role of nuclear medicine
DESCRIPTION
CAD – leading cause of death Cardiac SPECT – steady growth in last two decades & played an important role in clinical mangement Radionuclide ventriculography (MUGA) First pass studies PET/CTTRANSCRIPT
Role of Nuclear medicine in Cardiology
Lokendra Yadav
Radionuclide studies in cardiology
CAD – leading cause of death
Cardiac SPECT – steady growth in last two decades & played an important role in clinical mangement
Radionuclide ventriculography (MUGA)
First pass studies
PET/CT
Detection of IschemiaNoninvasive Testing: Critical Concepts
• Differences between testing options
• Diagnostic accuracy and pretest likelihood of disease
• Posttest risk assessment
Radionuclide ventriculography
99m Tc- RBC blood pool study (ERNA) Acqusition protocol : Gated Processing - Automatic
- Semiautomatic -Manual
Indications : Monitoring LVEF
low LVEFDoxorubicin toxicityStem cell therapy
Indications for Stress Testing Objective confirmation of ischaemia Assessing extent of ischaemia Documenting exercise capacity Functional assessment of known CAD Determining risk and prognosis Determining need for angiography
High risk cut points
Assessing response to treatment
Contraindications for stress testing Acute myocardial infarction (within two days) Unstable angina pectoris Uncontrolled arrhythmias causing symptoms of
hemodynamic compromise Symptomatic severe aortic stenosis Uncontrolled symptomatic heart failure Active endocarditis or acute myocarditis or
pericarditis Acute aortic dissection Acute pulmonary or systemic embolism Acute noncardiac disorders that may affect
exercise performance or may be aggravated by exercise
Stress Testing Options
Exercise stress alone (usually Bruce protocol) Exercise stress with nuclear myocardial perfusion
imaging (MPI) Pharmacologic stress nuclear myocardial perfusion
imaging (MPI) Exercise stress echo Pharmacologic stress echo
Sensitivity and Specificity of Non-invasive Tests for the Diagnosis of CAD*Diagnostic Test
Sensitivity
% (range)
Specificity% (range)
# Studies # Patients
TMT 68 77 132 24,027
Planar MPI 79
(70-94)
73
(43-97)
6 510
SPECT 88
(73-98)
77
(53-96)
8 628
Stress echo 76
(40-100)
88
(80-95)
10 1174
* NEJM Vol. 344, No. 24 June 14, 2001
Exercise stress testing
Treadmill or bicycle ergometer
Protocols vary - symptom limited
Bruce most popular 8 stages Incline and speed
increment every 3 minutes
Target 85-100% maximum age predicted HR
Achieve at least 6 METS for diagnostic accuracy
ECG Patterns Indicative of Myocardial Ischaemia
ECG Patterns Not Indicative of Myocardial Ischaemia
Indications for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (Exercise or Pharmacologic Stress) Suspected false +ve
or-ve TMT Resting ST changes LBBB,RBBB,LVH,
digitalis,pre-excitation or pacemaker
Women with +ve TMT and low or intermediate probability CAD
Inability to exercise
Prognosis of known CAD Detecting post PTCA or
CABG ischaemia Assessing myocardial
viability Risk evaluation in non-
cardiac surgery patients Assessment functional
significance of documented coronary stenosis
Myocardial Perfusion ImagingExercise Stress Treadmill Bicycle ergometerPharmacologic
Stress dipyridamole Adenosine Dobutamine
Isotopes Thallium 201 Technesium 99m
Sestamibi MIBI (Cardiolyte)
Tetrofosmin (Myoview)
PET Rubidium 82 (flow
agent) FDG (viability)
Scanning
Myocardial Perfusion Gated SPECT Scan
Computer-rendered, 3-D Image of Left Ventricular Surfaces
Coronary Territories
High Risk IndicatorsMyocardial Perfusion Imaging Increased pulmonary thallium uptake indicating low CO
or elevated LVEDP
Ischaemic LV dilatation (TID)
Multiple perfusion defects
Large perfusion defects
NR - 14-7-2011 - Stress-Rest MPS
Stress- Rest Myocardial perfusion imaging
Stress- Adenosine 140 mcg/kg/min for 4 minutes. Injection of 10 mCi of Tc99m labelled MIBI at 2 minutes.
ECG Gated SPECT-CT after approx 45 minutes.
Nitrate augmented Rest myocardial perfusion - 5 mg sublingual nitrate - followed by 30 mCi of Tc99m MIBI, 2 hours after stress
ECG Gated SPECT-CT after 1 hour
NR - 14-7-2011 - Stress - Rest MPS - Slices
NR - 14-7-2011 - Stress - Rest MPS - Polar Plot
NR - 14-7-2011 - Stress - Rest MPS - Scores
NR - 14-7-2011 - Stress - Rest MPS - Viability
NR - 14-7-2011 - Stress - Rest MPS - Summary
PD - 27-7-2011 - Rest MPS
Rest Myocardial perfusion imaging was done 1 hour following iv injection of 24 mCi of Tc-99m MIBI
PD - 27-7-2011 - Rest MPS - Slices
PD - 27-7-2011 - Rest MPS - Polar Plot
PD - 27-7-2011 - Rest MPS - Viability
PD - 27-7-2011 - Rest MPS - LVEF
PD - 27-7-2011 - Rest MPS - Myocardial mass
Limitations of cardiac SPECT
Decreased sensitivity and specificity in single vessel CAD ( 60 – 76% )
Diffuse disease in all three vessels (Balanced ischemia)
Diffuse disease without segmental stenosis(Vulnerable for plaque rupture and coronary events)
Early disease identification Artifacts – Non uniform attenuation Relative low efficiency of Gamma camera Longer acquisition protocols
Characteristics of SPECT vs. PET.
SPECT PET Availability Wide Limited Atten. correction Less accurate
Accurate Spatial resolution 12-15 mm 5-7 mm Protocol 2 days <1 hour Radiation >10 mSv <10 mSv Images Qualitative Quantitative
Hybrid with CT Yes Yes
Rationale for PET/CT MPS
To decrease invasive coronary angiography unless necessary i.e if therapeutic
Highly sensitive and specific Absolute Quantification of myocardial
blood flow Assesment of coronary flow reserve Blood flow,myocardial cell integrity,Wall
motion and LVEF Calcium score & Luminal narrowing
Imaging Protocol
Patient preparation and stress testing - Dypiridamole & adenosine Imaging 82 Rb varies with PET scanner
crystal Reconstruction of images
Perfusion: filtered back projection
Gated wall motion : iterative 2 D Vs 3 D & 4 D PET LVEF PET Vs planar gated blood pool ( r = 0.81) PET Vs MIBI SPECT ( r = 0.91)
Current status of Cardiac PET
Extensive infrastructure Improved PET scanners with LSO
crystal Availability of PET-CT Rubidium –82 PET perfusion tracer
-Generator produced
- Reimbursible since 1995 in USA
- Already clinically useful in tertiary care and community hospitals
Present Status
CMS Reimbursment Fee Schedule Changes State a 20% Increase in Cardiac PET and a 36% Decrease in SPECT
Clinical Indications : Low risk CADIntermediate risk CADLBBBWomenObeseDiabetes
Research : Endothelial function and Plaque bilology
Cardiac PET Perfusion Tracers
Agent Physical half life
Extraction Production
13N NH3 10 min 80 % Cyclotron
82 Rb 75 sec 50-60% Generator
15 O H2O 2 min Diffusible Cyclotron
Rb – 82 Production
Cation like Tl-201 and Potassium analogue Uptake reflects function of blood flow and
myocardial cell integrity Generator produced from Sr-82 Replaced every 4 weeks Decays by positron emission with short half
life (75 sec) Eluted with 25-50 ml normal saline by
controlled elution pump and connected with IV tubing to patient
Fully replenished every 10 min and 90% of max. activity can be available after 5 min.
Imaging Protocol for Rb 82 PET imaging With a LSO PET-CT Scanner
Procedure Time
Positioning (Scout) 1 min
CT transmission scan 1 min
Rest gated imaging 8 min
Rest perfusion imaging 8 min
Pharmacological stress 7 min
CT transmission scan 1 min
Stress imaging 8 min
Total duration 34 min
Diagnostic Accuracy of PET MPI for CAD
Author Year Agent No.of Patient
Sensitivity
Specificity
Gould et al
1986 NH3,Rb 82
50 95 100
Demer 1989 Rb 82 193 94 95
Go et al 1990 Rb 82 202 93 78
Schelbert 1982 NH 3 45 97 100
Yonekura 1987 NH 3 49 93 100
Williams 1989 Rb 82 146 98 93
Stewart 1991 Rb 82 81 84 88
Tamaki 1988 NH 3 25 95 95
Average 791 93 92
Comparison of PET and SPECT MPI for detection of CAD in same patient
Author
et al
Year Tracer Accuracy (% )
Sensitivity
Specificity
Go
n=132
1990 Rb 82
Tl-201
92
78
95
79
82
76
Stewart
n = 81
1991 Rb 82
Tl 201
85
78
87
87
82
52
Tamaki
n=51
1988 NH 3
Tl 201
98
98
98
96
100
100
Total
n=264
PET
SPECT
91
81
93
85
82
67
Coronary calcium score
Clinical applications of PET/CT MPS
Diagnosis of coronary artery disease Assesment of blood flow : Prognosis
(Yosinaga K et al JACC 2006 :48;Sept.1029-30)
Noninvasive coronary angiography (CTA)High false positivity- 25 %Poor assesment of lumen – 18-24%
Early detection of CAD in asymptomatic patients
Identifying plaques by molecular markers Assesment of heart failure
Calcium score,Perfusion and Viabilty
Radiation dose from PET/CT
Study Effective radiation dose (mSv)
PET F-18 FDG (370 MBq) 7.0 N-13 NH3 rest/stress (2×550 MBq) 2.2 Rb-82 rest/stress (2×740 MBq) 3.6 H2O-15 rest/stress (2×740 MBq) 1.4 Transmission Ge-68 rod sources 0.08–0.13
MSCT Calcium scoring 0.7–6.2 CT angiography 3.7–13.0 CT based PET attenuation correction 0.23–
5.66
Utility of PET/CT in CAD
Excellent noninvasive imaging procedure
Extent & severity of perfusion abnormality
Extent of tissue viability Risk stratify each patient prior to
clinical decision making Attractive translational research tool in
combination with molecular probes i.e Cell therapy or Gene therapy
Thank you