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Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education

Organizational Organizational BehaviorBehavior

15th Global 15th Global EditionEdition

What Is Organizational What Is Organizational Behavior?Behavior?

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Robbins and JudgeChapter1


Chapter 1 Learning ObjectivesChapter 1 Learning ObjectivesAfter studying this chapter you should be able to:After studying this chapter you should be able to:

Demonstrate the importance of interpersonal skills in the workplace.Demonstrate the importance of interpersonal skills in the workplace.

Describe the manager’s functions, roles and skills.Describe the manager’s functions, roles and skills.

Define Define organizational behavior (OB).organizational behavior (OB).

Show the value to OB of systematic study.Show the value to OB of systematic study.

Identify the major behavioral science disciplines that contribute to OB.Identify the major behavioral science disciplines that contribute to OB.

Demonstrate why few absolutes apply to OB.Demonstrate why few absolutes apply to OB.

Identify the challenges and opportunities managers have in applying OB Identify the challenges and opportunities managers have in applying OB concepts.concepts.

Compare the three levels of analysis in this book’s OB model. Compare the three levels of analysis in this book’s OB model.

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Demonstrate the Importance ofDemonstrate the Importance of Interpersonal Skills in the Workplace Interpersonal Skills in the Workplace

Understanding OB helping to determine manager Understanding OB helping to determine manager effectivenesseffectiveness

Leadership and communication skills that are critical Leadership and communication skills that are critical as a person progresses in a careeras a person progresses in a career

Lower turnover of quality employeesLower turnover of quality employees Higher quality applications for recruitmentHigher quality applications for recruitment Better financial performanceBetter financial performance

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Interpersonal Skills Result In…


Describe the Manager’s Describe the Manager’s Functions, Roles And SkillsFunctions, Roles And Skills

Manager: Someone who gets things done through other people Manager: Someone who gets things done through other people in organizations.in organizations.

Organization: A consciously coordinated social unit composed of Organization: A consciously coordinated social unit composed of two or more people that functions on a relatively continuous basis two or more people that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals. to achieve a common goal or set of goals.

Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are the most often Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are the most often studied.studied.

Mintzberg concluded that managers perform ten different, Mintzberg concluded that managers perform ten different, highly interrelated roles or sets of behaviors attributable to highly interrelated roles or sets of behaviors attributable to their jobs. their jobs.

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Management SkillsManagement Skills Technical Skills--The ability to apply specialized Technical Skills--The ability to apply specialized

knowledge or expertise. All jobs require some specialized knowledge or expertise. All jobs require some specialized expertise, and many people develop their technical skills expertise, and many people develop their technical skills on the job. on the job.

Human Skills--Ability to work with, understand, and Human Skills--Ability to work with, understand, and motivate other people, both individually and in groups, motivate other people, both individually and in groups, describes human skills. describes human skills.

Conceptual Skills--The mental ability to analyze and Conceptual Skills--The mental ability to analyze and diagnose complex situations. diagnose complex situations.

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Effective Versus Effective Versus Successful Managerial Activities Successful Managerial Activities

Luthans and associates found that all Luthans and associates found that all managers engage in four managerial managers engage in four managerial activities. activities. Traditional management. Traditional management. Communication. Communication. Human resource management. Human resource management. Networking. Networking.

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Effective Versus Effective Versus Successful Managerial Activities Successful Managerial Activities

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Insert Exhibit 1.2


Define Define ““Organizational Behavior” (OB.)Organizational Behavior” (OB.)

OB is a field of study that investigates the OB is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within structure have on behavior within organizations for the purpose of applying organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness. organization’s effectiveness.

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Show the Value to Show the Value to OB of Systematic Study OB of Systematic Study

.. Systematic Study of BehaviorSystematic Study of Behavior

Behavior generally is predictable if we know how the person Behavior generally is predictable if we know how the person perceived the situation and what is important to him or her.perceived the situation and what is important to him or her.

Evidence-Based Management (EBM) Evidence-Based Management (EBM) Complements systematic study.Complements systematic study. Argues for managers to make decisions on evidence.Argues for managers to make decisions on evidence.

IntuitionIntuition Systematic study and EBM add to intuition, or those “gut feelings” Systematic study and EBM add to intuition, or those “gut feelings”

about “why I do what I do” and “what makes others tick.” about “why I do what I do” and “what makes others tick.”

If we make all decisions with intuition or gut instinct, we’re If we make all decisions with intuition or gut instinct, we’re likely working with incomplete information. likely working with incomplete information.

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Identify the Major Behavioral Science Identify the Major Behavioral Science Disciplines That Contribute to OBDisciplines That Contribute to OB

Organizational behavior is an applied Organizational behavior is an applied behavioral science that is built upon behavioral science that is built upon contributions from a number of contributions from a number of behavioral disciplines. behavioral disciplines.

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Identify the Major Behavioral Science Identify the Major Behavioral Science Disciplines That Contribute to OBDisciplines That Contribute to OBLO 5LO 5

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Insert Exhibit 1.3



PsychologyPsychology Psychology is the science that seeks to measure, Psychology is the science that seeks to measure,

explain, and sometimes change the behavior of explain, and sometimes change the behavior of humans and other animals. humans and other animals.

Social PsychologySocial Psychology Social psychology blends the concepts of psychology Social psychology blends the concepts of psychology

and sociology. and sociology.

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SociologySociology Sociologists study the social system in which Sociologists study the social system in which

individuals fill their roles; that is, sociology studies individuals fill their roles; that is, sociology studies people in relation to their fellow human beings. people in relation to their fellow human beings.

AnthropologyAnthropology Anthropology is the study of societies to learn about Anthropology is the study of societies to learn about

human beings and their activities. human beings and their activities.

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Few Absolutes Apply to OBFew Absolutes Apply to OB

There are few, if any, simple and There are few, if any, simple and universal principles that explain universal principles that explain organizational behavior. organizational behavior.

Contingency variables—situational Contingency variables—situational factors are variables that moderate the factors are variables that moderate the relationship between the independent relationship between the independent and dependent variables. and dependent variables.

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Few Absolutes Apply to OBFew Absolutes Apply to OBLO 6LO 6

Situational factors that make the main relationship between two variables change—e.g., the relationship may hold for one condition but not another.

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Identify the Challenges andIdentify the Challenges and Opportunities of OB Concepts Opportunities of OB Concepts

Responding to Economic PressureResponding to Economic Pressure In economic tough times, effective In economic tough times, effective

management is an asset.management is an asset. In good times, understanding how to In good times, understanding how to

reward, satisfy, and retain employees is reward, satisfy, and retain employees is at a premium. In bad times, issues like at a premium. In bad times, issues like stress, decision making, and coping stress, decision making, and coping come to the fore.come to the fore.

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Responding to GlobalizationResponding to Globalization Increased Foreign AssignmentsIncreased Foreign AssignmentsWorking with People from Different Working with People from Different

CulturesCultures

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Managing Workforce DiversityManaging Workforce DiversityWorkforce diversity acknowledges a Workforce diversity acknowledges a

workforce of women and men; workforce of women and men; many racial and ethnic groups; many racial and ethnic groups; individuals with a variety of physical or individuals with a variety of physical or

psychological abilities; psychological abilities; and people who differ in age and sexual and people who differ in age and sexual

orientation.orientation.

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Improving Customer ServiceImproving Customer ServiceToday the majority of employees in Today the majority of employees in

developed countries work in service developed countries work in service jobs. jobs.

Employee attitudes and behavior are Employee attitudes and behavior are associated with customer satisfaction. associated with customer satisfaction.

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Improving People SkillsImproving People SkillsPeople skills are essential to managerial People skills are essential to managerial

effectiveness. effectiveness. OB provides the concepts and theories OB provides the concepts and theories

that allow managers to predict employee that allow managers to predict employee behavior in given situations. behavior in given situations.

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Stimulating Innovation and ChangeStimulating Innovation and ChangeSuccessful organizations must foster Successful organizations must foster

innovation and master the art of change. innovation and master the art of change. Employees can be the impetus for Employees can be the impetus for

innovation and change or a major innovation and change or a major stumbling block. stumbling block.

Managers must stimulate employees’ Managers must stimulate employees’ creativity and tolerance for change. creativity and tolerance for change.

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Coping with “Temporariness”Coping with “Temporariness” Organizations must be flexible and fast in order to Organizations must be flexible and fast in order to

survive. survive. Managers and employees must learn to cope with Managers and employees must learn to cope with

temporariness. temporariness. Learning to live with flexibility, spontaneity, and Learning to live with flexibility, spontaneity, and

unpredictability. unpredictability. OB provides help in understanding a work world of OB provides help in understanding a work world of

continual change, how to overcome resistance to change, continual change, how to overcome resistance to change, and how to create an organizational culture that thrives and how to create an organizational culture that thrives on change. on change.

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Working in Networked OrganizationsWorking in Networked OrganizationsNetworked organizations are becoming Networked organizations are becoming

more pronounced. more pronounced. Manager’s job is fundamentally different Manager’s job is fundamentally different

in networked organizations. Challenges in networked organizations. Challenges of motivating and leading “online” of motivating and leading “online” require different techniques. require different techniques.

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Helping Employees Balance Work-Life ConflictsHelping Employees Balance Work-Life Conflicts The creation of the global workforce means The creation of the global workforce means

work no longer sleeps. work no longer sleeps. Communication technology has provided a Communication technology has provided a

vehicle for working at any time or any place. vehicle for working at any time or any place. Employees are working longer hours per week.Employees are working longer hours per week. The lifestyles of families have changed—The lifestyles of families have changed—

creating conflict.creating conflict. Balancing work and life demands now Balancing work and life demands now

surpasses job security as an employee priority.surpasses job security as an employee priority.

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Creating a Positive Work EnvironmentCreating a Positive Work Environment Organizations have realized creating a positive Organizations have realized creating a positive

work environment can be a competitive work environment can be a competitive advantage.advantage.

Positive organizational scholarship or behavior Positive organizational scholarship or behavior studies what is ‘good’ about organizations.studies what is ‘good’ about organizations.

This field of study focuses on employees’ This field of study focuses on employees’ strengths versus their limitations as employees strengths versus their limitations as employees share situations in which they performed at share situations in which they performed at their personal best.their personal best.

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Improving Ethical BehaviorImproving Ethical Behavior Ethical dilemmas are situations in which an Ethical dilemmas are situations in which an

individual is required to define right and wrong individual is required to define right and wrong conduct.conduct.

Good ethical behavior is not so easily defined. Good ethical behavior is not so easily defined. Organizations are distributing codes of ethics Organizations are distributing codes of ethics

to guide employees through ethical dilemmas. to guide employees through ethical dilemmas. Managers need to create an ethically healthy Managers need to create an ethically healthy

climate. climate.

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Three Levels of Analysis Three Levels of Analysis in This Book’s OB Model in This Book’s OB Model

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Exhibit 1-4 1-28


Three Levels of Analysis Three Levels of Analysis

in This Book’s OB Moin This Book’s OB Model del •InputsInputs

•Inputs are the variables Inputs are the variables like personality, group like personality, group structure, and structure, and organizational culture organizational culture that lead to processes. that lead to processes. •Group structure, roles, Group structure, roles, and team and team responsibilities are responsibilities are typically assigned typically assigned immediately before or immediately before or after a group is formed. after a group is formed.

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Three Levels of Analysis Three Levels of Analysis in This Book’s OB Model in This Book’s OB Model

•ProcessesProcesses•If inputs are like the If inputs are like the nouns in nouns in organizational organizational behavior, processes behavior, processes are like verbs. are like verbs. •Processes are Processes are actions that actions that individuals, groups, individuals, groups, and organizations and organizations engage in as a result engage in as a result of inputs and that lead of inputs and that lead to certain outcomes. to certain outcomes.

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Three Levels of Analysis Three Levels of Analysis in This Book’s OB Modelin This Book’s OB Model

•OutcomesOutcomes•Outcomes are the key Outcomes are the key variables that you variables that you want to explain or want to explain or predict, and that are predict, and that are affected by some affected by some other variables. other variables.

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Variables of InterestVariables of Interest

Attitudes and stress Attitudes and stress Employee attitudes are the evaluations employees make, Employee attitudes are the evaluations employees make,

ranging from positive to negative, about objects, people, or ranging from positive to negative, about objects, people, or events. events.

Stress is an unpleasant psychological process that occurs Stress is an unpleasant psychological process that occurs in response to environmental pressures.in response to environmental pressures.

Task performance Task performance The combination of effectiveness and efficiency at doing The combination of effectiveness and efficiency at doing

your core job tasks is a reflection of your level of task your core job tasks is a reflection of your level of task performance. performance.

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Citizenship behavior Citizenship behavior The discretionary behavior that is not part of an The discretionary behavior that is not part of an

employee’s formal job requirements, and that employee’s formal job requirements, and that contributes to the psychological and social contributes to the psychological and social environment of the workplace, is called environment of the workplace, is called citizenship behavior. citizenship behavior.

Withdrawal behavior Withdrawal behavior Withdrawal behavior is the set of actions that Withdrawal behavior is the set of actions that

employees take to separate themselves from employees take to separate themselves from the organization. the organization.

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Group cohesion Group cohesion Group cohesion is the extent to which Group cohesion is the extent to which

members of a group support and validate one members of a group support and validate one another at work. another at work.

Group functioning Group functioning Group functioning refers to the quantity and Group functioning refers to the quantity and

quality of a group’s work output. quality of a group’s work output.

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Productivity Productivity An organization is productive if it achieves its goals by An organization is productive if it achieves its goals by

transforming inputs into outputs at the lowest cost. transforming inputs into outputs at the lowest cost. This requires both effectiveness and efficiency.This requires both effectiveness and efficiency.

Survival Survival The final outcome we will consider is organizational The final outcome we will consider is organizational

survival, which is simply evidence that the survival, which is simply evidence that the organization is able to exist and grow over the long organization is able to exist and grow over the long term. term.

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Variables of InterestVariables of InterestLO 8LO 8

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Insert Exhibit 1.5


Managerial SummaryManagerial Summary

Organizational behavior uses systematic Organizational behavior uses systematic study to improve predictions of behavior study to improve predictions of behavior over intuition alone. over intuition alone.

Because people are different, we need to Because people are different, we need to look at OB in a contingency framework, look at OB in a contingency framework, using situational variables to explain using situational variables to explain cause-and-effect relationships.cause-and-effect relationships.

Organizational behavior offers specific Organizational behavior offers specific insights to improve a manager’s people insights to improve a manager’s people skills. skills.

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Managerial SummaryManagerial Summary

It helps managers to see the value of workforce It helps managers to see the value of workforce diversity and practices that may need to be changed diversity and practices that may need to be changed in different countries. in different countries.

It can improve quality and employee productivity by It can improve quality and employee productivity by showing managers how to empower their people, and showing managers how to empower their people, and help employees balance work–life conflicts. help employees balance work–life conflicts.

It can help managers cope in a world of temporariness It can help managers cope in a world of temporariness and learn how to stimulate innovation. and learn how to stimulate innovation.

Finally, OB can guide managers in creating an Finally, OB can guide managers in creating an ethically healthy work climate.ethically healthy work climate.

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.


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