

Table 21: Test Statistics

Taking up

leadership

position in the

SHG

Writing

minutes of

SHGs meeting

Keeping of the

accounts of

SHGs

Performing

bank

transactions

Going to

government

office/police

station

Chi-Square 170.429a 115.143

a 110.800

a 140.914

a 311.171

a

df 4 4 4 4 4

Asymp. Sig. .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell

frequency is 70.0.

As χ2, p<0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternate hypothesis is accepted which

states that there is statistically significant perceived change in soft skills on becoming

member of SHGs (Table 21).

Hypothesis 3

H30: The joining of SHG membership has no significant change in saving and investment of

individuals

H31: The joining of SHG membership has significant change in saving and investment of

individuals

Table 22: Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test

N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

Monthly Saving After -

Monthly Saving Before

Negative Ranks 7a 99.43 696.00

Positive Ranks 158b 82.27 12999.00

Ties 185c

Total 350

Monthly Income After -

Monthly Income Before

Negative Ranks 13d 150.27 1953.50

Positive Ranks 190e 98.70 18752.50

Ties 147f

Total 350

a. Monthly Saving After < Monthly Saving Before, b. Monthly Saving After > Monthly

Saving Before, c. Monthly Saving After = Monthly Saving Before, d. Monthly Income After <

Monthly Income Before, e. Monthly Income After > Monthly Income Before, f. Monthly

Income After = Monthly Income Before

Table 23: TEST STATISTICS



Monthly Saving Before - Monthly

Saving After

Monthly Income Before- Monthly

Income After

Z -10.362a -10.261

a

Asymp. Sig. (2-

tailed) .000 .000

a. Based on negative ranks, b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test

The low p value of selected variables causes to rejection of the null hypothesis

Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test showed that after joining SHGs statistically significant change

in income and savings among the members (Table 22 and Table 23).

Table 24: TEST STATISTICS Correlations between Monthly Income and Saving

before and after becoming the Member of SHG

Monthly Income

Before

Monthly Income

After

Spearman's

rho

Monthly

Saving After

Correlation

Coefficient .030 .394

**

Sig. (2-

tailed) .581 .000

N 350

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-ailed).

The Spearman’s rho correlation clearly suggests that improvement in income and savings

pattern after becoming member of SHGs (Table 24).

VII. Conclusion

Though SHGs have facilitated in improving saving and investment pattern of members; it is

not adequate for economic empowerment. Family income of the respondents is not adequate

as 85.2 percent reported to have family income of less than Rs. 3000 i.e. Rs. 100 per day.

Both physical and financial asset holding of the respondents are abysmally low as over 52

percent do not have land holdings, 72 percent do not have any kind of gold jewellery, 53

percent do not have any bank deposits and 32.9 percent do not have any kind of insurance.

Another indicator of poor living condition of SHG members are that, about 46 percent do not

have toilet at home 30 percent do not have electricity connection, and about 90 percent do not

have facility of safe drinking water.

It has been observed that SHGs have also been observed statistically that SHGs have also

contributed in inculcating soft skills and decision making skills among women in the region.

One of the primary objectives of microfinance is to ensure affordable financial services to the



last citizen. However, on this parameter also microfinance is poorly performing, as it is

evident from the study that still about 53 percent do not have bank deposits and 32.9 percent

do not have any kind of insurance. Apart from above points poor outreach per person, poor

income level per family are sufficient to prove that SHGs and micro financing activities have

so far failed in terms of efficacy and efforts are required from all the stakeholders.

Poor management and lack of coordination among members are two main responsible factors

for the pathetic state of SHGs in this region. Members are not benefited much with the SHGs

in terms of socio-economic empowerment. Barring one or two SHGs most of them are

defunct. The SHGs were linked to banks for sustainability but banks have failed to nourish

them. The bankers are more concerned about reaching the targets rather than making SHGs

viable. Bankers would have involved in providing entrepreneurship training to members of

funded SHGs. However they abstained from doing so. There is an urgent need for changing

the approach towards the SHGs. The bankers’ performance should not be judged on the basis

of achieving targets but on the basis of number of SHGs made viable from socio-economic

perspective. Similarly, SHGs members should explore income generation avenues in the

region and must use the funds provided by banks for productive activities rather than simply

distributing the funds as loan among themselves..

SHGs are popular among the youth and married female is silver lining. However,

educational qualification is major impediments in the growth and developments of SHGs in

the region as only 5.7 per cent of members are graduates. Lack of technical education is one

the primary cause of slow growth and development of SHGs in the region. Members can be

linked with the Skill India Progamme or other self employment progamme of the

government. This may facilitate in enhancing income generating ability of the groups. The

members be explained the benefits of working in small group for socio-economic

empowerment.

A wide demographic disparity in terms of religion and social classification has also been

found in the region. Microfinance is more popular among Hinds and not popular among

Muslim minorities in region. Only 2.3 percent of the Muslims were the members of any SHG.

According to the Sachar Committee Muslim minorities are socially and economically

backward communities in India. Thus, there is an urgent need of making Microfinance model

popular among the minorities as this can facilitate uplifting their social and economic status.

No respondents from other religious minority were randomly identified as member of any

SHGs. Among the respondents SC (50.3 percent) and OBCs (28.6 percent) were members. It

is a good sign that microfinance is popular among EWS.

It can be concluded that efficacy of microfinance in improving the socio-economic and living

conditions of the SHGs member is missing. SHGs groups are only marginally contributing

but not much encouraging. A lot of efforts are required from all the stakeholders like

members, banks and government agencies so that higher degree of efficacy could be

achieved.



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