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Role of Metrology in Conformity Assessment
Andy HensonDirector of International Liaison and Communications of the BIPM
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Metrology, the science of measurement…and its applications
“When you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind”
William Thompson (Lord Kelvin): Lecture on "Electrical Units of Measurement" (3 May 1883)
Overall umbrella of measures taken by :‐manufacturers‐customers‐regulatory authorities‐independent third partiesTo assess that a product/service meets standards or technical regulations
Conformity assessment
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Metrology is a part of our lives from birth
Without metrology, you can’t discover, design, build, test, manufacture, maintain, prove, buy or operate anything safely and reliably.
From filling your car with petrol to having an X‐ray at a hospital, your life is surrounded by measurements.
In industry, from the thread of a nut and bolt and the precision machined parts on engines down to tiny structures on micro and nano components, all require an accurate measurement that is recognized around the world.
Good measurement allows country to remain competitive, trade throughout the world and improve quality of life.
weighing of baby
Safe baby food
Safe treatment
Safe foodBest regulation
Technical evidence
Healthcare
Climate change
Globalization
Innovation
Safe traveling
Manufacturing
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Metrology, the science of measurement
As we have seen, measurement science is not purely the preserve of scientists. It issomething of vital importance to us all. The intricate but invisible network of services,suppliers and communications upon which we are all dependent rely on metrology for theirefficient and reliable operation.
Metrology is often divided into three subfields:Scientific or fundamental metrologyApplied or industrial metrologyLegal metrology
The BIPM, established in 1875 by the Metre Convention (a diplomatic treaty between 56 nations), ensures worldwide uniformity of
measurements and their traceability to the International System of Units (SI).
www.bipm.org
The OIML, established in 1955, is an intergovernmental organization whose principal aim is to harmonize the regulations and metrological
controls applied by the national metrology services of its national members.
www.oiml.org
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Scientific or fundamental metrology
Scientific or fundamental metrology concerns the establishment of measurement units, unit systems, the development of new measurement methods, realization of measurement units and the transfer of metrological traceability from these standards to users in society.
CCAUVCCEMCCLCCMCCPRCCQMCCRICCTCCTF
Base units Consultative Committees Comparisons
There are also many derived units! See the SI brochure for recommended units.
Calibration & Measurement Capabilities in the KCDB
2014 AFRIMETS Legal Metrology School
SlidecourtesyDrSDavidson,NPL,UK
Atraceabilitychainformeasurementsof
length
6
Uncertainty gettin
g less, but price is increasin
g
$1000
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Applied or industrial metrology
Applied or industrial metrology concerns the application of measurement science to manufacturing and other processes and their use in society, ensuring the suitability of measurement instruments, their calibration and quality control of measurements.
TradeEconomic well being
ScienceInnovation
Advanced manufacturing & process industriesComplex service industries
National well beingNational well being
Quality and Competition
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Legal metrology
Legal metrology concerns regulatory requirements of measurements and measuring instruments for the protection of health, public safety, the environment, enabling taxation, protection of consumers and fair trade.
Security & TradeSocial well being
ScienceHealthSafety
Environment
National well beingNational well being
Legislation and Regulation
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Worldwide recognized competence through equivalent technical infrastructure
International organizations working together, creating aninternational Agreements on mutual recognition in their ownfields, linked together to create the technical infrastructure thatunderpins conformity assessment consider that
NMI
Accreditedcalibration
andtesting laboratories
Calibration and testing laboratories
Sectors of economyMeasurement instruments
NSBNABISO/IEC 17025ISO Guide 34 ISO/IEC 17011
ILAC‐CIPM document onaccreditation of NMIS
ISO 14000ISO 22000 etc…
ISO/IEC 17025ISO 9001, etc…
ISO/IEC 17025ISO Guide 34ILAC P10; P14 documents…
ISO standards
ISO standards JCGM:‐BIPM‐ILAC‐ISO‐IFCC‐IUPAC‐IUPAP‐OIML
VIM
GUM
Tools that deliver common understanding
and application of metrology worldwide
RMOs RCABs (RSBs)RLMOs
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Importance of metrology in context of trade
WTO – TBT Agreement, Article 6: Recognition of Conformity Assessment by Central Government Bodies – Article 6.1.1:
“adequate and enduring technical competence of the relevant conformity assessment bodies in the exporting Member, so that confidence in the continued reliability of their conformity assessment results can exist; in this regard, verified compliance, for instance
through accreditation, with relevant guides or recommendations issued by international standardizing bodies shall be taken into account as an indication of adequate technical
competence;”
By calling on the use of international standards & accreditation, regulators automatically tap into the underpinning metrology base.
As ISO standards and ILAC policy ensures linkage to the International System of Units.
However adequate metrology infrastructure and adequate engagement with the international organizations is needed for the system to work effectively.
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Joint BIPM, OIML, ILAC and ISO declaration on measurement traceability
The BIPM, OIML, ILAC, and ISO endorse the followingrecommendations:• in order to be able to rely on their international acceptability,
calibrations should be performed• in National Metrology Institutes who should normally be
signatories to the CIPM MRA and have CMCs published inthe relevant areas of the KCDB or
• in laboratories accredited by accreditation bodies whichare signatories to the ILAC Arrangement;
• measurement uncertainty should follow the principlesestablished in the GUM;
• the results of the measurements made in accreditedlaboratories should be traceable to the SI;
• NMIs providing traceability for accredited laboratories shouldnormally be signatories to the CIPM MRA and have CMCspublished in the relevant areas of the KCDB;
• within the OIML’s MAA, accreditation should be provided bybodies which are signatories to the ILAC Arrangement and theabove policies on traceability to the SI should be followed;
The above principles should be used whenever there is a need todemonstrate metrological traceability for internationalacceptability.
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Joint BIPM, OIML, ILAC and ISO declaration on measurement traceability
Use of this DeclarationThese principles underpin a world measurement systemwhich provides a robust, internationally acceptedframework within which users can have confidence in thevalidity and acceptability of measurements results.BIPM, OIML, ILAC and ISO strongly urge legislators andregulators to refer to the Arrangements described earlierin this Declaration and also to accept measurementresults made within this system, thereby helpingavoid technical barriers to trade. We also inviteinterested parties to endorse these principles and tomake use of them in their own work.
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Uncertainty information in compliance assessment
In order to utilise a result to decide whether it indicates compliance or non‐compliance with aspecification, it is necessary to take into account the measurement uncertainty.
FigurecourtesyEURACHEM/CITACGuide
See also OIML (draft)"The role of measurement uncertainty in conformity assessment decisions in legal metrology"
and
JCGM Guide JCGM 106: 2012 “Evaluation of measurement data – The role of measurement uncertainty in conformity assessment”
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Uncertainty information in compliance assessment
FigurecourtesyEURACHEM/CITACGuide
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Uncertainty information in compliance assessment
FigurecourtesyEURACHEM/CITACGuide
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Uncertainty information
forDedicated measurement instruments
Dedicated measurement application
Legally controlled measurement instruments
Knowledge of measurement uncertainty
“built in”
Regulated measurements
Measurement uncertainty partly
“bespoke”
Unregulated measurements(customer quality/price
expectations/specifications)
Measurement uncertainty “bespoke”
Performance requirements
Options to achieve
Increasingly easy to innovate
Regulatory requirements
2014 AFRIMETS Legal Metrology School
Concepts of measurement (in the context of legal metrology)
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NMI
NMI
Metre conventionCIPM MRAComparisonsCMCs
Metre conventionCIPM MRAComparisonsCMCs
calibration
calibration
verification
verification
Measurin
g
“Traceability” ‐ the property of a measurement result whereby the result can be related to areference through a documented unbroken chain of calibrations, each contributing to themeasurement uncertainty
Measurin
g
Verification requires an application based specification ‐MPE Tr
ade
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Metrology is the “science and practice of measurement”, its objectives areMeasurements that are stable
Long‐term trends can be used for decision making
Measurements that are comparable
Results from different laboratories can be brought together
Measurements that are coherent
Results for different compounds and from different methods can be brought together
The objectives of Metrology
To meet the evolving needs of the economy, society and citizens
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The CIPM MRA – an international tool providing evidence of SI traceable measurements
From the text:“…thereby to provide governments and other parties with a secure technical foundation for wider agreements related to international
trade, commerce and regulatory affairs.”
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The CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement
Metrology is a key part of the global“quality infrastructure” that underpinsworld trade.
The work of the NMIs is made visibleand transparent through the CIPMMRA signed in 1999.
The aim of the CIPM MRA is to providethe technical basis for the worldwideacceptance of national measurementstandards and calibration andmeasurement certificates from NMIs.
The work of the CIPM MRA now goesfar beyond matters of trade to coverclimate change, healthcare etc.
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The objectives of the CIPM MRA are stated as:to establish the degree of equivalence of national measurement standardsmaintained by NMIsto provide for the mutual recognition of calibration and measurement certificates issued by NMIsthereby to provide governments and other parties with a secure technical foundation for wider agreements related to international trade, commerce and regulatory affairs
The objectives of the CIPM MRA are to be achieved through:International comparisons of measurements (technical evidence of competence)Peer reviewed Quality systemsPeer reviewed calibrations & measurement capabilities (CMCs)
CIPM MRA
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The outcome of the CIPM MRA processes are statements of theinternationally recognized calibration and measurement capabilities(CMCs) of each NMI published in the database maintained by the BIPMand publicly available online.
CIPM MRA: Outcome
http://kcdb.bipm.org/
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CIPM MRA Participation
Member participating in the CIPM MRAAssociate participating in the CIPM MRAMembers/Associates not yet signed the CIPM MRA
The CIPM MRA has been signed by the representatives of 96 institutes – from 53 Member States, 39Associates of the CGPM, and 4 international organizations – and covers a further 152 institutesdesignated by the signatory bodies.
