road traffic injuries - thaipediatrics.org · road traffic injuries are defined as: “fatal* or...

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Road Traffic Injuries พญ. รัชดา เกษมทรัพย์ สถาบันสุขภาพเด็กแห่งชาติมหาราช นี

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Page 1: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Road Traffic Injuries

พญ. รชดา เกษมทรพย

สถาบนสขภาพเดกแหงชาตมหาราชน

Page 2: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

สถาบนการแพทยฉกเฉนแหงชาต เปดสถตเดกเจบปวยฉกเฉนในป พ.ศ. 2556 มากถง 899,817 คน

Page 3: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Road traffic injuries are defined as:

◦ “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a

result of a road traffic crash.”

◦ Pedestrians, bicyclists, motorcyclists, or

vehicle occupants (cars or large vehicles)

* Fatal: those individuals that die within the 30

days

Page 4: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

The Burden of Road Traffic Injuries

Nearly 1.3 million annual deaths

worldwide

A leading cause of death globally

Up to 50 million people are non-fatally

injured or disabled

Page 5: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,
Page 6: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,
Page 7: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

For children aged 15-17 years, there is no greater threat to their lives than a road traffic crash.

Page 8: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,
Page 9: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Every four minutes a child is prematurely lost on the roads of this world. Many more are injured,

often severely.

สลด แมพาลกวย 3 ขวบ ซอนดานหนารถจกรยานยนต ขณะจอดรอเพอขามแยก ลกชายบดคนเรงเครองพงเสย 18 ลอ ลกเสยชวตคาท แมเจบสาหส

Page 10: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

การประมาณการตายของเดกอายต ากวา 15 ปจากการขบขและโดยสารยานพาหนะตางๆในป 2556

รวม

% จ ำนวน % จ ำนวน

จกรยาน 13.68 39 0.78 3 42

จกรยานยนต 85.26 242 57.36 223 465

รถยนตทก ประเภท 1.05 3 35.66 139 142

รวม 284 365 649

ผขบข ผโดยสาร

Page 11: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

การประมาณการบาดเจบของเดกอายต ากวา 15 ปจากการขบขและโดยสารยานพาหนะตางๆในป 2556

รวม

% จ านวน % จ านวน

จกรยาน 26.59 2945 6.61 728 3673

จกรยานยนต 72.87 8071 70.42 7752 15823

รถยนตทกประเภท 0.3 33 18 1981 2015

รวม 11049 10461 21510

ผขบข ผโดยสาร

Page 12: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Injuries occur as the result of events that can be predicted and prevented

Injuries are not “accidents”

Page 13: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Children are Not Small Adults

21% of all road traffic deaths are children

Page 14: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Nonfatal Road Traffic Injuries

in Children

10 million children injured or permanently

disabled each year

Psychological, social and family

consequences.

Children can be orphaned or enter severe

poverty at the loss of their adult caregivers

Page 15: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Factors Affecting Child Injury

Age

&

Development

Physical characteristics (small body, difficult to see surrounding areas,

and others to see the child.)

Cognitive abilities

(inappropriate judgment)Dependence

Page 16: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Risks Associated with the Child

Child development

◦ physical characteristics

◦ cognitive abilities

Child degrees of dependence and

behaviours

Child gender

Page 17: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Development

Physical characteristics:

◦ Larger and relatively softer heads

◦ Smaller physical stature

Cognitive abilities:

◦ sensory facilities and ability to synthesise

information is less developed

Page 18: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

ศรษะเดกน าหนกมากถงรอยละ 30 ของน าหนกตว ขณะทผใหญมน าหนกศรษะเพยงรอยละ 6 ของน าหนกตว เวลาพงกระเดนกระดอน เดกจะพง

เหมอนลกแบดมนตน!

ศรษะเดก

Page 19: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Infant neck muscles are not well developed.

Risk to C-spine injury

กลามเนอตนคอออนแอ

Page 20: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Degrees of Dependence & Behaviour

Very young children and infants are entirely

dependent on adult caregivers

Older children and adolescents have

increasing independence, and may engage in

risky or unsafe behaviours

Peer pressure can increase risk taking

behaviour

Page 21: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Gender

Male children have nearly 2 times as many

road traffic injury deaths as female

children

Page 22: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Risks Associated with Road Use

Pedestrians

Occupants

Bicyclists

Motorcyclists

Young driver

Page 23: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Pedestrians

Single largest category of road traffic

injuries involving children worldwide

HIC: 5-10%

LMIC: 30-40%

Risk: mixed traffic where it is common to

walk along side roads

Page 24: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Occupants

50% of child road traffic injury deaths in

HIC

Emerging problem in LMIC

Risks:

◦ Lack of appropriate restraints

◦ Child being placed in the front seat of the car

Page 25: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Bicyclists and Motorcyclists

Bicyclists:

3-15% of child road traffic injuries

Up to 33% of child road traffic injury deaths

Motorcyclists:

A leading cause of mortality

Risks:

Lack of helmet use

Mixed traffic use

Page 26: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Young Drivers

Major cause of road traffic injury death in HIC

A 16 year old is 4 times more likely to have

fatal car crash than a 25-29 year old

Risks:

◦ Drink driving

◦ Speeding

◦ Non-use of seat belts

◦ Distraction

Page 27: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

System’s Approach to

Road Traffic Injury Prevention

The Child

The Environment The Vehicle

Education

Engineering

Enforced Legislation

Page 28: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

The Child

Education can improve skills and improve behaviour

◦ Road and bicycle skills

◦ Driver education with phased licensure

Engineering protective equipment decreases injury

risk

◦ Child restraints

◦ Helmets

Enforced legislation improves uptake and effectiveness

Page 29: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

The Vehicle

Engineering cars for safety prevents injury

Crash-protective:

◦ crumple zones

◦ side impact bars

◦ redesign front bumpers

◦ alcohol interlock systems

◦ speed governors

Enforced legislation improves uptake and effectiveness

Improving visibility:

– reversing cameras

and alarms

– daytime running lights

Page 30: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

The Environment

Engineering modifications to roads decreases risk

◦ Reducing speeds

◦ Separating mixed traffic

◦ Pedestrian walkways

◦ Safe routes to school

◦ Safe play areas

Enforced legislation improves uptake and effectiveness

Page 31: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Decade of Action for Road Safety

By 2020, road traffic injuries will become

the 3rd leading cause of death

The UN ‘global plan’ aims to save 5

million lives from road traffic injuries in

the decade between 2011 – 2020.

Page 32: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Effective Interventions to

Child Road Traffic Injury

Prevention

Page 33: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Effective Interventions

Page 34: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Engineering

Using appropriate child

restraints & seat belts

Wearing bicycle and

motorcycle helmets

Environment modifications

to slow speeds

Separating mixed traffic

Page 35: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

นางเลกทนงซอนทายไดอมนองดาว อาย 9 เดอน มาดวย แตจ ๆ ชายผาเชดตวนองดาวไดหลดออก และถกดงเขาไปในลอรถจกรยานยนตทดานหลง ท าใหนองดาวเขาไปตดอยระหวางโชคอพกบลอรถ เมอหยดรถนายรสและนางเลก ทอยในอาการตกใจ ไดพยายามชวยนองดาวออกมาแตไมส าเรจ พลเมองดจงโทรศพทแจงเจาหนาทกภย ซงเจาหนาทตองลงมออยางระมดระวง และใชเวลารวม 20 นาท กวาจะชวยเหลอออกมาได จากนนจงน าตวนองดาวสงโรงพยาบาลใกลเคยงเพอใหแพทยท าการรกษาอยางเรงดวน

Page 36: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,
Page 37: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

• หมวกนรภยลดการตายจากอบตเหตได 29%• ลดการบาดเจบทศรษะได 40%

พรบ จราจร มาตรา 122 ผขบขรถจกรยานยนต และผโดยสารตองสวมหมวกนรภย รวมทงเดกทกวย

Page 38: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

เพอลดการตายของเดกจากการโดยสารรถยนต การนงรถยนตทกประเภทตองบงคบใหเดกใชระบบยดเหนยวเพอยดตวเดกไวไมใหกระเดนออกนอกรถ หรอกระแทกกระทนโครงสรางภายในตวรถ ระบบยดเหนยวดงกลาวประกอบดวยเขมขดนรภยและทนงนรภย

ทงนตองครอบคลมทกทนงในรถยนต

ขอแนะน าราชวทยาลยกมารแพทยแหงประเทศไทย

Page 39: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

เขมขดนรภย?

ส าหรบเดกนนจะใชเขมขดนรภยไดเหมาะสมปลอดภยกตอเมอ ...มอาย 9 ปขนไป หรอ มน าหนกมากกวา 30

กก หรอความสงตงแต140 ซ.ม. ขนไป...เทานน มฉะนนเขมขดนรภย อาจกลายเปนตวการท าอนตรายตอเดกๆอยางรนแรง

Page 40: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

ในเดกอายนอยกวา 9 ป ตองใชทนงนรภยใหเหมาะสมตามวย และตองยดเหนยวใหถกวธตามค าแนะน าของแตละผลตภณฑ

ขอแนะน าราชวทยาลยกมารแพทยแหงประเทศไทย

Page 41: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

ทนงนรภยส าหรบเดกอายนอยกวา 2 ปหรอน าหนกนอยกวา 12 กก.

ตองใชทนงทหนหนาไปทางดานหลงรถ (rearward facing seat) หรอ ทนงส าหรบทารกและเดกเลก (convertible seat) ทสามารถใชกบเดก แรกเกดถงอาย4 ปไดดวย แตตองใชบนทนงดานหลงและหนหนาไปทางดานหลงเทานน

Page 42: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Never have a child in the Front Seat

with an Airbag

Page 43: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

เดกอาย 2-6 ป ใชทนงนรภยส าหรบเดกเลก• โดยใหนงเบาะหลงและหนหนาไปทางดานหนารถตามปกตได (forward facing seat) ทนงนรภยส าหรบเดกวยนยงคงมเขมขดนรภยในตวเปนแบบยดเหนยวรางกายเดกไว 5 จด

Page 44: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

เดกอาย 4-11 ป ใหใชทนงทนงเสรม (booster

seat) เพอยกตวใหสงพอทจะใชเขมขดนรภยของรถยนตได ซงจะราคาประหยด ไมมเขมขดนรภยในตว ใชเขมขดนรภยรถยนตเปนอปกรณยดเหนยว

Page 45: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,
Page 46: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,
Page 47: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

ในรถเกงทมทนงตอนหลงเดกอายนอยกวา 13 ปควรใหนงทางดานหลง การนงเบาะทนงตอนหลงจะลดความเสยงตอการบาดเจบรนแรงเมอเกดอบตเหตลงไดถง 5 เทา

ยกเวนทนงตอนหลงของรถปคอพ(สวนแคป) ซงความกวางไมเพยงพอ เมอเกดอบตเหตพบวาอตราการบาดเจบไมแตกตางจากผนงตอนหนา

ขอแนะน าราชวทยาลยกมารแพทยแหงประเทศไทย

Page 48: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

เปาหมายแรก..

ในโรงพยาบาล..

ฝากครรภ หลงคลอด

และคลนกเดกสขภาพ

Page 49: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

เปาหมายตอไป..ในโรงเรยน

Page 50: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,
Page 51: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,
Page 52: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,
Page 53: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,
Page 54: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Enforced Legislation

Drink driving laws

Motorcycle helmets

Graduate car driver licensing systems

Page 55: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,

Emergency and Trauma Care

Improving or creating pre-hospital care

infrastructure and delivery

Improving the organisation, training and access to

in-hospital trauma care

Strengthening rehabilitation services and access

Page 56: Road Traffic Injuries - thaipediatrics.org · Road traffic injuries are defined as: “Fatal* or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic crash.” Pedestrians, bicyclists,