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TRANSCRIPT
Minerals and Rocks
In The Beginning…• The elements and their distribution are the result of our
planets formation.• Stars can manufacture
elements up through iron using fusion.
• Heavier elements come from stellar explosions. • Our periodic table is
evidence that we came from a star that experienced a nova.
Gravitational Differentiation• When the early Earth was molten, gravity pulled the
heavier elements toward the center and lighter elements remained at the surface.
Structure of the Earth• The Earth has multiple layers, each of which are made
out of different materials. • These chemical layers are:
Solid IronLiquid Iron and NickelIron Silicates
Lighter Silicates
Rocks and Minerals• A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a
specific crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition. • A mineral can be a single
element or a compound.
• A rock is a naturally occurring combination of minerals and mineraloids.
• Mineraloid are the substances that are mistaken as minerals, but don’t fit the definition.
Opal
Amber
Geology Rocks!• There are three rock types that are based on how the rock
formed. • Igneous - formed from the cooling of magma or lava. • Sedimentary - formed from the cementing of mineral and
rock fragments. • Metamorphic - formed when rocks experience extreme heat
and/or pressure.
Igneous Rocks• Magma is a slushy mix of molten rock, gases, and
mineral crystals. • The type of magma determines the type of igneous rock.
Basaltic Granitic
Fe, Mg, and Ca
Oceanic Crust
Feldspar, Quartz, Mica
Continental Crust
Sedimentary Rocks• Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments which
are rock fragments and organic material.
Weathering Erosion Deposition Burial Lithification
Sand Shells CoquinaSandstone
Creates the Sediments
Moves the Sediments
Places the Sediments
Increase the weight and
temperature of the sediments
Solidifies the sediments
Feeling The Heat and Pressure• Metamorphic rocks are formed from existing rocks that have
experienced heat and pressure but do not melt. • Alters the texture, mineralogy, or chemical composition. • All types of rocks (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic) can
be turned into a new metamorphic rock.
Where From?• Burial leads to an increase in temperature
and pressure of the lower rock layers.
• Igneous Intrusions • As magma rises to the surface, it cuts
through preexisting layers heating the surrounding rock and forming plutons.
ABCD
• Tectonic forces • Mountains are formed when two tectonic plates slam into each
other.
Himalayas!
Putting It All Together
• The three rock types are all connected by the rock cycle.
Let’s Draw It!