road and rail infrastructure iii

3rd International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure2830 April 2014, Split, Croatia

Road and Rail Infrastructure IIIStjepan Lakui editor

OrganizerUniversity of Zagreb

Faculty of Civil EngineeringDepartment of Transportation


TiTleRoad and Rail Infrastructure I I I, Proceedings of the Conference CeTRA 2014

ediTed byStjepan Lakui

iSSN1848-9850

PubliShed byDepartment of TransportationFaculty of Civil EngineeringUniversity of ZagrebKaieva 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

deSigN, lAyouT & CoveR PAgeminimum d.o.o.Marko Uremovi Matej Korlaet

PRiNTed iN ZAgReb, CRoATiA by Tiskara Zelina, April 2014

CoPieS400

Zagreb, April 2014.

Although all care was taken to ensure the integrity and quality of the publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher, the editor and authors for any damages to property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication or use the informations, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein.The papers published in the Proceedings express the opinion of the authors, who also are responsible for their content. Reproduction or transmission of full papers is allowed only with written permission of the Publisher. Short parts may be reproduced only with proper quotation of the source.

Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructures CeTRA 20142830 April 2014, Split, Croatia

Road and Rail Infrastructure IIIEditor Stjepan LakuiDepartment of TransportationFaculty of Civil EngineeringUniversity of ZagrebZagreb, Croatia

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oRgANiSATioNChAiRmeN

Prof. Stjepan Lakui, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering Prof. eljko Korlaet, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering

oRgANiZiNg CommiTTee

Prof. Stjepan LakuiProf. eljko KorlaetProf. Vesna DrageviProf. Tatjana RukavinaAssist. Prof. Ivica Staneridr. Maja AhacIvo Haladindr. Saa AhacJosipa DomitroviTamara Dambas

All members of CeTRA 2014 Conference Organizing Committee are professors andassistants of the Department of Transportation, Faculty of Civil Engineering atUniversity of Zagreb.

iNTeRNATioNAl ACAdemiC SCieNTifiC CommiTTee

Prof. Vesna Dragevi, University of ZagrebProf. Isfendiyar Egeli, Izmir Institute of TechnologyProf. Rudolf Eger, RheinMain UniversityProf. Eref Gaanin, Univeristy of SarajevoProf. Nenad Gucunski, Rutgers UniversityProf. Libor Izvolt, University of ZilinaProf. Lajos Kisgyrgy, Budapest University of Technology and EconomicsProf. eljko Korlaet, University of ZagrebProf. Zoran Krakutovski, University of SkopjeProf. Stjepan Lakui, University of ZagrebProf. Dirk Lauwers, Ghent UniversityProf. Zili Li, Delft University of TechnologyProf. Janusz Madejski, Silesian University of TechnologyProf. Goran Mladenovi, University of BelgradeProf. Otto Plaek, Brno University of TechnologyProf. Vassilios A. Profillidis, Democritus University of ThraceProf. Carmen Racanel, Technical University of Civil Engineering BucharestProf. Tatjana Rukavina, University of ZagrebProf. Andreas Schoebel, Vienna University of TechnologyProf. Mirjana Tomii-Torlakovi, University of BelgradeProf. Audrius Vaitkus, Vilnius Gediminas Technical UniversityProf. Nencho Nenov, University of Transport in SofiaProf. Marijan ura, University of Ljubljana

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foRewoRdThe 3rd International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure CeTRA 2014 was organi-zed by the University of Zagreb - Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department for Transportation Engineering. The Conference was held in Split, Croatia. Split is the largest city in Dalmatia and the second largest city in Croatia, and it is also one of Croatian Champions of Tourism. The 1st International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure (CeTRA 2010) was held on 17-18 May 2010 in Opatija. The 2nd International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure (CeTRA 2012) was held on 7-9 May 2012 in Dubrovnik. A great interest of participants in topics and themes from the field of road and rail infrastructure, as shown during the CeTRA 2010 conference (140 papers from 29 countries) and CeTRA 2012 conference (142 papers from 39 countries), justified the Department of Transportation Engineering's decision to organise once again an international event of such great significance. Positive comments received from participants in past conferences motivated the Department for Transportation Engineering of the Faculty of Civil Engineering - University of Zagreb to continue with the organization of this international event. The CeTRA conference has established itself as a venue where scientific and professional information from the field of road and rail infrastructure is exchanged. The idea on linking re-search organisations and economic operators has been the guiding concept for the realisation of this conference. Conferences of this kind are undoubtedly a proper place for bringing closer together the economy and university operators, and for facilitating communication and esta-blishing greater confidence that might result in cooperation on new projects, especially those that contribute to greater competition. Lectures organized in the scope of the conference are based on interesting technical solutions and on new knowledge from the field of transport infrastructure as gained on already realised projects, projects currently at the planning stage, and those now under construction, in all parts of the world. In addition to authors from the academic community, lectures were also presented by practical authors, the idea being to ensure the best possible synergy between the theory and practice. Because of a great interest for the themes from the field of road and rail infrastructure, as shown during the past two conferences (CeTRA 2010 and CeTRA 2012), the Department for Transportation Engineering of the Faculty of Civil Engineering Zagreb assumed the responsibility to organise the CeTRA conference in this year as well.Our goal for the International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure CETRA is to have all published papers indexed in scientific databases in order to achieve greater recognition for the conference itself, for published papers, and for their authors. As the serial publica-tion entitled Road and Rail Infrastructure has been achieved with this third conference, the precondition has been fulfilled to obtain the International Standard Serial Number (iSSN), which was the condition for starting procedure for registering this publication in scientific databases. The procedure has already been initiated.The third International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure CeTRA 2014 - is organi-sed in this year in order to bring together scientists and experts from the fields of road and railway engineering, and to present them with yet another opportunity to share results of their research, findings and innovations, analyze problems encountered in everyday engineering practice, and offer possible solutions for a more efficient planning, design, construction, and maintenance of various transport infrastructure facilities and projects.CeTRA 2014 covers many areas: traffic planning and modelling, infrastructure projects, in-frastructure management, road pavements, rail track superstructure, construction and

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maintenance, transport geotechnics, tunnels and bridges, structural monitoring and mainte-nance, computer techniques and simulations, noise and vibration, innovation and new tech-nology, urban transport, integrated timetables on railways, rail traffic management systems, vehicle dynamics, traffic safety, and bicycle traffic.CeTRA 2014 attracted a large number of papers and presentations from 35 countries and 47 universities. More than 146 papers were presented at the conference and are grouped together in these proceedings entitled Road and Rail Infrastructure III. The papers are con-veniently divided into twelve chapters: Rail Infrastructure Projects Design, Construction, Maintenance and Management, Road Infrastructure Projects Construction, Maintenance and Management, Road Traffic Planning and Modelling, Road Pavements, Rail Vehicle-Track Inte-raction, Structural Monitoring and Maintenance, Transport Geotechnics, Integrated Timeta-bles on Railways, Traffic Safety, Environmental Protection, Urban Transport and Passenger services: baggage storage and boarding.The organizers of the conference wish to express their thanks to all businesses and institu-tions that provided their valuable support to this Conference. Special thanks are extended to the University of Zagreb, Croatian Railways H Infrastruktura, and Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure, for their assistance in organizing the workshop on Im-plementation of European Rail Traffic Management System (eRTmS) in South and East Europe. The Editor commends all authors for excellent papers contributed to these proceedings, and wishes to thank members of the International Academic Scientific Committee, and numerous experts who participated in the review process. The gratitude is also extended to all partici-pants for deciding to come to Split and take part in CeTRA 2014. We believe that these CeTRA 2014 proceedings entitled Road and Rail Infrastructure III will be, just like the preceding two proceedings from the CeTRA cycle, highly interesting and useful to all experts exhibiting a scientific and professional interest in road and rail infrastructure.

The ediToRProf. Stjepan LakuiApril, 2014.

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CoNfeReNCe SuPPoRT

8cetra 2014 3rd International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure

Under the Auspices of

University of Zagreb Trg marala Tita 14, 10000 ZAGREB, Croatia

Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Zagreb Kaieva 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatiawww.grad.hr

Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure Prisavlje 14, 10000 ZAGREB, Croatia

Minister of Science, Education and Sports Donje Svetice 38, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

H INFRASTRUKTURA d.o.o. Mihanovieva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia


Golden Sponsor

Silver Sponsor

Bronze Sponsors

Media Partners

CEMEX www.cemex.hr

Department of Transportation Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Zagreb Kaieva 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia www.grad.hr

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH Lembckgasse 63/2, A-1230 Wien www.hbm.at

Tensar International www.tensar-international.com

Journal of Croatian Association of Civil Engineers Berislavieva 6, 10000Zagreb, Croatia www.casopis-gradjevinar.hr [email protected]

Journal for railway operators and suppliers www.railwaygazette.com [email protected]


CoNTeNTSKeyNoTe leCTuReS

geoTeChNiCAl ChAlleNgeS foR The euRoPeAN TeN-T NeTwoRK SmARTRAil ANd beyoNd Kenneth Gavin, Cormac Reale, Jianfeng Xue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1 RAil iNfRASTRuCTuRe PRojeCTS deSigN, CoNSTRuCTioN, mAiNTeNANCe ANd mANAgemeNT

oPTimiSATioN of RAilwAy oPeRATioN by APPliCATioN of KRoNeCKeR AlgebRAMark Volcic, Johann Blieberger, Andreas Schbel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

The STudy oN gRouNd behAvioR by STeel PiPe jACKiNg bASed oN A full-SCAle TeST Eum Kiyoung, Choi Chanyong, Lee Seonghyeok, Lee Jeeha, Chung Heungchai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

develoPmeNT of A heATiNg SySTem foR hollow SleePeRS CoNTAiNiNg PoiNTS PoSiTioNiNg SySTemSBenjamin Kaufmann, Franz Kurzweil, Julian Heger, Robert Adam, Steffen Grossmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

RAilwAy m201, SeCTioN KRievCi KoPRivNiCA STATe boRdeR: uPgRAde ANd CoNSTRuCTioN of SeCoNd TRACKNeboja Opai, Joanna Zboromirska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

TRAffiC-CoNSTRuCTioNAl ASPeCTS foR buildiNg of byPASS ARouNd NiS iN CoRRidoR XTatjana Simi, Tatjana Miki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

RehAbiliTATioN of RAilwAy liNeS AmAC SARAjevo ANd SARAjevo APljiNASaa Dumhur, Amra Zvizdi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

RAil TRAffiC NoiSe PRoTeCTioN iN CRoATiA ChAlleNgeS duRiNg The fiRST APPliCATioNStjepan Lakui, Maja Ahac, Dalibor Barto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

mAiNTeNANCe iN The life CyCle of RAilwAy iNfRASTRuCTuReWaldemar Alduk, Saa Marenjak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

TRACK geomeTRy meASuRemeNT AS PReveNTive mAiNTeNANCe dATA SouRCeJanusz Madejski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97

RAilwAy iNveSTmeNT PlANNiNg uSiNg dyNAmiC PRioRiTieS Dragana Macura, Neboja Bojovi, Milica elmi, Milutin Miloevi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

euRoPeAN eXiSTiNg RAilwAy TRACKS: oveRview of TyPiCAl PRoblemS ANd ChAlleNgeSIrina Stipanovic Oslakovic, Xincai Tan, Kenneth Gavin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

fiNANCiNg of RAilwAy CoRRidoR iNfRASTRuCTuRe iN TRANSiT CouNTRieS Ljubo erak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119

The STRATegy of iNTRoduCiNg eCTS SAfeTy SySTem oN RAilwAy CoRRidoR vC iN boSNiA ANd heRZegoviNAIgor Markovi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

2 RoAd iNfRASTRuCTuRe PRojeCTS CoNSTRuCTioN, mAiNTeNANCe ANd mANAgemeNT

TowARdS mAXimiZATioN of The Added vAlue of STRATegiC iNfRASTRuCTuRe PRojeCTS iN SouTh eAST euRoPe ThRough imPRovemeNTS AT boRdeR CRoSSiNg PoiNTSMarios Miltiadou, Efstathios Bouhouras, Christos Taxiltaris, George Mintsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

ANeli iNTeRChANge oN mATulji uKA SeCTioN of AdRiATiC higwAy (b8)Neboja Opai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147


iNveSTmeNT PlAN foR bAR boljARe moToRwAyAngelina ivkovi, Dragana Macura, Read Nuhodi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153

PRoblemS TRACiNg byPASS CoRRidoR iN SmAll CiTy iN The eXAmPle of dRNiAna Rigo, eljko Stepan, Igor Majstorovi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

imPoRTANCe of TemPoRARy TRAffiC RegulATioN duRiNg CoNSTRuCTioN oR ReCoNSTRuCTioN of RoAdSSanja Dimter, Hrvoje Dragovan, Dalibor Opaak, Vladimir Moser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

New RoAd mAiNTeNANCe model iN fiNlANd 2014 PiloT PRojeCTPekka Pakkala, Katja Levola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175

eXPeRimeNTAl SeCTioNS iN The huNgARiAN RoAd mANAgemeNTLszl Gspr, Zsolt Bencze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

ReduCiNg CoST of iNfRASTRuCTuRe woRKS uSiNg New TeChNologieSAdrian Burlacu, Carmen Racanel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

RoAd NeTwoRK mANAgemeNT iN CRoATiA iN ComPARiSoN wiTh oTheR euRoPeAN CouNTRieSAndrea Stani, Zlata Dolaek-Alduk, Sanja Dimter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

loNg TeRm PeRfoRmANCe of RoAd mARKiNgS oN RuRAl RoAdS: guideliNeS foR mAiNTeNANCe mANAgemeNTMarco Pasetto, Stefano Damiano Barbati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203

APPliCATioN of AN ARTifiCiAl NeuRAl NeTwoRK iN A PAvemeNT mANAgemeNT SySTemHrvoje Dragovan, Tatjana Rukavina, Josipa Domitrovi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211

3 RoAd TRAffiC PlANNiNg ANd modelliNg

The uSe of diffeReNT meThodologieS foR SATuRATioN heAdwAyS ANd SATuRATioN flow RATeS AT SigNAliZed iNTeRSeCTioNS S. Kosmopoulou, A. Efthimiou, G. Mintsis, C. Taxiltaris, S. Basbas, M. Miltiadou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

ComPARATive STudieS RegARdiNg TRAffiC flow imPRovemeNT SCeNARioS uSiNg SofTwARe modelliNg ANd ReAl meASuRed dATANicolae Ciont, Mihai Iliescu, Rodica Dorina Cadar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229

TRANSPoRT demANd modeliNg foR NATioNAl PARK mAvRovoVaska Atanasova, Kristina Hadjipetkova, Dragan Ilievski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

imPACTS of The CoNSTRuCTioN of The PlANNed ReSideNTiAl ANd buSiNeSS ComPleX oN The RoAd NeTwoRK of The CiTy of moSTARSuada Debo, Mirza Pozder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

deTeRmiNATioN of The effeCT of iNTeRSeCTioN CoNTRol mode oN vehiCle delAy TimeSJan Hradil, Michal Uhlik, Tomas Havlicek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249

SuSTAiNAble mobiliTy of SmAll TouRiST PlACeSMario Njegovec, Luka Kosmat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

offTRACKiNg CoNTRol RequiRemeNTS foR quAliTy RouNdAbouT deSigNIvica Staneri, Tomislav Dobrica, Saa Ahac, Vesna Dragevi, Danijel Tenera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263

ComPARiSoN beTweeN modelled ANd meASuRed TRAvelliNg Time iN uRbAN RouNdAbouTSIrena Itoka Otkovi, Martina Zagvozda, Matja raml . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269

ideNTifiCATioN of AT-gRAde iNTeRSeCTioNS ChARACTeRiSTiCS foR defiNiNg bASiC iNPuTS iNTo mCA meThodologyJan Hradil, Michal Uhlik, Petr Slaby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

4 RoAd PAvemeNTS

PAvemeNT mAiNTeNANCe PRogRAmmiNg CoNSideRiNg ThRee objeCTiveS: mAiNTeNANCe ANd RehAbiliTATioN CoSTS, uSeR CoSTS, ANd The ReSiduAl vAlue of PAvemeNTSAdelino Ferreira, Susana Meneses, Cassio Paiva. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285


iNflueNCe of TiRe PReSSuRe oN The veRTiCAl dyNAmiC loAd APPlied oN The PAvemeNT by A TRuCKS fRoNT SuSPeNSioNPablo Yugo Yoshiura Kubo, Cassio Eduardo Lima De Paiva, Adelino Ferreira . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293

deSigN model foR STATiC ANd imPACT loAd AffeCTed PAvemeNTSAudrius Vaitkus, Viktoras Vorobjovas, Judita Graulyt, Rita Kleizien . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

AlTeRNATive RehAbiliTATioN meThodS foR low-volume RoAdSAudrius Vaitkus, Viktoras Vorobjovas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309

CoNSideRATioN RegARdiNg ASPhAlT miXTuReS iN RoAd PAvemeNT ANd AiRPoRT PAvemeNTCarmen Rcnel, Claudia Petcu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

imPACT of high PRoCeSS TemPeRATuRe oN viSCoelASTiC PRoPeRTieS of PolymeR modified biTumeN iN wATeRPRoofiNg ANd bRidge PAvemeNTSMicha Sarnowski, Piotr Radziszewski, Karol J. Kowalski, Jan B. Krl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

effeCTS of ClimATiC fACToRS oN The ShAPe of defleCTioN bowlCsaba Tth, Ibolya Szentpteri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331

SubgRAde beARiNg CAPACiTy iNflueNCe oN fleXible PAvemeNT STRuCTuReS behAviouRtefan Marian Lazr, Elena Diaconu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339

lAboRAToRy ANd field eXPeRieNCe wiTh PmmA/ATh ComPoSiTe duST iN ASPhAlT miXTuReS Marjan Tuar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

New SoluTioNS foR diSTReSSed PAvemeNT RehAbiliTATioN of vilNiuS CiTy STReeTS Audrius Vaitkus, Donatas ygas, Rita Kleizien, Laura ilit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351

The imPACT of ComPACTioN eNeRgy oN The PRoPeRTieS of ASPhAlT lAyeRS Ivica Androji, Gordana Kaluer, Mario Komljen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

iNdiReCT TeNSile TeST of ASPhAlT miXTuRe STiffNeSS moduluSMiroslav imun, Maja Halle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

moiSTuRe dAmAge ANd low TemPeRATuRe CRACKiNg of modified biTumiNouS miXTuReS foR RoAd PAvemeNTSMarco Pasetto, Nicola Baldo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

ComPARiSoN The ChARACTeRiSTiCS of AC 8 SuRf ANd AC 11 SuRf ANd ReSulTS beTweeN TRee lAboRAToRieS AT low TemPeRATuReSDejan Hribar, Marjan Tuar, Tomislav afran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

eXAmPleS of ReuSe of mATeRiAlS of deCoNSTRuCTioN foR The CoNSTiTuTioN of A RoAd STRuCTuRe ReCyviA PRoCeSSJean-Etienne Urbain, Eric Layerle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389

eNviRoNmeNT PRoTeCTioN by uSiNg New TeChNologieS foR ASPhAlT miXTuReSCarmen Racanel, Adrian Burlacu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

effeCTS of A ChemiCAl wmA AddiTive oN AgiNg ChARACTeRiSTiCS of biTumiNouS miXTuReSPeyman Aghazadeh Dokandari, Julide Oylumluoglu Oner, Ali Topal, Burak Sengoz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

imPACT of SeleCTed ChemiCAl AddiTiveS oN PeRfoRmANCe behAvioR of wARm ASPhAlT CoNCReTe miXJan Valentin, Petr Mondschein, Jan Bene, Luk Kek, Lucie Soukupov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

viASPhAlT bT, The mASTiC ASPhAlT low ANd veRy low TemPeRATuReJean-Etienne Urbain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

The effeCTS of AgeiNg oN RoAd biTumeN modified wiTh The eThyleNe viNyl ACeTATe PolymeRVesna Oceli Bulatovi, Vesna Rek, Emi Govorin Bajsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

ASSeSSmeNT of AN APPRoPRiATe modifieR CoNTeNT iN modified biTumeN bASed oN The mulTiPle STReSS CReeP ReCoveRy TeSTJan B. Krl, Piotr Radziszewski, Karol J. Kowalski, Micha Sarnowski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

eXPeRimeNTAl STudy oN The eNhANCemeNT of meChANiCAl PRoPeRTieS of biTumiNouS mASTiCS AT high STRAiNSMarco Pasetto, Stefano Damiano Barbati, Giovanni Giacomello . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439


effeCT of biTumeN oRigiN oN behAvioR of Cold ReCyCled miXeS uSiNg foAmed biTumeN TeChNiqueJan Valentin, Jan Suda, Zuzana Formanov, Tereza Valentov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .447

iNflueNCe of ChemiCAl CATAlySTS ANd SeleCTed AddiTiveS oN behAvioR of CRumb RubbeR modified biTumeNKristna Milkov, Lucie Soukupov, Jan Valentin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

5 RAil vehiCle-TRACK iNTeRACTioN

TRACK-STRuCTuRe iNTeRACTioN ANAlySiS uSiNg fe modelliNg TeChNiqueSPhilip Icke, Geoffrey Paice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .467

vibRATioN PRoblemS AT SwiTCheSManfred Bauer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

meASuRemeNT ANd ANAlySiS of The dyNAmiC effeCTS oN The CRoSSiNgSIvan Vukui, Daniela Sadlekov, Jaroslav Smutn, Lubo Pazdera, Vladimr Tomandl, Jan Hajni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .483

AdvANTAgeS of iNSTAllATioN of RubbeR-meTAl elemeNTS iN SuSPeNSioN of RAilwAy vehiCleSDragan Petrovi, Dobrinka Atmadzhova, Milan Bii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

PlASTiC SleePeR ANChoRS iN CZeCh RePubliCOtto Plek, Miroslava Hruzkov, Richard Svoboda, Lubomr Malovan, Milan Valenta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .499

RolliNg CoNTACT fATigue oN TRAmwAyS RAilVinko Akos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .509

6 STRuCTuRAl moNiToRiNg ANd mAiNTeNANCe

bRidge evAluATioN meThod uSiNg meTRologiCAl meThodS iN ShoRT ANd loNg-TeRm meASuRemeNTSGert Gommola, Peter Krempels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

evAluATioN ANd mANAgemeNT of SeiSmiC eNdANgeRmeNT of RiNg RoAd TheSSAloNiKiC. Antoniadis, . Triantafyllidis, . Anastasiadis, Pitsiava M. Latinopoulou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527

moviNg loAd effeCT oN bRidgeSubo Daniel, Jn Korti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

RehAbiliTATioN of STeel RAilwAy bRidgeS by imPlemeNTATioN of uhPfRC deCKIgor Daji, Aljoa Sajna, Irina Stipanovi Oslakovi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .541

iNflueNCe of TRAm iNduCed vibRATioN oN uNdeRgRouNd gARAge STRuCTuRe Stjepan Lakui, Ivo Haladin, Marijan Bogut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .549

7 TRANSPoRT geoTeChNiCS

STAbiliSATioN of foRmeR TRuNK RoAd embANKmeNT uSiNg CombiNed STRuCTuRAl ANd eCo-eNgiNeeRiNg STRATegieS Slobodan B. Mickovski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559

PoSSible imPACT of euRoCode 7 oN SloPe deSigN foR RoAdS ANd RAilwAySJovan. Br. Papi, R. Ristov, Slobodan Ognjenovi, Igor Peevski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567

geoRiSK A RiSK model ANd deCiSioN SuPPoRT Tool foR RAil ANd RoAd SloPe iNfRASTRuCTuRePaul Doherty, Kenneth Gavin, Karlo Martinovi, Cormac Reale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573

SloPe RemediATioN meThodology oN The ZAgReb-mACelj highwAyGoran Grget, Katarina Ravnjak, Mladen Krpan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581

mulTiPle loAd CASe oN fleXible ShAllow lANdSlide bARRieRS mudSlide ANd RoCKfAllCorinna Wendeler, Vjekoslav Budimir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587

deSigN of RAilwAy TRACKbedS wiTh geoCellSMoshe Livneh, Noam A. Livneh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595


SubSoil SToNe foReST diSCoveRed duRiNg The CoNSTRuCTioN of The moToRwAy (Se SloveNiA)Martin Knez, Tadej Slabe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .603

APPliCATioN of iNduSTRiAl wASTe mATeRiAlS iN SuSTAiNAble gRouNd imPRovemeNT Mario Bai, Danijela Mari, Tea Perun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609

meThodS of SuRveyiNg iN RoCKfAll PRoTeCTioNLovorka Libri, Marijan Car, Meho Saa Kovaevi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

oPTimiZATioN of geoTeChNiCAl iNveSTigATioN woRKS duRiNg The ReCoNSTRuCTioN of The TRANSiTioN ZoNeS oN The old RAilwAy liNeSMarko Bian, Marko Vajdi, Ivan Matkovi, Luka Bolfan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

iNflueNCe of lAyeRed geoSyNTheTiCS oN CbR of ClAyey SubgRAde wiTh Soil-geoSyNTheTiC iNTeRACTioNM.V. Shah, A.J. Shah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631

fem ANAlySiS wiTh SPeCiAl foCuS oN Soil-STRuCTuRe iNTeRACTioN of floATiNg SlAb-TRACK iNfRASTRuCTuRe iN high SPeed RAilwAy embANKmeNTSPaulina Bakunowicz, Hasan Emre Demirci, Isfendiyar Egeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641

defoRmATioNAl PRoPeRTieS of uNbouNd gRANulAR PAvemeNT mATeRiAlSAndrea Nainovi Margan, eljko Arbanas, Aleksandra Deluka-Tiblja, Marijana Cuculi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .649

APPliCATioN of NeuRAl NeTwoRKS iN ANAlyZiNg of RoCK mASS PARAmeTeRS iN TuNNelliNgZlatko Zafirovski, Milorad Jovanovski, Darko Moslavac, Zoran Krakutovski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657

deTeRmiNATioN of blAST iNduCed dAmAge ZoNe duRiNg TuNNel eXCAvATioNS iN CARboNATe RoCKSHrvoje Antievi, Hrvoje Perkovi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .663

moNiToRiNg ANd SuPeRviSioN of TuNNelS iN CRoATiAKatarina Ravnjak, Goran Grget, Mladen Garai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .669

Sv. ilijA TuNNelS ThRough bioKovo mouNTAiNIbrahim Jaarevi, Hrvoje Krhen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675

8 iNTegRATed TimeTAbleS oN RAilwAyS

miCRoSCoPiC SimulATioN of RAilwAy oPeRATioN foR develoPiNg iNTegRATed TimeTAbleSAndreas Schbel, Mark Volcic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .685

A meTAheuRiSTiC APPRoACh foR iNTegRATed TimeTAble bASed deSigN of RAilwAy iNfRASTRuCTuReIgor Grujii, Gnther Raidl, Andreas Schbel, Gerhard Besau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691

RegioNAl RAilwAyS: TimeTAble-bASed loNg-TeRm iNfRASTRuCTuRe develoPmeNTStefan Walter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .697

iNTegRATed PeRiodiC TimeTAble bASed CoNCePTS iN huNgARiAN NATioNAl TRANSPoRT STRATegyViktor Borza, Jnos Fldik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705

A New APPRoACh foR defiNiNg The imPRovemeNT PlANS of RAil NeTwoRKSGiovanni Longo, Giorgio Medeossi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .713

miCRoSCoPiC SimulATioN of RAilwAy oPeRATioN foR develoPiNg iNTegRATed TimeTAbleSAndreas Schbel, Mark Volcic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719

9 TRAffiC SAfeTy

RelATioN beTweeN SPeed iNCoNSiSTeNCy ANd dRiviNg SAfeTy oN CRoATiAN STATe RoAd d-1Biljana Vukoje, Draen Cvitani, Ante Proso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727

The Need foR SAfeR ANd foRgiviNg RoAdSFlorentina Alina Burlacu, Otilia Tarita-Cimpeanu, Mihai Dicu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735

ReCoRdiNg ANd evAluATioN PRoCeduRe of dRiveRS diSTRACTioN iN ACCoRdANCe wiTh dRiveRS ChARACTeRiSTiCS iN high SPeed ARTeRiAlSEleni Misokefalou, Nikolaos Eliou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743


AN APPRoACh To ASSeSSiNg dRiveRS behAviouR AT RouNdAbouTSFatiha Moutchou, Abdelghani Cherkaoui, El Miloudi El Koursi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .751

homogeNiZATioN of SPeed oN SeCoNdARy ANd loCAl RoAdS iN The flANdeRS RegioN: AN eXPloRAToRy STudy mAKiNg uSe of A TRAffiC SigNS dATAbASeDirk Lauwers, Johan De Mol, Dominique Gillis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .761

SAfeTy meASuReS iN RoAd TuNNelSIvana Komi, Ivica Staneri, eljko Stepan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771

APPRoACheS To Solve The PRoblem of PASSive SAfeTy of PASSeNgeR wAgoNSVenelin Pavlov, Nencho Nenov, Veselin Stoyanov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779

fACToRS iNflueNCiNg dRiveRS behAviouR AT iNTeRSeCTioNS CRoSSed by The TRAmFatiha Moutchou, Abdelghani Cherkaoui, El Miloudi El Koursi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .785

imPRoviNg The ReSilieNCe of The meTRo vehiCle To blAST ANd fiReEl Miloudi El Koursi, Jean Luc Bruyelle, Amaury Flancquart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793

The imPlemeNTATioN of iNTelligeNT iNfoRmATioN SySTemS To iNCReASe SAfeTy iN RAil level CRoSSiNgSMarko Hoi, Ivan Vlai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .799

10 eNviRoNmeNTAl PRoTeCTioN

well-To-wheel eNeRgy ComPARiSoN of uS ANd euRoPeAN RAil fReighTRomain Bosquet, Olivier Cazier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809

ComPARATive wiNd iNflueNCe oN uSe PhASe eNeRgy CoNSumPTioNS of RoAdS ANd RAilwAySA. Coiret, P.-O. Vandanjon, R. Bosquet, A. Jullien . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817

imPACT of New builT RouNdAbouTS oN eNviRoNmeNTAl iN CiTy of viNKovCiNikola ubi, Marko Lui, Tomislav Zulumovi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825

iSSueS RelATed To The imPACT of NoiSe AT AT-gRAde iNTeRSeCTioNSJan Hradil, Jan Kovak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833

The imPACT of iNTeRSeCTioN TyPe oN TRAffiC NoiSe levelS iN ReSideNTiAl AReASTamara Dambas, Saa Ahac, Vesna Dragevi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841

PeRfoRmANCe CheCKS AS PReRequiSiTeS foR eNviRoNmeNTAl beNefiTS of RouNdAbouTSSaa Ahac, Tamara Dambas, Ivica Staneri, Vesna Dragevi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .847

uRbAN PAvemeNT SuRfACeS heATiNg iNflueNCiNg PARAmeTeRSMarijana Cuculi, Aleksandra Deluka-Tiblja, Sergije Babi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853

buRied fleXible CoRRugATed STeel STRuCTuReS modeRN TeChNology iN CoNSTRuCTioN of wildlife CRoSSiNgSAdam Czerepak, Mario Bogdan, Ivana Barii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .859

11 uRbAN TRANSPoRT

TeAChiNg eThiCS To TRANSPoRT eNgiNeeRS The RATioNAle behiNd ANd PRACTiCe AT vieNNA uNiveRSiTy of TeChNologyTadej Brezina, Harald Frey, Gnter Emberger, Ulrich Leth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .867

iNNovATive APPRoACheS of PRomoTiNg NoN-moToRiZed TRANSPoRT iN CiTieSUlrich Leth, Harald Frey, Tadej Brezina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875

PubliC PARTiCiPATioN foR SuCCeSSful TRAffiC ANd TRANSPoRT PlANNiNgVolker Blees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .883

The imPACT of PubliC TRANSPoRT PeRfoRmANCe imPRovemeNTS oN SuSTAiNAble uRbAN mobiliTy AN eXAmPle of The CiTy of ZAgRebDavor Bri, Marko Slavulj, Dino ojat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .889

evAluATioN of The vARiAble meSSAge SigNS (vmS) SySTem iN The CeNTRAl AReA of TheSSAloNiKi fRom The uSeR PoiNT of view S. Basbas, G. Mintsis, C. Taxiltaris, A. Betos, D. Kyriazopoulos, M. Nikolaidis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .897


TeSTiNg A miXTuRe model foR The diSTRibuTioN of ARRivAl Time of uRbAN RAilwAy TRAvelleRSKazuyuki Takada, Yuzo Takanami, Makoto Fujiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .903

ANAlySe of The ACCeSSibiliTy of PeoPle wiTh diSAbiliTieS oR ReduCed mobiliTy uSiNg uRbAN TRANSPoRT To heAlTh TReATmeNTMaria Teresa Franoso, Carlos Alberto Bandeira Guimares, Gustavo Fabricio DEstefano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909

PRoblemS iN PlANNiNg of The PRimARy RoAd CoRRidoRS iN The CiTieS oN The eXAmPle of The CiTy of ZAgRebIgor Majstorovi, Mario Njegovec, eljko Stepan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915

STRATegy of develoPmeNT TReNdS iN The modeRN CiTy A gReeN TRANSPoRT PlAN iN CASe of ZAgRebBranko Kincl, Stipan Mato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923

geNeTiC AlgoRiThmS To oPTimAl defiNiTioN of PedeSTRiAN TeRmiNAl lAyouT Cristian Giacomini, Giovanni Longo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .929

ASSeSSmeNT of The demANd foR biCyCle PARKiNg iNfRASTRuCTuRe iN vieNNAPaul Pfaffenbichler, Tadej Brezina, Harald Frey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937

TeN yeARS of biKe-ShARiNg iN vieNNA AN eXPloRATioN iNTo SubjeCTive uSeR ChoiCeSHelmut Lemmerer, Takeru Shibayama, Tadej Brezina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .945

biCyCle TRAffiC iN The CiTy of oSijeKMartina Zagvozda, Ivana Barii, Sanja Dimter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953

STudeNT biCyCle ShARiNg SySTem iN ZAgReb STudoCiKlLjupko imunovi, Mario osi, Marko Slavulj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961

ANAlySiS of PedeSTRiAN ANd CyCliST behAviouR AT level CRoSSiNgSHrvoje Pilko, Danijela Bari, Dubravka Hozjan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .969

STudy oN The AvAilAbiliTy of TwiTTeR dATA foR foReCASTiNg SuSPeNSioN Time of RAilwAy oPeRATioNMakoto Fujiu, Kazuyuki Takada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977

13 PASSeNgeR SeRviCeS: bAggAge SToRAge ANd boARdiNg

SToRe&go+ New PASSeNgeR SeRviCeS by New bAggAge SToRAge RoboTSHans-Christian Graf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .985

RequiRemeNTS oN fuTuRe RAilwAy iNTeRioRSBernhard Rger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991

PubTRANS4All ACCeSSible boARdiNg iNTo oldeR CoACheSBernhard Rger, Goran Simic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .997

AuThoR iNdeX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005

uRbAN TRANSPoRT 969

ANAlySiS of PedeSTRiAN ANd CyCliST behAviouR AT level CRoSSiNgS

Hrvoje Pilko, Danijela Bari, Dubravka HozjanUniversity of Zagreb, Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, Department of Road Transport, Croatia

Abstract

Level crossings (LCs) are points of conflict between rail and road traffic. Therefore, from the aspect of safety they are potentially high-risk traffic points. Traffic participants at LCs are pe-destrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, car drivers and locomotive drivers. The behaviour of traffic participants represents the main cause of traffic accidents at LCs. Most research examining road users behaviour at LCs has focused on car drivers and there are few studies dedicated to pedestrians and cyclists, especially in Croatia. Cyclists are often treated like pedestrians but cyclists can travel much faster than pedestrians, which can cause unexpected behaviour. The paper gives an overview of the existing cycling features in the City of Zagreb and the stati-stics of accidents on LCs in the Republic of Croatia. Also, through a review of the major recent studies on the behaviour of pedestrians and cyclists at railroad crossings, the trends have been presented as well as the results of research. The review paper will serve as the basis for further research of design, traffic safety and the behaviour of pedestrians and cyclists, and their correlation at the LCs in the Republic of Croatia.

Key words: level crossings, pedestrians, cyclists, traffic safety

1 Introduction

Level crossings (LCs) are places of direct conflict between rail and road traffic. Since these are collision points of two traffic systems, they represent from the safety point of view traffic points of high risk at which there often comes to emergency situations, sometimes with the severest of consequences. Statistical data show that in more than 90% of emergency cases the main cause lies in the road motor vehicle drivers and pedestrians. In the Republic of Cro-atia there is a total of 1,514 LCs out of which 60 are level pedestrian crossings. The safety level depends on the category of the railway line and road, permitted speed, field conditions and local circumstances at the crossing point. Consequently, LCs can be secured by road traffic signs (minimally the sign STOP and St. Andrews cross) and the visibility triangle or security device (automatic device light-audio signals with or without half-barriers and mechanical device barriers). Automatic or mechanical devices are used at 531 LCs, whereas the rema-ining 923 are secured by road traffic signs and the visibility triangle [1]. The issue of LCs is included in a large number of laws, regulations and other documents defining the security method as well as under whose jurisdiction lies the solving of certain segments of LC [2, 3]. On the other hand, although cycling has significantly increased over the recent several years, the cycling issues are included in the legal regulations at an extremely low extent [4]. Neither are the investments into infrastructure improvement sufficient, which affects negatively the safe flow of traffic and leads to emergency situations.

2830 April 2014, Split, Croatia3rd International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure

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2 Analysis of cycling traffic

2.1 Summarized overview of carried out research of cycling traffic

A significant increase in cycling in the countries worldwide, particularly in the cities, has been evident and is the result of implementing long-year structural programs and measures as a special segment of comprehensive traffic policies with the aim of increasing bicycle traffic. The majority of these programs and measures are in correlation with the implementation of measures for the improvement of other travelling modes. Review of literature [5] suggests the need to facilitate cycling through appropriate bicycle infrastructure, integration with public transport, traffic calming, training and education pro-grams, bicycle access programs, and legal issues. Countries and cities with high levels of cycling and good safety rates tend to have extensive infrastructure, as well as pro-bicycle policies and programs, whereas those with low cycling rates and poor safety records gene-rally have done much less. However, it is not clear which measures are the most effective and should be given priority in designing and implementing a pro-bicycle policy package. A significant increase in bicycle traffic is evident from the following. For example, Berlin almost quadrupled the number of bicycle trips between 1970 and 2001 and doubled the bicycle share of trips from 5% in 1990 to 10% in 2007. In spite of the sharp rise in cycling, serious injuries in Berlin fell by 38% from 1992 to 2006. In only six years, the bicycle share of trips within the City of Paris more than doubled from 1% in 2001 to 2.5% in 2007. The bicycle share of trips in Bogota quadrupled from 0.8% in 1995 to 3.2% in 2006. The total number of bicycle trips in London doubled between 2000 and 2008, while cyclist injuries fell by 12% over the same period. Amsterdam raised the bicycle share of trips from 25% in 1970 to 37% in 2005 while serious cyclist injuries fell by 40% between 1985 and 2005. From 1995 to 2003, the bicycle share of trips in Copenhagen rose from 25% to 38% among those aged 40 years and older [5]. Looking at these research results one cannot determine which measures/packages dealt with the issue of cycling traffic at level crossings, both from the aspect of relevant bicycle infrastructure, improvement of cyclists traffic safety, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out further systemic research of cycling traffic at LCs.

2.2 Features of bicycle traffic in the City of Zagreb

In the City of Zagreb for the last 15 years there have been ongoing measures to improve and encourage bicycle traffic in the overall travel. In the mid 1980s the bicycle traffic and bicycle-oriented surfaces were intended exclusively for recreational and sporting purposes (the first example was the bike path around the lake of Jarun) which is mostly the case today. In the period since 2010 additional 21 km of cycling paths have been made in the wider urban area and 138 km of sport-recreation cycling paths in the Nature Park Medvednica, which is a total of approximately 370 km. Also, the City of Zagreb undertook a number of other traffic technical and regulatory interventions with the aim of improving the conditions for bicycle traffic (e.g. removal of urban and architectural barriers, marking of cycling areas with red filled (infill) lanes in the full profile, construction of bicycle path or lane during reconstruction and major road repairs). First official data regarding the volume of bicycle traffic were recorded in the year 1999 for the purpose of a traffic study of the City of Zagreb [6]. The research covered in this study shows that only 0.7% of the daily trips are realized by bicycle. However, it is interesting to note that 51% of households said that they had at least one bicycle, which represents a respectable potential for greater use of bicycles as means of travel. After the above mentioned traffic study, several measurements and surveys were conducted which provided an approximate image for certain characteristics of the intensity of bicycle traffic. In the study performed by ISIP-MG [7], measurement of traffic at 16 locations was carried out, mostly on the citys busiest traffic corridors. Based upon these limited measurements,

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it can be assessed that there is a certain amount of increase in bicycle traffic. Furthermore, by carrying out comprehensive research for the needs of the Project CiViTAS ELAN ZAGREB at certain locations the measurement of cycling traffic was carried out [8]. Figure 1 shows the results of measurements for 2008 and 2012. By comparing the measurement results one can conclude that at the observed locations significant increase in bicycle traffic was recorded, in the amount of 17.18% to even as much as 72.25%, although the cycling infrastructure is still insufficiently developed and not at an acceptable level.

Figure 1 Average number of cyclists at four control locations [8]

Table 1. shows a significant reduction in the number of fatalities during 2012 in relation to the previous year 2011 by as much as 71.43%. The statistical reports [9] state as the most frequent causes of traffic accidents involving cyclists the following: riding across pedestrian crossing, failure to use cycling paths/lanes, riding on sidewalks, and no lights at night. It should be mentioned that during 2012 in traffic accidents involving cyclists, they were responsible for about 2/3 of traffic accidents of this type, which can be attributed to the low level of traffic culture, i.e. disregard of traffic rules. However, it is impossible to determine from the data what is the number and what are the types/consequences of accidents that occurred at LCs involving pedestrians, i.e. cyclists.

Table 1 Number and consequences of traffic accidents involving cyclists in the area of the City of Zagreb [9]

Number of traffic accidents involving cyclists

Year Difference2012 2011 [%]

with fatalities 2 7 -71.43with injured 309 297 4.04with material damage 93 110 -15.45Total 404 414 -2.42

Further development and improvement of bicycle traffic in the City of Zagreb will be focused upon interventions that can be defined through the following program components: impro-ving conditions in the existing bicycle network, further development and expansion of bicycle paths or lanes, implementation of public bicycle service (e.g. nextbike), amending legislation regarding regulation of bicycle traffic, education and marketing activities to encourage people to use bicycles as a means for the realization of commuting [10]. Consequently, it is necessary to systematically monitor the movement of bicycle traffic and the safety level for the area of the City of Zagreb. Among other things, this would create a certain base of traffic data with the objective of more detailed analysis of non-motorized traffic in/at the area of LCs. Such analysis should result in a proposal of measures and guidelines for proper management and design of non-motorized traffic in/at the areas of LCs.


3 Analysis of safety situations at level crossings

In railway traffic an safety situation represents an undesired, unintentional or unexpected event or sequence of such events, which results in any kind of damage, regardless of the amo-unt of damage. Emergency situations are divided into four basic categories: serious accidents, accidents, disturbances and avoided accidents [11]. Serious accident is an emergency situation in railway traffic in which at least one person has been killed, and/or five or more persons are physically injured, and/or the material damage is greater than five million kuna. An accident is an emergency situation in railway traffic with harmful consequences such as severe physical injuries of up to four persons and material damage that can be estimated at a value of up to five million kuna [1]. Traffic safety at LCs means safety of railway and road traffic. The safety condi-tion at LCs in the Republic of Croatia is best shown by the statistical data about the number of traffic accidents and consequences. An analysis of accidents at LCs and their consequences in the period 2007-2008 still show a significant number of accidents, either fatal or greater num-ber of injured persons, and with considerable material damage. Particularly worrisome trend of steady growth in the number of injured people tend to LCs with the highest level of security. Comparing the 2011 and 2012, it is evident that in the 2012 the number of serious accidents is significantly reduced (25%) and the number of fatalities as well (34.6%). In the 2012 on the LCs happened a total of 45 accidents, eight serious accidents and 37 accidents. It is disturbing the fact that seven of these accidents occurred at LCs secured with automatic devices with light-acoustic signaling and semi-barriers in which two people died and one person was seriously injured. On the LCs secured with light-acoustic signaling occurred 13 accidents in which one person was killed and eight were seriously injured, while the 25 accidents that occurred at crossings marked by road traffic signs Stop and Andrews Cross, five people were killed and six were seriously injured (Figure 2., Table 2. and 3.).According to statistics published by the European Railway Agency (ERA), there are at least 123,000 LCs in the European Union (EU). Most of them (71%) are passive LCs without any ac-tive warning or protection devices, such as lights, bells or gates. Roughly 45% of LC accidents in the EU occur at passive LCs, and 65% of road users involved in accidents are drivers or occupants of passenger cars or heavy vehicles. In 2010, there were 359 LC accident fatalities in the EU. This represents 29% of fatalities in railway accidents but only about 1.2% of all road accident fatalities. Most of the direct causes are related to the behaviour of road users (95% [12]) such as distraction, while other causes of accidents were related to weather conditions or the condition of the driver (e.g. alcohol/drugs) [13]. An evaluation of accident data on 256 LC accidents was carried out as part of the SELCAT (Safer European Level Crossing Appraisal and Technology) project. About 91% of level crossing accidents in the EU were found to be caused by human failure, and over 80% were found to have been caused by the driver of the road vehicle not respecting the traffic rules [14].

Table 2 Overview of emergency situations at LCs [1]


Table 3 Analysis of consequences of emergency situations at LCs [1]

Figure 2 Emergency situations at LCs in Croatia [1]

4 Overview of studying the behaviour of participants in road traffic at level crossings

Most research examining road users behaviour at LCs has focused on car drivers, and there are fewer studies dedicated to pedestrians and cyclists. One of the significant problems is trespassing. A number of studies have suggested that the main reason for trespassing is taking


a shortcut from point A to point B because the authorised route is assessed to be too far away. According to a study in Finland, most people were trespassing while going shopping, jogging, or on their way to school or work. Thirty-five percent of all respondents trespassed daily or almost daily. It is significant that 67% of all respondents answered that they trespassed at least once a week. Half of the respondents assessed that the trespassing is either completely or fairly safe. Overall, 59% of the respondents considered trespassing illegal, 15% considered it legal and 26% did not know. One of the measures to decrease trespassing is the installation of countermeasures. The data show that there were 78 bicycle trespassings before installation of countermeasures and zero trespassing after the installation of countermeasures [15]. Studies indicate that different road users might interact differently with the LC system. In particular, on-road studies indicate that the content of individuals situation awareness or their sense of what is going on around them varies depending on their transportation mode, although some authors suggest that these differences result in cognitive incompatibilities between different road users [16]. Motorcyclists appear to be more focused on anticipating potential hazards than car drivers, whereas cyclists in dense traffic may focus more on seeking safe alternative travel routes such as bicycle lanes, service lanes and footpaths [17]. Beanland et al. designed a longitudinal survey to record interactions at LCs over a two-week period. The survey focused on understanding how individuals behaved in the presence of a train, which included exami-ning the decision that they made (to stop or proceed before the train) and the specific factors that assisted their decision-making in that situation. The sample included 166 adults residing in metropolitan Melbourne (80%) and regional Victoria (20%), with a mix of car drivers, mo-torcyclists, cyclists and pedestrians. Visual information (e.g., flashing lights) emerged as one of the most influential factors for car drivers and motorcyclists, whereas pedestrians and to a lesser extent cyclists relied more on auditory information (e.g., bells) to alert them to the pre-sence of a train. Pedestrians were also more likely than other road users to speed up and cross the tracks ahead of an approaching train. Overall, these results emphasise the importance of designing road systems to support cognition and behaviour across a range of road users, in order to ensure a safe system for all [18]. In addition, a relatively large survey of 1,862 cyclists in Queensland, Australia found that women are more likely to cycle off-road than men, and are less likely to commute by bicycle than men, and that, although factors related to traffic conditions, motorist aggression and safety are concerns for both women and men, women report a far greater number of these constraints [19]. Pedestrian treatments on risky behaviour at light rail transit LCs was researched by Siques. Five treatments were evaluated: pedestrian automatic gates, a prototype active pedestrian warning device, a prototype active Look Both Ways sign, barrier channelization at a skewed crossing, and a Stop Here pavement marking. Statistically, to reduce risky pedestrian behaviours, pedestrian automatic gates were reported as the most effective. However, pedestrians were found to be less likely to look both ways or stop before entering a crossing when a pedestrian automatic gate or pedestrian flashing light was installed. Interestingly, the Look Both Ways sign was found not to be effective in reducing the number of pedestrians entering the crossing immediately after train departures. Research on examples of innovative warning and control devices at LCs include four factors that enabled pedestrians to walk safely through LCs: pedestrian awareness of the crossing, existence of a pedestrian path across the trackway, pedestrian awareness of and ability to see an approaching train, and pedestrian understanding of the potential hazards at LCs [20]. Khattak and Luo [21] investigated pedestrian and cyclist behaviour at a dual-quadrant gated LC located in the residential area of the City of Fremont, Nebraska. The crossing has two sets of railroad tracks, two paved highway lanes, and is equipped with dual-quadrant gates. The gates have flashing lights, crossbuck sign and an audible bell. The crossing is equipped with a cro-sswalk on its west side for pedestrian use, which is sometimes used by cyclists as well. Most pedestrians and bicyclist use the crosswalk, but a few occasionally use the street to negotiate the crossing. Violations by pedestrians and cyclists were monitored using video surveillance in three instalments during the years 2008, 2009 and 2010. Violations were divided into four


groups: 1) passing under descending gates, 2) passing around fully lowered gates, 3) passing under ascending gates, and 4) passing around fully lowered gates between successive trains. During data collection a total of 1,074 non-motorized individuals were observed indulging in 807 violations. On average, 1.70 individuals were observed per crossing event and 1.27 vio-lations per crossing event were noted. Analysis showed that there were no differences in the occurrence of gate-related violations by pedestrians and cyclists. Young children of around 8 years of age or younger were involved in 25% more gate-related violations than older crossing users. Violations increased with the presence of more individuals at the crossing during train crossing events, but the contribution from young children was greater than that from older crossing users. In Holland there were 48 fatal incidents in 1985 and the government policy was to decrease this amount of LC accidents by 50% by the year 2010. In 2006 on 2,724 public LCs of all types there were 4 accidents that took 9 lives and left 11 people injured, while no derailments due to LC accidents occurred. There were 93% of accidents caused by errors of some description by road users. Of these, there were 39% conscious errors. In 53% of acci-dents the road user did not see the train approaching until impact. Males were substantially more involved in incidents and accidents than females, while more than 30% of those involved belonged to the age group 20-29. The total involvement of age groups peaks between 10 59, school and working ages [22]. Reducing pedestrian and cyclist violations at LCs will improve traffic safety, but most technology-based countermeasures (e.g., automatic pedestrian gates, electronic signs) are expensive and difficult to maintain. Other options for that are enforcement and public outreach and proper education.

5 Conclusion

The existing level of adjustment of the traffic infrastructure to current and future growth of bicycle traffic is not sufficient, which can be seen from the presented characteristics of bicycle traffic in the City of Zagreb. The safety at LCs is a complex problem. Apart from technical and technological factors also human behaviour has to be taken into consideration and this is very difficult to predict, monitor and track. Whether referring to accident which resulted from the collision of a train and motor vehicle, cyclist or pedestrian, the consequences are larger by injuries. Research showed that the main cause of collision at LCs is the behaviour of road user participants. This can be largely assigned to risky behaviour of drivers i.e. their lack of attention when driving a vehicle, disregard of traffic regulations and stress. Risky behaviour of motorists, cyclists or pedestrians at LCs is extremely dangerous and mostly results in emer-gency situations. The road traffic participants are often not aware of potential danger at LCs, and adaptation and response time are often related to implicit impacts on perception and ca-pability of decision making, e.g. stress, fatigue, personal problems, and physical and mental state. The review paper will serve as the basis for further research of design, traffic safety and behaviour of pedestrians and cyclists, and their correlation at LCs in the Republic of Croatia. Finally, apart from technical and technological design solving of the crossings, the systemic activities in terms of education of road motor vehicle drivers, cyclists and pedestrians is of extreme importance, with the aim of upgrading the level of their traffic discipline, culture and awareness about the causes and consequences of risk behaviour at LCs.

Acknowledgements

The research described in this paper has been carried out as part of the scientific project Rese-arch of Measures to Improve the Safety at Level Crossings , No. 5414, funded by the University of Zagreb. The collected data have been realized in cooperation with the H-Infrastructure, Department for Development and Investment Planning, and the Department of Safety Ma-nagement System. The authors would like to thank for the cooperation and provided support.


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4 Road PavementsPavement Maintenance Programming Considering Three Objectives: Maintenance and Rehabilitation Costs , User Costs, and the Residual Value of PavementsInfluence of Tire Pressure on the Vertical Dynamic Load Applied on the Pavement by a Trucks Front SuspensionDesign Model for Static and Impact Load affected PavementsAlternative Rehabilitation Methods for Low-volume RoadsConsideration Regarding Asphalt Mixtures in Road Pavement and Airport PavementImpact of High Process Temperature on Viscoelastic Properties of Polymer Modified Bitumen in Waterproofing and Bridge PavementsEffects of Climatic Factors on the Shape of Deflection BowlSubgrade Bearing Capacity Influence on Flexible Pavement Structures BehaviourLaboratory and Field Experience With PMMA/ATH Composite Dust in Asphalt MixturesNew Solutions for Distressed Pavement Rehabilitation of Vilnius City StreetsThe Impact of Compaction Energy on the Properties of Asphalt LayersIndirect Tensile Test of Asphalt Mixture Stiffness ModulusMoisture Damage and Low Temperature Cracking of Modified Bituminous Mixtures for Road PavementsComparison the Characteristics of AC 8 Surf and AC 11 Surf and Results Between Tree Laboratories at Low TemperaturesExamples of Reuse of Materials of Deconstruction for the Constitution of a Road Structure RECYVIA ProcessEnvironment Protection by Using New Technologies for Asphalt MixturesEffects of a Chemical WMA Additive on Aging Characteristics of Bituminous MixturesImpact of Selected Chemical Additives on Performance Behavior of Warm Asphalt Concrete MixVIASPHALT BT, the Mastic Asphalt Low and Very Low TemperatureThe Effects of Ageing on Road Bitumen Modified With the Ethylene Vinyl Acetate PolymerAssessment of an Appropriate Modifier Content in Modified Bitumen Based on the Multiple Stress Creep Recovery TestExperimental Study on the Enhancement of Mechanical Properties of Bituminous mastics at High StrainsEffect of Bitumen Origin on Behavior of Cold Recycled Mixes Using Foamed Bitumen TechniqueInfluence of Chemical Catalysts and Selected Additives on Behavior of Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen

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6 Structural Monitoring and

road and rail infrastructure iii

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